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18

RLC CIRCUITS
AND RESONANCE
PART 1:
1B-1
1B-2
18-3
PART 2:
18-4
1B-5
18-6
PART 3:
1B-7
PART 4:
18-B
1 B-9
1B- 10
SERIES REACTIVE CIRCUITS
l mpedance of Seri es RIC
Ci rcui ts
Anal ysi s of Seri es RIC Ci rcui ts
Seri es Resonance
PARALLEL REACTIVE CI RCUITS
l mpedance of Paral l el RIC
Ci rcui ts
Anal ysi s of Paral l el RLC Ci rcui ts
Paral l el Resonance
SERI ES- PARALLEL REACTIVE
CI RCUI TS
Anal ysi s of Seri es-Paral l el RtC
Ci rcui ts
SPECI AL TOPI CS
Bandwi dth of Resonant Ci rcui ts
Appl i cati ons
Technol ogy Theory i nto Practi ce
El ectroni cs Workbench (EWB) and
PSpi ce Tutori al s at
http://www. pren hal l .com/f l oyd
r
I NTRODUCTI ON
In this chapter, the analysis methods learned in Chap-
ters 16 and 17 are extended to the coverage of circuits
with combinations of resistive, inductive, and capaci-
tive elements. Series and parallel RZC circuits, plus
series-parallel combinations, are studied.
Circuits with both inductance and capacitance
can exhibit the property of resonance, which is impor-
tant in many types of applications. Resonance is the
basis for frequency selectivity in communication sys-
tems. For example, the ability of a radio or television
receiver to select a certain frequency that is transmit-
ted by a particular station and, at the same time, to
eliminate frequencies from other stations is based on
the principle of resonance. The conditions in RIC cir-
cuits that produce resonance and the characteristics of
resonant circuits are covered in this chapter.
In the TECH TIP assignment in Section 18-10,
you will work with the resonant tuning circuit in the
RF amplifier of an AM radio receiver. The tuning cir-
cuit is used to select any desired frequency within the
AM band so that a desired station can be tuned in.
r
COVERAGE OPTIONS
If you chose to cover all of Chapter 16 and all of
Chapter 17, then all of this chapter should be covered
next.
If you chose to cover reactive circuits in Chap-
ters 16 and ll on the basis of the four major parts,
then the appropriate part of this chapter should be
covered next, followed by the next part in Chapter 16,
if applicable.
II
r TECHnol ogy
Theory
Into
Practice
r CHAPTER OBf ECTIVES
PART 1; SERIES REACTIVE CIRCUITS
E Determine the impedance of a series RIC circuit
D Anal yze ser i es RLC ci r cui l s
D Analyze a circuit for resonance
PART 2: PARALLEL REACTIVE CIRCUITS
E Determine the impedance of a parallel resonant
circuit
D Anal yze par al l el RLC ci r cui t s
D Analvze a circuit for
parallel
resonance
PART 3: SERIES.PARALLEL REACTIVE
CIRCUITS
D Analyze series-parallel RIC circuits
PART 4: SPECIAL TOPICS
tr Determine the bandwidth of resonant circuits
tr Discuss some applications of resonant circuits
18- 1 r I MPEDANCE OF SERI ES RI C CI RCUI TS
A series RLC circuit contains both inductunce and capacitance. Since inductive reac-
tance and capacitive reectance have opposite efficts on the circuit phase angle, the
total reactance is less than either individual resctance.
After completing this section, you should be uble to
I Determine the impedance of a series RLC circuit
.
Calculate total reactance
.
Determine whether a circuit is
predominatelv
inductive or capacitive
A series RIC circuit is shown in Fisure 18-1. It contains resistance. inductance. and
caoacitance.
FI GURE 1B- 1
Serics RLC circuit.
