1

PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
is defined as the is defined as the
central core of an central core of an
atom that is atom that is
positively charged positively charged
and contains and contains
protons and protons and
neutrons. neutrons.
CHAPTER 13: Nucleus
CHAPTER 13: Nucleus
(3 Hours)
(3 Hours)
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
2
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

State State the properties of proton and neutron. the properties of proton and neutron.

Define Define

proton number proton number

nucleon number nucleon number

isotopes isotopes

Use Use
to represent a nucleus. to represent a nucleus.

Explain Explain the woring principle and the use of mass the woring principle and the use of mass
spectrometer to identify isotopes. spectrometer to identify isotopes.
!earning "utcome:
w
w
w
.
k
m
p
h
.
m
a

r
!
k
.
e
"
u
.
m
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$
p
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#
s
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c
s
w
w
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.
k
m
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m
a

r
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k
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.
m
#
$
p
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#
s
!
c
s
13.1 Proper!es o% &ucleus (1 hour)
X
A
Z
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
3
#$.#.# %uclear structure

A &ucleus o% a& aom !s ma"e up o% proo&s a&" &euro&s ha

k&ow& as nucleons nucleons (!s "e%!&e" as the particles found inside the particles found inside
the nucleus the nucleus) as show& !& '!(ure 13.1.
#$.# &roperties of nucleus
&roton &roton
%eutron %eutron
Electron Electron
'igure #$.# 'igure #$.#
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
4

Proo& a&" &euro& are characer!se" )# he %ollow!&( proper!es

!& Ta)le 13.1.

'or a &eural aom*

(he number of protons inside the nucleus (he number of protons inside the nucleus
) the number of electrons orbiting the nucleus ) the number of electrons orbiting the nucleus

Th!s !s )ecause he magnitude of an electron charge magnitude of an electron charge

e*uals to the magnitude of a proton charge but opposite e*uals to the magnitude of a proton charge but opposite
in sign in sign.
&roton + &roton +p p, , %eutron + %eutron +n n, ,
Char(e (C)
+ass (kg)
+e
+e
0
0
27
10 672 . 1

27
10 675 . 1

) 10 60 . 1 (
19

) uncharged (
(able #$.# (able #$.#
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
5

Nucle! are characer!se" )# he &um)er a&" #pe o% &ucleo&s

he# co&a!& as show& !& Ta)le 13.,.

A&# &ucleus o% eleme&s !& he per!o"!c a)le calle" a nuclide nuclide !s

characer!se" )# !s aom!c &um)er Z a&" !s mass &um)er A.

The &ucl!"e o% a& eleme& ca& )e represe&e" as !& he '!(ure

13.,.
(able #$.- (able #$.-
%umber Symbol Definition
Aom!c &um)er
Z Z (he number of protons in a nucleus (he number of protons in a nucleus
Neuro& &um)er
N N (he number of neutrons in a nucleus (he number of neutrons in a nucleus
+ass (&ucleo&)

&um)er
A A (he number of nucleons in a nucleus (he number of nucleons in a nucleus
.elationship : .elationship : +#$.#, +#$.#,
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
6

The &um)er o% proo&s Z !s not necessary e*ual not necessary e*ual o he &um)er
o% &euro&s N.
e.(. :
'igure #$.- 'igure #$.-
Atomic number Atomic number
/ass number /ass number
Element 0 Element 0
Mg
24
12
S
32
16
; Pt
195
78
;
2 1 Z
12 Z A N
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
7

S!&ce a &ucleus ca& )e mo"ele" as tightly paced sphere tightly paced sphere
where each sphere is a nucleon each sphere is a nucleon* hus he a-era(e ra"!us o%
he &ucleus !s (!-e& )#
3
1
0
A R R
+#$.-, +#$.-,
where nucleu "# rad$u a%erage & R
#' 1.2 () ' 10 2 . 1 c"ntant &
15
0

