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If a limiting error is mentioned in % then convert it into limiting error form and proceed.
Previous ies questions:-
Measurement of an unknown voltage with a dc potentiometer loses its advantage of
open-circuit measurement when Voltage is larger than the range of the
potentiometer.
Harmonic distortion analyzer measures the rms value of all the harmonic component
except the fundamental frequency component.
Load cells utilize elastic member as the primary transducer and strain gauges as
secondary transducer.
IES 2000 EC
PMMC ------- linear scale over the entire range.
Moving IRON -------- Square law type scale because Torque I
2
.
Thermo couple ---------suitable for high frequency measurements.
Electrostatic type -----------voltmeter.
Wagners earth device removes all the earth capacitances from the bridge network.
When temperatures being measured are high and physical contact with the process to
be measured is impossible , use is made of thermal radiation methods or optical
pyrometers are used, these pyrometers are used under conditions where corrosive
vapours or liquids would destroy thermo couple and thermometers and thermistors if
made to come in contact with the measured medium, this type of pyro meters are used
for rapidly moving objects. Temperature range is 1200
0
C to 1500
0
C.
In the pH cell, one of the electrodes, called reference electrode is at constant potential
regardless of pH value.
Pirani gauge:- the operation of pirani gauge depends on variation of the thermal
conductivity of a gas with pressure. Pirani gauge is useful for pressures ranging from
10
-1
mm to 10
-3
mm
The CRO uses electrostatic type of focusing as compared to a TV picture tube which is
electromagnetic focusing.
IES 2001 EC
Flash type A/D converter is fastest, dual slope converter is slow but most accurate.
Maxwell bridge can be used to measure Q< 10, and hays bridge Q>10, and
disadvantage of Anderson bridge is complex than its proto type Maxwell bridge. But
using Anderson bridge we can measure both self and mutual inductance.
Anemometer is used to measure gas flow or gas velocity and stroboscope is used to
measure rotational speed.
Piezoelectric crystal sensitivity is field developed per unit stress.
Potentiometric accelerometer:- major drawback is low resolution and limited to low
frequency measurements.
LVDT accelerometer:- much smaller mass and thus a higher natural frequency .
therefore can be used for high frequency applications. Lvdt offers low resistance to the
motion than the potentiometric and is capable of much smaller resolutions, no problem
of moving contacts.
Piezo-electric accelerometer:- useful for high input frequencies , response is poor at
frequencies less than 10Hz.
IES 2002:-
Ventri tube is used to measure flow.
Rochelle salt is a piezo-electric material.
Period measurements are preferred over frequency measurements at lower
frequencies due to gating error of 1 count ambiguity.
Ramp type ADC-------------->> integrating type
Dual slope ADC---------------------->> voltage dependent conversion time.
Successive approximation ------------>> null balance type.
Microwave oven is based on the principle of dielectric heating.
IES 2003
Range of thermistor -60
0
C to 15
0
C
Hot-wire anemometer is used to measure gas velocities.
Photoelectric threshold of a metal is E=