R L C
@Fr
-6
1
l_ _L
: :
As you know, inductive reactance (X;) causes the total current to lag the applied
voltage. Capacitive reactance (X6') has the opposite effect: It causes the current to lead the
voltage. Thus X. and X, tend to offset each other. When they are equal, they cancel, and
the total reactance is zero. In any case, the magnitude of the total reactance in the series
circuit is
710
X, o, =l X" - X" l (18-1)
I MPEDANCE OF SERI ES RI C CI RCUI TS
I 711
The term IXL
-
Xcl means the absolute value of the difference of the two reactances. That
is, the sign of the result is considered positive no matter which reactance is greater. For
example, 3
-
1
= -4,
but the absolute value is
l z - l l - +
When X; > X6, the circuit is predominantly inductive, and when Xs > XL, the
predominantly capacitive.
The total impedance for the series RIC circuit is stated in rectangular form
tion (18-2) and in polar form in Equation (18-3).
circuit is
in Equa-
Z = R+ j Xr - j Xc
z
=
VR' + (xr-
Nzt un-t (\ \
\ R /
^ f
ln Equation (18-3), VR'+ (&,-X)' is the magnitude and tan
I(X,,,/R)
is the phase angle
between the total cunent and the applied voltage.
(18-2)
(18-3)
EXAMPLE 1B-1
Determine the total impedance in Figure 18-2. Express it in both rectangular and polar
forms.
FI GURE 1B- 2
Solution First, find X6 and X7.
x- =
-L
=
3.39 ko
'
2nfC 2nt 100 kHzx470 pF)
Xr= 2nfL
=
2n(I00 kHzXlO mH)
=
6.28 kA
In this case, Xl is greater than X6, and thus the circuit is more inductive than capaci-
tive. The magnitude of the total reactance is
X, o, =l X| - xsl = l 6. zs t o
- 3. 39
kal = 2. 89 ka i nduct i ve
The impedance in rectangular form is
z
=
R + ( i Xr - j xd= 5. 6 kQ + ( j 6. 28kO
- j 3. 39
kO)
=
s. 6 kO +j 2. 89 kO
The impedance in polar form is
Z
=
\F * x:,zrun
' (h
\
\ R /
=
@
ztan-'
(28
J9\
=
e.nzzt.3" ko
\ s . 6 k o /
The calculator sequence for conversion from the rectangular to the polar form is to first
select polar on the MODE screen, then
m @ a @ @ @ e @ I @ @ @ @ e GFtr]
Related Prohlem Determine Z in polar form if
/is
increased to 200 kHz.
470 pF C
I
R
712
I
RI C CI RCUI TS AND RESONANCE
SECTION 1B-1
REVIEW
As you have seen, when the inductive reactance is greater than the capacitive reac-
tance, the circuit appears inductive; so the current lags the applied voltage. when the
capacitive reactance is greater, the circuit appears capacitive, and the cument leads the
applied voltage.
1. In a given series RZC circuit, x6. is 150 Q and, xp is 80 o. what is the total reac-
tance i n ohms? l s i t i nducti ve or capaci ti ve?
2. Determi ne the i mpedance i n pol ar form for the ci rcui t i n
euesti on
I when R
=
47 Q. what is the magnitude of the impedance? what is the phase angle? Is the cur-
renl l eadi ng or l aggi ng the appl i ed vol tage?
,IB_2
I
ANALYSIS OF SERIES RI.C CIRCUITS
Recall that capacitive reuctance varies inversely with
frequency
and that inductive
reactance varies directly with
frequency.
In this section, the combined effects of the
reactances as afunction offrequency are examined.
After completing this section, you shoul.d be uble to
I Analyze series RZC circuits
.
Determine current in a series RIC circuit
.
Determine the voltages in a series RIC circuit
.
Determine the phase angle
Figure l8-3 shows that for a typical series RIC circuit the total reactance behaves as fol-
lows: starling at a very low frequency, X. is high, and X1 is low, and the circuit is pre-
dominantly capacitive. As the frequency is increased, X. decreases and Xlincreases until
a value is reached where X.
=
Xr. and the two reactances cancel, making the circuit purely
resistive. This condition is series resonance and will be studied in Section l8-3. As the
frequency is increased further, X1 becomes greater rhan Xc, and the circuit is predomi-
nantly inductive. Example 18-2 illustrates how the impedance and phase angle change as
the source frequency is varied.
Capaci ti ve:
xc> xr.