R
nu'*er (nucle"n) 'a & A
femtometre +fermi, femtometre +fermi,
' 10 1 #' 1
15

PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
8
.ase" o& he per!o"!c a)le o% eleme&* /r!e "ow& he s#m)ol o%
&ucl!"e %or %ollow!&( cases:
a. Z 0,1 2 A 031
). Z 014 2 A 035
c. 51 &ucleo&s 2 ,3 elecro&s
". 116 &ucleo&s 2 37 proo&s
e. ,13 &ucleo&s 2 131 proo&s
Solution : Solution :
a. 8!-e& Z =,1 ; A =31
c. 8!-e& A051 a&" Z0&um)er o% proo&s 0 &um)er o% elecro&s 0,3
E9ample 1 :
X
A
Z
Ca
40
20
X
A
Z
Cr
50
24
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
9
/ha !s mea& )# he %ollow!&( s#m)ols:
Sae he mass &um)er a&" s!(& o% he char(e %or each e&!#
a)o-e.
Solution : Solution :
E9ample , :
n
1
0
+
1
1
; e
0
1
;
n
1
0
+
1
1
e
0
1
%eutron 1 %eutron 1 A A)# )#
2harge : 2harge :
neutral +uncharged, neutral +uncharged,
&roton 1 &roton 1 A A)# )#
2harge : 2harge : positively charged positively charged
Electron 1 Electron 1 A A)3 )3
2harge : 2harge : negatively charged negatively charged
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
10
Complee he Ta)le 13.3.
E9ample 3 :
(able #$.$ (able #$.$
Eleme&
&ucl!"e
Num)er o%
proo&s
Num)er o%
&euro&s
Toal char(e !&
&ucleus
Num)er o%
elecro&s
,
1
1
-
14
7
-a
23
11
C"
59
27
.e
9
4
(
16
8
S
31
16
C
133
55
/
238
92
#4 #4 #5 #5 #4e #4e
#4 #4
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
11

!s "e%!&e" as the nuclides6elements6atoms that have the the nuclides6elements6atoms that have the
same atomic number same atomic number Z Z but different in mass number but different in mass number
A A.

'rom he "e%!&!!o& o% !soope* hus he number of protons or number of protons or

electrons are e*ual electrons are e*ual )u different in the number of neutrons different in the number of neutrons
N %or wo !soopes %rom he same eleme&.
'or e9ample :

H#"ro(e& !soopes:

;9#(e& !soopes:
#$.#.- 7sotope
,
1
1
,
2
1
,
3
1
: : Z Z=1, =1, A A=1, =1, N N=0 =0
: : Z Z=1, =1, A A=2, =2, N N=1 =1
: : Z Z=1, =1, A A=3, =3, N N=2 =2
proton proton
) + (
1
1
deuterium deuterium
) 0 (
2
1
tritium tritium
) 1 (
3
1
(
16
8
(
17
8
(
18
8
: : Z Z=8, =8, A A=16, =16, N N=8 =8
: : Z Z=8, =8, A A=17, =17, N N=9 =9
: : Z Z=8, =8, A A=18, =18, N N=10 =10
equal equal
equal equal not equal not equal
not equal not equal
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
12

+ass specromeer !s a "e-!ce ha detect the presence of detect the presence of

isotopes isotopes a&" "eerm!&es he mass of the isotope mass of the isotope %rom k&ow&
mass o% he commo& or sa)le !soope.

'!(ure 13.3 shows a schema!c "!a(ram o% a .a!&)r!"(e mass

specromeer.
#$.#.$ 8ainbridge mass spectrometer
'igure #$.$ 'igure #$.$

9 9
:
:
9 9
9 9
9 9
9 9
9 9
9 9
: :
: :
: :
: :
: :
: :
2
B

1
B

1
r
2
r
S
1
S
,
S
3
Phoo(raph!c plae
Plae P
1
Plae P
,
Io&
source
Io&s
)eam
E-acuae"
cham)er
1
m
2
m
d
Separa!o&
)ewee& !soopes
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
13





+
+
+
+

Plae P
1 Plae P
,
;oring principle ;oring principle

Io&s %rom a& !o& source such as a "!schar(e u)e are &arrowe"
o a %!&e )eam )# he sl!s S
1
a&" S
,
.

The !o&s )eam he& passes hrou(h a -eloc!# selecor (plaes

P
1
a&" P
,
) wh!ch uses a u&!%orm ma(&e!c %!el" B
1
a&" a u&!%orm
elecr!c %!el" E ha are perpe&"!cular o each oher.

