Modeling and Analysis of Double fed Induction

Generator for Variable Speed Wind Turbine

Jawahara lal Bhukya
Electrical Engineering Department
IIT Roorkee,
Roorkee, India
Jawahar2049@gmail.,com


Abstract With growing concerns about environmental
pollution and a possible energy shortage, great efforts have been
taken by the governments around the world to implement
renewable energy programs, based mainly on wind power, solar
energy, small hydro-electric power, etc. Due to its many
advantages such as the improved power quality, high energy
efficiency and controllability, etc., the variable speed wind
turbine using a double fed induction generator (DFIG) is
becoming a popular concept and thus the modeling of the DFIG
based wind turbine becomes an interesting research topic. In this
paper the steady state analysis and control of double fed
induction generator (DFIG) for variable speed wind energy
conversion system is studied. The objective is to analyze the
performance of DFIG under steady state conditions. Stator
oriented flux vector control is employed to achieve the
independent control of active and reactive power of the machine.
The machine is modeled in vectorized form in a synchronous
reference frame. The complete simulation model is developed for
such machine under variable speed operation using MATLAB/
SIMULINK environment for effectiveness of the study.
KeywordsDouble fed Induction Generator (DFIG), Wind
Turbine, Vector Control, dq theory, Synchronous rotataing
reference frame,
I. INTRODUCTION
Wind is renewable and non-conventional energy source,
which is the result of uneven heating up of the earth surface by
the sun. Wind energy is one of the most important and
promising sources of renewable energy all over the world,
because it is nonpolluting and economically viable [1]-
[3].Nowadays environmental pollution more and energy
shortage than around the all over world has taken scheme to
implement renewable source more and more for examples
small hydroelectric power, wind power, solar energy etcmain
significant to development renewable energy improving
techniques, reducing costs and low environmental
impact[8].with increasing on wind energy having many
application over wide range few kilowatts to several megawatts
in small scale off grid farms. This kind of power generation
causes problems in the electrical system because of the lack or
security of control on the produced active and reactive power
[9].
The fixed speed wind turbine is relatively simple and robust
it is not preferred as it has a number of disadvantages [6].Due
to this most of the wind turbine manufactures are increasingly
shifting towards variable speed concepts because of its easy
and simple pitch control, mechanical load reduction and high
energy yield when compared to constant speed wind turbines,
less fluctuations in output and extensive controllability of both
active and reactive power contribute to their selection of
variable speed concepts [7].on variable speed wind turbine is
investigated as a viable alternative to adjust speed a wide range
while keeping cost of the power converters minimal [10].
If the prime mover connected to rotor rotates above
synchronous speed slip becomes negative as a consequence
rotor E.M.F, rotor current, torque and power all attain negative
values. This implies that for negative slip, electric torque
developed is negative, i.e. opposite to the prime-mover torque.
Under such a condition, machine must act as a generator and
delivers its generated power to the supply mains from which it
was taking power when working as a 3-phase induction motor
i.e.3-phase induction machine begins to operate as a 3-phase
induction generator.
II. DESCRIPTION OF THE DFIG SYSTEM
There two basic operations take place to operate wind
turbine i.e. fixed speed and variable speed with help of above
introduction variable speed has many advantages compare with
fixed speed [11]. With this variable speed generation we can
convert the variable frequency to match the constant grid
frequency.

Figure1. Basic configuration of DFIG wind turbine
978-1-4673-6150-7/13/$31.00 2013 IEEE 1324

In fig.1.wind energy system wind is trapped with the help
of rotor blades, which is connected to the rotor hub of the wind
turbine system. The trapped mechanical energy from the wind
is transferred to a high-speed shaft by the means of a low speed
shaft and gearbox arrangement [5].The mechanical to a high-
speed which is trapped from rotor machine with the aid of low
speed and high speed shafts which acts as a mechanical input to
the electrical machine. Induction machines are used in the
process of generating to the main hub called power grid
through transmission lines [4].Though conventional power
generation units uses synchronous machine as generators, wind
power plants makes use of induction machines as one of the
major modern wind power generating facilities.
High costs of the PMSG and Several of the limitation
associated with the SCIG can be overcome with DFIG. So with
this advantages DFIG best suited for variable speed generation
because it can control from stator side as well as rotor side.
DFIG is capable of variable speed operation via a pair of back
to back voltage source converter (VSC) between stator circuit
and rotor circuit with this VSCs consist of 3-phase pulse width
modulated (PWM) IGBT-diode. The rotor circuit of the DFIG
is accessed via slip rings with this slip varies from stator to
rotor and rotor to stator than its operated sub synchronous to
super synchronous mode of operation. If its sub synchronous
mode means motoring mode than rotor observe slip power and
if its sub synchronous mode means generating mode than slip
feed back to the grid at synchronous speed slip power is taken
from supply to excite the rotor windings at this case machine
behaviors like a synchronous machine.
III. DQ MODELING OF DFIG
The general model for wound rotor induction machine is
similar to any fixed-speed induction generator as follows:
A. Voltage equations:
Stator Voltage Equations:
(1)
(2)
Where

qs
V &
ds
V =stator voltage of quadrature and direct axis

ds
&
qs
=stator flux of quadrature and direct axis

s
r = stator resistance
w= dq frame frequency
p= number of poles
B. Rotor Voltage Equation:
(3)

( )
dr dr r qr r dr
V p w w r i = +
(4)

Where

qr
V &
dr
V = rotor voltage of quadrature and direct axis

dr
&
qr
= rotor flux of quadrature and direct axis

r
r = rotor resistance

r
w = rotor frame frequency
C. Power Equation:

3
( )
2
s ds ds qs qs
P V i V i = (5)