Inducti ve:
Xr> xc
t
Series resonance
Xr.= Xc
EXAMPLE 1B_2
ANALYSI S OF SERI ES RI C CI RCUI TS r 713
For each of the following input frequencies, lind the impedance in polar form for the
circuit in Figure 18-4. Note the change in magnitude and phase angle with frequency.
( a)
f =1v11t
( b)
f =2kHz
( c)
" f =3. 5
kHz ( d) . / =5 kHz
FI CURE 1B- 4
Solution
(a) At/= l kHz,
x,
=
=J-
=
i.96 kt)
2nf C 2nl I kHzt t O. vL p. t '
XL=2nJL=2n( l kHz) ( 100 mH)
=
623 I
The circuil is clearly capacitive, and the impedance is
z
=
V R\
l xr-
xr,)' z-tan
t(ILet\
-
\ R /
=
@
z- t an' ( Ji 1! 9\ =a. o+z- es. 8. ko
\ 3 . 3 k O /
( b) At / = 2kHz,
Xr =
= 3 . 9 8 k l )
'
2rc(2 kHz)t0.02 pF)
Xr= 2n(2 kHz)(100 mH)
=
1.26 kO
The circuit is still capacitive, and the impedance is
, t l 2. t 2 ka\
\ 3 3 k o /
X. -
|
= l . 5 9 k o
'
2n(5 kHzX0. 02 pF)
Xt = 2n(5 kHz)(100 mH)
=
3. 14 kO
z= VG3 ko) 2 +
11. 26
ka
-
3. 98 kQ) 2z- t an
=
4.281-39.5' kO
(c) At/= 3.5 kHz,
X . =
= l . l 7 k a
'
2n( 3. 5 kHzX0. 02
sF)
Xt= 2n(3.5 kHz)(100 mH)
=
2.20 kQ
The circuit is very close to being purely resistive because Xg and X, are nearly
equal, but is still slightly capacitive. The impedance is
z
=
z-tun-'l!!Z-!q
1 '
\ 3 . 3 k o /
=
3.31-1.22" kdl
(d) At/= 5 kH.
714 T RI C CI RCUI TS AND RESONANCE
FI GURE 1B- 5
The voltage across the series combination
of C arul L is always less than the larger
indivi.dual voltage.
The circuit is now predominantly inductive. The impedance is
=
3.65225.2' kdl
Notice how the circuit changed from capacitive to inductive as the frequency
increased. The phase condition changed from the current leading to the current lagging
as indicated by the sign of the angle. It is interesting to note that the impedance mag-
nitude decreased to a minimum approximately equal to the resistance and then began
increasing again.
Related Problem Determine Z in poTar form for
/
=
7 Wlz and sketch a graph of
impedance vs. frequency using the values in this example.
In a series RLC circuit, the capacitor voltage and the inductor voltage are always
180' out of phase with each other. For this reason, Vs and V; subtract from each other,
and thus the voltage across l, and C combined is always less than the larger individual
voltage across either element, as illustrated in Figure 18-5 and in the waveform diagran
of Figure 18-6.
FI GURE 18- 6
Vg2 is the algebraic sum of V1 and Vs.
Because of the phase relationship, Va and.
V6 effectively subtract.
In the next example, Ohm's law is used
RIC circuit.
to find the current and voltases in the series
EXAMPLE 1B_3 Find the cunent and the voltages across each element in Figure 18-7. Express each
quantity in polar form, and draw a complete voltage phasor diagram.
FIGURE 1B-7 R
v,
t0t0" v
VL
LJ.
2501
60c|
Solution First, find the total impedance.
Z
=
R +
j Xr - j Xc=75
Q +
j 25
O
- j 60
t 2=' 75 O
- j 35
O
Convert to polar form for convenience in applying Ohm's law.
z=l P 1P a
yz,
, . - r un- t ( x' ' ' \
\ R /
=
\,fts oF(3sltF z-an-'(J9\
=
82.8t-25" e
\ 7s o I
"-' "-
--
Apply Ohm's law to flnd the current.
r=!
=
l 9t ol u
.
=r2t z25. o"
mA
z 82.81*25" Q
Now, apply Ohm's law to find the voltages across R, L, and C.