The )eam w!h selece" -eloc!# v passes hrou(h he -eloc!#

selecor w!hou "e%lec!o& a&" emer(e %rom he sl! S
3
. He&ce*
he %orce o& a& !o& "ue o he ma(&e!c %!el" B
1
a&" he elecr!c
%!el" E are e<ual !& ma(&!u"e )u oppos!e !& "!rec!o& ('!(ure
13.3).
v

+
E
F

B
F

=s!&( 'lem!&(>s
le% ha&" rule.
'igure #$.< 'igure #$.<
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
14
Thus he selece" -eloc!# !s

The !o&s )eam emer(!&( %rom he sl! S

3
e&er a& e-acuae"
cham)er o% u&!%orm ma(&e!c %!el" B
2
wh!ch !s perpe&"!cular o
he selece" -eloc!# v. The %orce "ue o he ma(&e!c %!el" B
2

causes a& !o& o mo-e !& a sem!c!rcle pah o% ra"!us r (!-e& )#
E B
F F
qE qvB

90 $n
1
1
B
E
v
c B
F F
r
mv
qvB
2
2
90 $n

q B
mv
r
2

a&"
1
B
E
v
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
15

S!&ce he ma(&e!c %!el"s B

1
a&" B
2
a&" he elecr!c %!el" E are
co&sa&s a&" e-er# !o& e&er!&( he specromeer co&a!&s he
same amou& o% char(e q* here%ore

I% !o&s o% masses m
1
a&" m
2
sr!ke he phoo(raph!c plae w!h
ra"!! r
1
a&" r
2
respec!-el# as show& !& '!(ure 13.3 he& he ra!o
o% he!r masses !s (!-e& )#
km r a&" c"ntant
2 1

q B B
E
k
m r
2
1
2
1
r
r
m
m

+#$.<, +#$.<,
q B B
mE
r
2 1

+#$.$, +#$.$,
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
16
A )eam o% s!&(l# char(e" !o&s o% !soopes Ne?,1 a&" Ne?,, ra-els
sra!(h hrou(h he -eloc!# selecor o% a .a!&)r!"(e mass
specromeer. The muuall# perpe&"!cular elecr!c a&" ma(&e!c
%!el"s !& he -eloc!# selecor are 1.3 +@ m
1
a&" 1.4 T respec!-el#.
These !o&s he& e&er a cham)er o% u&!%orm ma(&e!c %lu9 "e&s!#
1.1 T. Calculae
a. he selece" -eloc!# o% he !o&s*
). he separa!o& )ewee& wo !soopes o& he phoo(raph!c plae.
(8!-e& he mass o% Ne?,1 0 3.3, 11
,6
k(2 mass o% Ne?,, 0
3.65 11
,6
k( a&" char(e o% he )eam !s 1.61 11
1A
C)
Solution : Solution :
a. The selece" -eloc!# o% he !o&s !s
E9ample 3 :
1 0 . 1 1; 7 . 0 ; ' 2 10 4 . 0
2 1
1 6


B B E
1
B
E
v
7 . 0
10 4 . 0
6

v
1 5
' 10 71 . 5

v
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
17
Solution : Solution :
). The ra"!us o% he c!rcular pah ma"e )# !soope Ne?,1 !s
a&" he ra"!us o% he c!rcular pah ma"e )# !soope Ne?,, !s
There%ore he separa!o& )ewee& he !soope o% Ne !s (!-e& )#
1 0 . 1 1; 7 . 0 ; ' 2 10 4 . 0
2 1
1 6


B B E
q B B
E m
r
2 1
1
1

' 119 . 0
( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
19
6 26
1
10 60 . 1 0 . 1 7 . 0
10 4 . 0 10 32 . 3

r
' 130 . 0
( )( )
( )( ) ( )
19
6 26
2
10 60 . 1 0 . 1 7 . 0
10 4 . 0 10 65 . 3

r
1 2
d d d
1 2
2 2 r r d
( )
1 2
2 r r
( ) 119 . 0 130 . 0 2
' 10 2 . 2
2
d
'!(ure 13.3
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
18
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Define Define mass defect and binding energy. mass defect and binding energy.