3
( )
2
s qs ds qs qs
Q V i V i = (6)
Where

s
P &
s
Q =stator active and reactive power

ds
i &
qs
i = stator current of direct and quadrature axis
D. Torque Equation:

3
4
( )
p
e ds qs qs ds
T i i = (7)
Where

e
T =electromagnetic torque
E. Flux Linkage Equation:
Stator Flux Equations:
(8)
(9)
Rotor Flux Equations:
(10)
(11)
Where

m
L = magnetizing inductance
is
L &
ir
L =stator and rotor leakage inductance
Therefore, for the doubly fed induction generator in steady
state, then the desired amount of reactive power flows into the
stator can be controlled by controlling i
ds
as indicated in the
equation (5) and (6). If the reactive power consumed by the
stator leakage inductance is very small and neglected, since the
control of stator active power P
s
via i
ds
and the control of stator
reactive power Q
s
via i
ds
are essentially decoupled. From the
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above equations, the steady state equivalent circuit of DFIG
drawn as shown in figure. (2)

Figur2. Steady state equivalent circuit of DFIG
IV. FLOW CHART OF DFIG OPERATION
A. POWER FLOW DIAGRAM



Figur3. Sub synchronous speed

Figure4. Super synchronous speed

B. FLOW CHART
The DFIG d-q model was simulated using
MATLAB/SIMULINK in both generating and motoring mode
of operation with vector control strategy and favorable for
transient condition. The machine modeled in vectorized
synchronous reference frame. The choice of synchronous
reference frame makes it particularly for the simulation of
DFIG in transient condition. D- axis is aligned with the stator
space voltage vector than injected rotor voltages are derived
from PI controller which can control reactive and active power
and deliver to grid. With wind turbine speed then the machine
represented as motoring mode when electromagnetic torque
(Tem), stator active (P
s
) and reactive power (Q
s
), wind turbine
torque (T
e
) are negative with W
m
<1 and rotor active power (P
r
)
is positive for sub synchronous speed operation and negative
for super synchronous operation.



Figure 5. Flow chart of DFIG operation.

C. CONTROL STRATEGY

For the doubly fed induction machine in transient state
desired amount of reactive power flow into the stator which can
controlled by controlling i
dr
and stator active power can be
controlled P
s
via i
dr
. Hence no need have decoupled to
implement of field orientation control for slip power recovery
system Figure (6) shows the control strategy of DFIG. This can
control from both stator side as well as rotor side of reactive
and active power with slip power varies. A current regulated
pulse with modulation voltage source inverter provides field
oriented currents i
dr
and i
qr
to rotor circuit controlling active and
reactive power, respectively. The turbine optimal torque speed
profile given by active power command same as minimize the
machine copper losses command given by reactive power and
indirectly torque will be control as given equation. D-q
reference frame used to determine by the machine stator flux
and currents also field oriented, active and reactive power grid
(P
grid
and Q
grid
) also controlled. To stabilize the dc bus voltage
with P
grid
is controlled through Iqr and to meet the overall
reactive power command wit Q
grid
is controlled through i
dr

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Figure6. Vector control strategy of DFIG
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
This section illustrates the simulated results of stator and
rotor active power for a step change in turbine torque at
different turbine speeds. The model was simulated using
MATLAB/SIMULINK platform.
A step change in turbine torque is given at t=5sec. Turbine
torque controls the stator active power. Hence a step change in
turbine torque results in change in stator active power which is
shown in Fig (8)

Fig (9) shows a step change in reference reactive power which
results in change in stator and rotor currents in fig (10), fig
(11).



Figure7. Change in electromagnetic torque (Te) with sudden step change in
turbine torque.

Figure8. Change in Ps with sudden step change in turbine torque


Figure9.Change in Qs with sudden step change in reference reactive


Figure10.stator current Isd and Isq

Figure11.Rotor current Ird and Irq
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A) Subsynchronous speed

B).Super synchronous speed

C).Synchronous speed

Figure12. Change in generator speed with change in turbine torque &
reference speed



Rotor active power (Pr)
A) Sub synchronous speed:-

B).Super synchronous speed:-

C) Synchronous speed:-

Figure13. Change in Pr with change in the turbine torque and reference speed



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From the Fig (13) at sub synchronous speeds the power
given to the shaft is (1-s)*P and the stator power is always
P.so remaining sP power is fed from the rotor. So rotor
power is positive in this case
From the fig (13) at super synchronous speed shaft power is
(1+s)P.in this case stator power P is fed to grid and
remaining sP is fed to grid through rotor .so in this case Pr
is Zero as shaft power is P
Ird varies with the change in the torque i.e. changes with
change in active power requirement.it is constant for particular
value of load at any speed. Similarly Irq varies with the change
in the reactive power requirement .it is also constant at any
speed
Finally , stator active power and reactive power remains
same ( acts as a generator) under different speeds
i.e.subsynchronous, supersynchronous speeds. But rotor active
power changes depends upon wind turbine speeds.

VI. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper contribution, the induction machine is modeled in
vectorized form in the synchronous frame. This model can be
applicable for all types of induction generator configurations
for steady state and transient analysis. However the choice of
the reference frame will affect the simulation speed and in
certain case the accuracy of results. In this model, the d-axis is
aligned with stator space voltage vector. The injected rotor
voltages (at slip frequency) are derived from PI controlled that
regulate the active and reactive powers delivered by the
generator. In addition, vector control strategy has been
examined for controlling active and reactive power of grid,
stator and rotor sides. The behavior of the system was
investigated during step change in wind speed i.e.
subsynchronous, synchronous and supersynchronous speeds.
From the results it was observed that, stator active remains
same (delivers active power to grid) under all speeds. But,
rotor active power absorbs or delivers under sub or super
synchronous speeds respectively.


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