Vn
=
IR
= (121225.0" mA)(j520" Q)
=
9.08125.0' V
Vr
=
IXr
=
021225.0'
mA)(25290o Cl)
=
3.0321L5" V
Vc
=
IXc
=
021225.0"
mA)(601-90' Q)
=
7.262-65.0" Y
The phasor diagram is shown in Figure 18-8. The magnitudes represent rms val-
ues. Notice that V1 is leading Vp by 90', and V6 is lagging Va by 90'. Also, there is
a 180' phase difference between Vr and Vc. If the current phasor were shown, it
would be at the same angle as Va. The current is leading V", the source voltage, by
25", indicating a capacitive circuit (Xc > X). The phasor diagram is rotated 25" from
its usual position because the reference is the source voltage, V", which is oriented
along the x-axis.
FI GURE 1B- 8
3. 03 V
VR
9. 08 V
Related Problem
increased?
10v
V,
vc
7. 26V
What will happen to the current if the frequency in Figure l8-7 is
ANALYSI S OF SERI ES RTC CI RCUI TS
716 r RI C CI RCUI TS AND RESONANCE
SECTION 1B_2
REVIEW
18- 3 r SERI ES RESONANCE
1. The following voltages occur in a certain series RIC circuit. Determine the
vol tage: Y
n
=
24130" V. V.
-
l 5l l 20" V, and V6
=
451-60" Y.
2. When R
=
1.0 kQ, Xc
=
1.8 kQ, andXl= 1.2 kf2, does the current lead or lag
applied voltage?
3. Determine the total reactance in
Question
2.
In a series RLC circuit, series resonunce occurs when X6
=
Xr. The
frequency
at
which resonance occars is culled the resonant
frequency
and is designated
f,.
After completing this section, you shoald he able to
I Analyze a circuit for resonance
.
Define resonance
.
Determine the impedance at resonance
.
Explain why the reactances cancel at resonance
.
Determine the series resonant frequency
.
Calculate the current, voltages, and phase angle at resonance
Figure 18-9 illustrates the series resonant condition.
FI CURE 1B- 9
Series resonance, Xs and Xa cancel each other resulting in a purely resistive circuit.
Resonance is a condition in a series RLC circuit in which the capacitive and i
tive reactances are equal in magnitude; thus, they cancel each other and result in a
resistive impedance. In a series RLC circtit, the total impedance was given in
(18-2)
as
Z, =R+J XL_J XC
At resonance, Xr
=
Xc and the
/
terms cancel; thus, the impedance is purely
These resonant conditions are stated in the following equations:
Xt = Xc
Zr = R
XL XC
SERI ES RESONANCE . 717
X7 and X. Effectively Cancel at Resonance
At the series resonant frequency, the voltages across C and L are equal in magnitude
because the reactances are equal and because the same current is through both since they
are in series (IXr= 7yr1. Also, V; andV6 are always 180" out of phase with each other.
During any given cycle, the polarities of the voltages across C and L are opposite,
as shown in parts (a) and (b) of Figure l8*1 l. The equal and opposite voltages across C
and L cancel, leaving zero volts from pointA to point B as shown. Since there is no volt-
age drop from A to B but there is still current, the total reactance must be zero, as indi-
cated in part (c). Also, the voltage phasor diagram in part (d) shows that Vg and V1 are
equal in magnitude and 180' out of phase with each other.
HCURE 1B- 11
At the resonant
frequency, f,,
the voltages
across C and L are equal in magnitude.
Since they are 180" out of phase with eqch
other, they cancel, leaving 0 V across the
LC combination (point A to point B). The
v
section of the circuit
from
A to B
ffictively
laoks like a short ai resonance.
J,
* l f ,
- - - - 0 v - - - -
vc vr
f uv^
{-lF-"unn-i
VR
f4
)"r
vc, vt.
t u#
VR
v,
vL
f
l< 90'
t \
l--*v"
t /
Y
n,"
v
VC
(d)
v^
At l 1 :
EXAMPLE 1B-4 For the series RIC circuit in Fieure 18-10. determine X. and Z at resonance.