Use Use formulae formulae

7dentify 7dentify the average value of binding energy per the average value of binding energy per
nucleon of stable nuclei from the graph of binding nucleon of stable nuclei from the graph of binding
energy per nucleon against nucleon number. energy per nucleon against nucleon number.
!earning "utcome:
w
w
w
.
k
m
p
h
.
m
a

r
!
k
.
e
"
u
.
m
#
$
p
h
#
s
!
c
s
w
w
w
.
k
m
p
h
.
m
a

r
!
k
.
e
"
u
.
m
#
$
p
h
#
s
!
c
s
13., .!&"!&( e&er(# a&" mass "e%ec (, hours)
2
mc E
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
19
#$.-.# Einstein mass:energy relation

'rom he heor# o% rela!-!# lea"s o he !"ea ha mass is a mass is a

form of energy form of energy.

+ass a&" e&er(# ca& )e relae" )# he %ollow!&( rela!o&:

e.(. The e&er(# %or 1 k( o% su)sa&ce !s
#$.- 8inding energy and mass defect
2
mc E +#$.5, +#$.5,
where
'a ret & m
) ' 10 00 3 ( $n %acuu' l$ght "# +eed &
1 8
. c
energ3 "# a'"unt & E
4 10 00 . 9
16
E
2
mc E
2 8
) 10 00 . 3 )( 1 (
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
20
Unit conversion of mass and energy Unit conversion of mass and energy

The electron:volt + electron:volt +eV eV, ,

!s a unit of energy unit of energy.

!s "e%!&e" as the inetic energy gained by an electron in the inetic energy gained by an electron in
being accelerated by a potential difference +voltage, of # being accelerated by a potential difference +voltage, of #
volt volt.

The atomic mass unit + atomic mass unit +u u, ,

!s a unit of mass unit of mass.

!s "e%!&e" as e9acl# the mass of a neutral carbon:#- the mass of a neutral carbon:#-
atom. atom.
4 10 60 . 1 e2 1
19

4 10 60 1 e2 10 Me 1
13 6
. V
12
1
12
C "# 'a
u 1
12
6

kg 10 66 1 u 1
27
.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
21

# atomic mass unit +u, # atomic mass unit +u, ca& )e co&-ere" !&o he u&! o%
e&er(# )# us!&( he mass?e&er(# rela!o& (e<. 13.5).

!& Boule*

!& e25c
2
or Me25c
2
*
4 10 49 . 1
10
E
2
mc E
2 8 27
) 10 00 . 3 )( 10 66 . 1 (

4 10 49 . 1 u 1
10

2 6
19
10
e25 10 5 . 931
10 60 . 1
10 49 . 1
c E

2 6
e25 10 5 . 931 u 1 c
2
Me25 5 . 931 u 1 c
;R
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
22

The mass o% a &ucleus (M

A
) !s alwa#s less ha& he oal mass o%
!s co&s!ue& &ucleo&s (Zm
+
+Nm
n
) !.e.

Thus he "!%%ere&ce !& h!s mass !s (!-e& )#

where m !s calle" mass defect mass defect a&" !s "e%!&e" as he mass mass
difference between the total mass of the constituent nucleons difference between the total mass of the constituent nucleons
and the mass of a nucleus and the mass of a nucleus.

The re"uc!o& !& mass ar!ses )ecause he act of combining the act of combining the
nucleons to form the nucleus nucleons to form the nucleus causes some o% their mass to be their mass to be
released as energy released as energy.

A&# aemp o separate the nucleons separate the nucleons woul" !&-ol-e hem )e!&(
(!-e& h!s same amount of energy same amount of energy. Th!s e&er(# !s calle" he
binding energy binding energy o% he &ucleus.
#$.-.- /ass defect
( )
n +
Nm Zm M
A
+ <
where
neutr"n a "# 'a &
n
m
+r"t"n a "# 'a &
+
m
( )
A
M Nm Zm m +
n +
+#$.4, +#$.4,
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
23

The )!&"!&( e&er(# o% a &ucleus !s "e%!&e" as the energy re*uired the energy re*uired
to separate completely all the nucleons in the nucleus to separate completely all the nucleons in the nucleus.

The )!&"!&( e&er(# o% he &ucleus !s e<ual o he e&er(# e<u!-ale&

o% he mass "e%ec. He&ce

S!&ce he &ucleus !s -!ewe" as a close" packe" o% &ucleo&s* hus

!s stability depends only on the forces exist inside it stability depends only on the forces exist inside it.

The %orces !&-ol-e !&s!"e he &ucleus are

repulsive electrostatic +2oulomb, forces between protons repulsive electrostatic +2oulomb, forces between protons
a&"

attractive forces that bind all nucleons attractive forces that bind all nucleons o(eher !& he
&ucleus.
#$.-.$ 8inding energy
( )
2
.
c m E
+#$.=, +#$.=, 8inding energy 8inding energy
in >oule in >oule
Speed of light in Speed of light in
vacuum vacuum
/ass defect in g /ass defect in g
13.,.3 Nucleus sa)!l!#
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
24

These arac!-e %orce !s calle" nuclear force nuclear force a&" !s respo&s!)le
%or &ucleus sa)!l!#.

The general properties of the nuclear force general properties of the nuclear force are summar!Ce"
as %ollow :

The &uclear %orce !s attractive and is the strongest force attractive and is the strongest force
!& &aure.

I !s a short range force short range force . I mea&s ha a &ucleo& !s

arace" o&l# o !s &eares &e!(h)ours !& he &ucleus.

I does not depend on charge does not depend on charge2 &euro&s as well as proo&s
are )ou&" a&" he nuclear force is same for both nuclear force is same for both.
e.(.

The &uclear %orce depends on the binding energy per depends on the binding energy per
nucleon nucleon.
proo&?proo& (p?p)
&euro&?&euro& (&?&)
proo&?&euro& (p?&)
The magnitude of nuclear magnitude of nuclear
forces forces are same same.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
25

Noe ha a nucleus nucleus !s stable stable !% he nuclear force greater than nuclear force greater than
he 2oulomb force 2oulomb force a&" -!ce -ersa.

The binding energy per nucleon binding energy per nucleon o% a &ucleus !s a measure of measure of
the nucleus stability the nucleus stability where

'!(ure 13.5 shows a (raph o% he )!&"!&( e&er(# per &ucleo& as

a %u&c!o& o% mass (&ucleo&) &um)er A.
) nu'*er( -ucle"n
) ( energ3 .$nd$ng
nucle"n +er energ3 .$nd$ng
.
A
E

A
mc
2
nucle"n +er energ3 .$nd$ng

+#$.?, +#$.?,
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
26
+ass &um)er A
.
!
&
"
!
&
(

e
&
e
r
(
#

p
e
r

&
u
c
l
e
o
&

(
+
e
@
$
&
u
c
l
e
o
&
)
@reatest stability @reatest stability
'igure #$.5 'igure #$.5
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
27

'rom '!(ure 13.5*

The -alue o% E
.
5A r!ses rap!"l# %rom 1 +e@$&ucleo& o 7
+e@$&ucleo& w!h !&creas!&( mass &um)er A %or l!(h &ucle!.

'or he &ucle! w!h A )ewee& 51 a&" 71* he -alue o% E

.
5A
ra&(es )ewee& 7.1 a&" 7.A +e-$&ucleo&. The &ucle! !& hese
ra&(e are -er# sa)le. The ma9!mum -alue o% he cur-e
occurs !& he -!c!&!# o% &!ckel* wh!ch has he mos sa)le
&ucleus.

'or A D 6,* he -alues o% E

.
5A "ecreases slowl#* !&"!ca!&(
ha he &ucleo&s are o& a-era(e less !(hl# )ou&".

'or hea-# &ucle! w!h A )ewee& ,11 o ,31* he )!&"!&(

e&er(# !s )ewee& 4.5 a&" 7.1 +e@$&ucleo&. These &ucle! are
u&sa)le a&" ra"!oac!-e.