FI GURE 1B- 10
Solution Xr=Xc at the resonant frequency. Thus, X6
-
Xr= 500 O. The impedance
at resonance is
Z, = R +
j XL- j xc=
100 Q +j 500 O
- j 500
Q
=
10020' O
The impedance is equal to the resistance because the reactances are equal in magnitude
and therefore cancel.
Related Problem Just below the resonant frequency, is the circuit more inductive or
more capacitive?
ir=
(c.,
vn= v,
4o, =0
B^
7" I B
I RI C CI RCUI TS AND RESONANCE
Series Resonant Frequency
For a given series RtC circuit, resonance happens at only one specific frequency. A for-
mula for this resonant frequency is developed as follows:
Xt = Xc
Substitute the reactance formulas.
2nf,L=
Take the square root of both sides. The formula for series resonant frequency is
Then,
1
2nf,c
s2-
r
t , -
4n2LC
1
t -
-
2n\/ LC
(1
8-6)
EXAMPLE 1B-5
Find the series resonant frequency for the circuit in Figure 18-12.
FI GURE 1B- 12
Solution The resonant frequency is
f,=;h=t;5ffi =318kHz
Related Problem If C
=
0.01 prF in Figure l8-I2, what is the resonant frequency?
Seri es RIC l mpedance
At frequencies below/|, Xc> Xri thus, the circuit is capacitive. At the resonant frequency,
Xc
=
Xr, so the circuit is purely resistive. At frequencies above
/;,
XL > Xc', thus, the cir-
cuit is inductive.
The impedance magnitude is minimum at resonance (Z =
R) and increases tn
above and below the resonant point. The graph in Figure 18-13 illustrates how i
changes with frequency. At zero frequency, both X6' and Z are infinitely large and X;
zero because the capacitor looks like an open at 0 Hz and the inductor looks like a short.
As the frequency increases, X6 decreases and X7 increases. Since X6 is larger than X1
frequencies below
f,,
Z deqeases along with Xc. At
f,,
Xc
=
Xr and Z
=
R. At fl
above
fi
X; becomes increasingly larger than Xg, causing Z to increase.
EXAMPTE 18_6
SERI ES RESONANCE .
719
FI GURE 18- 13
Serics RLC impedance as a
function
of
frequency.
For the circuit in Figure 18-14, determine the impedance magnitude at the following
frequencies:
(a)
f,
(b) 1000 Hzbelow
f,
(c) 1000 Hz above
f,
FI GURE 1B- 14
Solution
(a) At
f,,
the impedance is equal to R.
Z = R= 1 0 d L
To determine the impedance above and belowJ, first calculate the resonant frequency.
1=;+--
=
5.03 kHz
zr|v LL
2nV1100 mH.1(0.01 pF)
(b) At 1000 Hz belowf,, the frequency and reactances are as follows:
f
=f , -
l kHz= 5. 03 kHz
-
1 kHz
=4. 03kH2
Xr= -L
=
3.95 kf,
2nfC 2nt4.03 kHzx0.0l
rrF)
Xr=2nf L=2n(4. 03 kHz)(100 mH)
=
2. f i kA
Therefore, the impedance aL
f,
-
1 kHz is
z=f R' +( xr - xr ) , =@ =L42ka
(c)
At f 000 Hz above
f,.
f
=
5.03 kHz + I kHz
=
6.03 kllz
Xc=;
. ; =; ] -
=2. 61kt t
'
2n16.03 kHzXO.0l pF;
Xr= 2n(6.03 kHz)(100 mH)
=
3.79 kA
Therefore, the impedance at
f,
+ 1 kHz is
z(o)
z
=Y
00
Q)2 + (3.79 ka
-
2.64 ko)2
=
1.15 kO
720
r RIC CIRCUITS AND RESONANCE
In part (b) Z is capacitive, and in part (c) Z is inductive.
Related Problem What happens to the impedance magnitude iflis decreased
4.03 kJlz? Above 6.03 kHz?
Current and Vol tages i n a Seri es RIC Ci rcui t
At the series resonant frequency, the current is maximum (I** =
%/R).
Above and
resonance, the current decreases because the impedance increases. A response
showing the plot of current versus frequency is shown in Figure 18-15(a).