'!(ure 13.6 shows a (raph o% &euro& &um)er N a(a!&s aom!c

&um)er Z %or a &um)er o% sa)le &ucle!.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
28
Aom!c &um)er Z
N
e
u

r
o
&

&
u
m
)
e
r
*

N
N
N) )
Z
Z
!ine of !ine of
stability stability
'igure #$.4 'igure #$.4
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
29

'rom '!(ure 13.6*

The sa)le &ucle! are represe&e" )# he )lue "os* wh!ch l!e

!& a &arrow ra&(e calle" he line of stability line of stability.

The "ashe" l!&e correspo&"s o he co&"!!o& N0Z.

The light stable nuclei contain an e*ual number of light stable nuclei contain an e*ual number of
protons and neutrons protons and neutrons (N0Z) )u !& heavy stable nuclei heavy stable nuclei
he number of neutrons always greater than the number number of neutrons always greater than the number
of protons +above of protons +above Z Z )-3, )-3, he&ce he l!&e o% sa)!l!#
deviates upward deviates upward %rom he l!&e o% N0Z.

Th!s mea&s as he number of protons increase number of protons increase* he

strength of repulsive coulomb force increases strength of repulsive coulomb force increases wh!ch
e&"s o )reak he &ucleus apar.

As a resul* more neutrons are needed to eep the more neutrons are needed to eep the
nucleus stable nucleus stable )ecause neutrons experience only the neutrons experience only the
attractive nuclear force attractive nuclear force.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
30
Calculae he )!&"!&( e&er(# o% a& alum!&um &ucleus !& +e@.
(8!-e& mass o% &euro&* m
&
01.11764 u 2 mass o% proo&*
m
p
01.1147, u 2 spee" o% l!(h !& -acuum* c03.11 11
7
m s
1
a&"
aom!c mass o% alum!&um* M
6l
0,6.A7153 u)
Solution : Solution :
The mass "e%ec o% he alum!&um &ucleus !s
E9ample 5 :
( ) 6l
27
13
6l
27
13
13 Z a&" 13 27 N
14 N
u 2415 . 0 m
( ) ( ) [ ] 98154 . 26 00867 . 1 14 00782 . 1 13 +
( )
6l n +
M Nm Zm m +
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
31
Solution : Solution :
The )!&"!&( e&er(# o% he alum!&um &ucleus ca& )e calculae" )#
us!&( wo meho".
# #
st st
method: method:
Thus he )!&"!&( e&er(# !& +e@ !s
( ) ( )
27
10 66 . 1 2415 . 0

m
kg 10 0089 . 4
28

kg 10 66 1 u 1
27
.
( )( )
2
8 28
.
10 00 . 3 10 0089 . 4

E
4 10 608 . 3
11
.

E
( )
2
.
c m E
in g in g
Me2 226
.
E
13
11
.
10 60 . 1
10 608 . 3

E
4 10 60 1 Me2 1
13
.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
32
Solution : Solution :
- -
nd nd
method: method:
( )
2
.
c m E
Me2 225
.
E
2
2
u 1
Me25 5 . 931
c
c
m
1
]
1

,
_

2
Me25 5 . 931 u 1 c
in u in u
( )
2
2
u 1
Me25 5 . 931
u 2415 . 0 c
c
1
]
1

,
_

PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
33
Calculae he )!&"!&( e&er(# per &ucleo& o% a )oro& &ucleus
!& E$&ucleo&.
(8!-e& mass o% &euro&* m
&
01.11764 u 2 mass o% proo&*
m
p
01.1147, u 2 spee" o% l!(h !& -acuum* c03.11 11
7
m s
1
a&"
aom!c mass o% )oro&* M
.
011.11,A3 u)
Solution : Solution :
The mass "e%ec o% he )oro& &ucleus !s
E9ample 6 :
( ) .
10
5
.
10
5
5 Z a&" 5 10 N
5 N
u 06951 . 0 m
( ) ( ) [ ] 01294 . 10 00867 . 1 5 00782 . 1 5 +
( )
. n +
M Nm Zm m +
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
34
Solution : Solution :
The )!&"!&( e&er(# o% he )oro& &ucleus !s (!-e& )#
He&ce he )!&"!&( e&er(# per &ucleo& !s
( ) ( )( )
2
8 27
10 00 . 3 10 66 . 1 06951 . 0

4 10 04 . 1
11
.

E
( )
2
.
c m E
45nucle"n 10 04 . 1
12
.


A
E
10
10 04 . 1
11
.

A
E
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
35
/h# !s he ura&!um?,37 &ucleus less sa)le ha& car)o&?1,
&ucleus : 8!-e a& e9pla&a!o& )# re%err!&( o he repuls!-e
coulom) %orce a&" he )!&"!&( e&er(# per &ucleo&.
(8!-e& mass o% &euro&* m
&
01.11764 u 2 mass o% proo&* m
p
01.1147,
u 2 spee" o% l!(h !& -acuum* c03.11 11
7
m s
1
2 aom!c mass o%
car)o&?1,* M
C
01,.11111 u a&" aom!c mass o% ura&!um?,37*
M
/
0,37.1514A u )
Solution : Solution :
'rom he aspec o% repuls!-e coulom) %orce :

=ra&!um?,37 &ucleus has A, proo&s )u he car)o&?1,

&ucleus has o&l# 6 proo&s.

There%ore he coulom) %orce !&s!"e ura&!um?,37 &ucleus

!s or 15.3 !mes he coulom) %orce !&s!"e car)o&?1,
&ucleus.
E9ample 4 :
( ) C
12
6
( ) /
238
92

,
_

6
92
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
36
Solution : Solution :
'rom he aspec o% )!&"!&( e&er(# per &ucleo&:

Car)o&?1, :
The mass "e%ec :
The )!&"!&( e&er(# per &ucleo&:
C
12
6
6 Z a&" 6 N
( )
C n +
M Nm Zm m +
u 09894 . 0 m
( ) ( ) [ ] 00000 . 12 00867 . 1 6 00782 . 1 6 +
( )
A
c m
A
E
2
C
.

,
_

( )
12
u 1
Me25 5 . 931
u 09894 . 0
2
2
c
c

,
_

n Me25nucle" 68 . 7
C
.

,
_

A
E
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
37

=ra&!um?,37 :
The mass "e%ec :
The )!&"!&( e&er(# per &ucleo&:
S!&ce he )!&"!&( e&er(# o% ura&!um?,37 &ucleus less ha& he
)!&"!&( e&er(# o% car)o&?1, a&" he coulom) %orce !&s!"e ura&!um?
,37 &ucleus (reaer ha& he coulom) %orce !&s!"e car)o&?1,
&ucleus here%ore ura&!um?,37 &ucleus less sa)le ha& car)o&?1,
&ucleus.
/
238
92
92 Z
a&" 146 N
u 93447 . 1 m
( ) ( ) [ ] 05079 . 238 00867 . 1 146 00782 . 1 92 + m
( )
238
u 1
Me25 5 . 931
u 93447 . 1
2
2
/
.
c
c
A
E

,
_

,
_

n Me25nucle" 57 . 7
/
.

,
_

A
E
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
38
E9erc!se 13.1 :
8!-e& c 03.11 11
7
m s
1
* m
&
01.11764 u* m
p
01.1147, u
1. Calculae he )!&"!&( e&er(# !& Boule o% a "euer!um &ucleus.
The mass o% a "euer!um &ucleus !s 3.333,7 11
,4
k(.
A%S. : A%S. : -.=? -.=? #3 #3
#$ #$
A A
,. The mass o% &eo&?,1 &ucleus !s 1A.AA,33 u. Calculae
he )!&"!&( e&er(# per &ucleo& o% &eo&?,1 &ucleus !& +e@
per &ucleo&.
A%S. : A%S. : ?.3$ /eB6nucleon ?.3$ /eB6nucleon
3. Feerm!&e he e&er(# re<u!re" o remo-e o&e &euro& %rom
a& o9#(e&?16 . The aom!c mass %or o9#(e&?16 !s
15.AA3A15 u
+&hysics, $ +&hysics, $
rd rd
edition, Aames S. ;aler, C$D, p.##3?, edition, Aames S. ;aler, C$D, p.##3?,
A%S. : A%S. : #5.= /eB #5.= /eB
( ) -e
20
10
( ) (
16
8
39
PHYSICS CHAPTER 13
Next Chapter
CHAPTER 13 :
Nuclear reac!o&