FI GURE 1B- 15
Current and voltage magnitudes as a
function
of
frequency
in a series RLC circuit. Vs
Va ca.n be much larger than the source voltage.
The resistor voltage, Va, follows the current and is maximum (equal to
%)
at
nance and zero atf
=
0 and atl=
F,
as shown in Figure 18-15(b). The general
the V6 and Vl curves are indicated in Figure 18-15(c) and (d). Notice that V,
=
l/,
f
=
0, because the capacitor appears open. Also notice that V1 approaches V"
approaches infinity, because the inductor appears open.
The voltages are maximum at resonance but drop off above and belowf,. The
ages across L and C at resonance are exactly equal in magnitude but 180o out of
so they cancel. Thus, the total voltage across both L and C is zero, and Va
=
V, al
nance, as indicated in Figure l8-16. Individually, VTandV6car be much greater
source voltage, as you will see later. Keep in mind that V7 and V6 are always
(b) Resistor voltage
(c) Capacitor voltage (d) Inductor voltage
polarity regardless of the frequency, but only at resonance are their magnitudes
SERI ES RESONANCE . 721
FI GURE 1B- 16
Series RLC circuit at
resona,nce.
Vn= v t
The Phase Angle of a Series RIC Circuit
At frequencies below resonance, Xc ) Xt, and the current leads the source voltage, as
indicated in Figure 18-18(a). The phase angle decreases as the frequency approaches the
resonant value and is 0o at resonance, as indicated in part (b). At frequencies above reso-
nance, Xy> Xg, ard the current lags the source voltage, as indicated in part (c). As the fre-
quency goes higher, the phase angle approaches 90o. A plot of phase angle versus fre-
quency is shown in part (d) of the figure.
EXAMPLE 1B-7 Find 1, Vp, V6 and
are shown.
FI GURE 1B- 17
Vc'at resonance in Figure 18-17. The resonant values of X1 andX6
Solution At resonance, 1is maximum and equal to V,IR
t =L =
5 o v ,
=2 2 . 7 mA
R 2. 2k4
Apply Ohm's law to obtain the following voltage magnitudes:
Vn
=
IR
= (22,7 mA)(22 kQ)
=
59 Y
Vt= IXr= (22.7 mAX1.0 kQ)
=
22.7 Y
Vc= IXc= (22;7 mA)(l .0 kfJ)
=22,' 7
Y
Notice that all of the source voltage is dropped across the resistor. Also, of course, V;
andVs are equal in magnitude but opposite in phase. This causes these voltages to can-
cel, making the total reactive voltage zero.
Related Problem What is the current at resonance in Figure 18-17 if Xy
=
f,,
=
1.0 ko?
722
T
RIC CIRCUITS AND RESONANCE
(a) Bel ow/), 1l eads I{.
e
(c) Above/),1l ags I{
90" (Il ags I{)
-90'
(1 leads V")
xc> Xr
Capacitive:
1 leads I{
Xt > xc
Inductive:
1 lags I{
(d) Phase angle versus frequency.
FI GURE 1B- 18
The phase angle as a
function
offrequency in a series RLC circuit.
SECTION 18-3
1. What is the condition for series resonance?
REVIEW
2. Why is the current maximum ar rhe resonant frequency?
3. Calculate rhe resonant frequency for C
=
1000 pF and L
=
1000 pH.
4. In
Question
3, is the circuit inductive or capacitive at 50 kHz?
I Coverage ofparallel reactive circuits begins in Chapter 16,
part
2, on page 611,
(b) Att, 1i s i n phase wi th I{
18-4 T IMPEDANCE OF PARALLET RI.C CIRCUITS
In this section, you will learn how to determine the impedance and phase angle of a
parallel RLC circuit, Also, conduct&nce, sasceptance, and admittunce of a parallel
RLC circait ure covered.
After completing this section, you should be able to
I Determine the impedance of a parallel resonant circuit
.
Calculate the conductance, susceptance, and admittance
.
Determine whether a circuit is predominately inductive or capacitive
Figure 18-19 shows a parallel RLC cncuit. The total impedance
using the reciprocal of the sum-of-reciprocals method, just as was
with resistors in oarallel.
i 1 1 1
T - T -
z Rzj' xLzgjo xcl-90"
1 1 1
- T
T -
Rlj" xLz90" xcl-90'
FI GURE 18- 19
Paralkl RLC circuit.
z -
can be calculated
done for circuits
(18-7)
723
724 T
RIC CIRCUITS AND RESONANCE
EXAMPLE 18-B Find Z in polar form in Figure 18-20.
FI CURE 1B- 20
Solution Use the sum-of-reciprocals formula.
l = 1
*
I
*
1
'
1
,
1
z Rzo' ' xLzgT.
-
xrz-W
-
10020. o
-
100290. o
*
n^
Apply the rule for division of polar numbers.
I
i=
1020" mS + 10.Z-90o mS + 20290' mS
Recall that the sign of the denominator angle changes when dividing.
Next, convert each term to its rectangular equivalent and combine.
j
=
t O mS
-710
mS +720 mS
=
10 mS +/ 10 mS
z
Take the reciprocal to obtain Z and then convert to polar form.
Z =
|
10 mS + jlO
mS
\410,ns)jl (10 -$zztun-' l19
t!
)
\ l 0 mS/
=
- - +
^
=70, 71- 45'
A
14.14245" mS
The negative angle shows that the circuit is capacitive. This may surprise you, since
xz > xc.However, in a parallel circuit, the smaller quantity has the greater effect on
the total current. Similar to the case of resistances in parallel, the smaller reactance
draws more current and has the greater effect on the total Z.
In this circuit, the total current leads the total voltage by a phase angle of 45o,
Related Problem If the ftequency in Figure 18-20 increases, does the impedance
increase or decrease?
Conductance, Susceptance/ and Adm ittance
The concepts ofconductance (G), capacitive susceptance (86,), inductive susceptance
and admittance (Y) were discussed in chapters 16 and 17, The phasor formulas
restated here.
c;
n2oe
!'.eio'
I
Br
=
;;--;-
=
Bt l-90"
= -jBt
'
xLl90'
1
" =zf r =Yl +o=G+j Bc- j Br
As you know, the unit of each of these quantities is the siemens (S).
I MPEDANCE OF PARALLEL Rt C CI RCUI TS
I 725
(18-10)
( 18- 11)
EXAMPLE 1B-e
lff'#n:n"rffifi',#;i i?flliffi,ll'l i#ill;#*::l'"
susceptance' and totar
FI GURE 1B- 2. I
Solution
"
=
#
=
** n=
1ooZo. mS
B,
=
nh
=
r0z+0" a=
100290" mS
"r =
nh=*
"=Zooz- eo' ms
Y,o,= G + j Bc
-
j BL =
100 mS +7100 mS
-
j 200 mS
=
100 mS
-
1100 mS
=
141.41-45o mS
From Y,or, you can determine 2,o,.
2. , = - l _
=
, . , . : -
=7. 072- 45' o
Y,o, r4l.4Z-45" mS
Related Problem Is the circuit in Figure 18-21 predominately inductive or predom-
inatelv caoacitive?
SECTION 1B-4
REVIEW
1.
)
3.
In a certain parallel RLC circfit, the capacitive reactance is 60 Q, and the inductive
reactance is 100 O. Is the circuit predominantly capacitive or inductive?
Determine the admittance of a parallel circuit in which R
=
1.0 k{r, Xc
=
500 Q, and
Xr = l . 2k{ 1.
In
Question
2, what is the impedance?
726
I
RI C CI RCUI TS AND RESONANCE
18-5
r
ANALYSIS OF PARAIIEL RIC CIRCUITS
As you have seen, the smaller reactunce in a parallel circuit dominqtes becuuse it
results in the larger brunch current. In this section, you will exqmine current rela-
tionships in parallel circuits,
After completing this section, you should be able to
I Analyze parallel RLC circuits
.
Explain how the cuffents are related in terms of phase
.
Calculate impedance, currents, and voltages
Recall that capacitive reactance varies inversely with frequency and that inductive reac-
tance varies directly with frequency. In a parallel RZC circuit at low frequencies, the
inductive reactance is less than the capacitive reactance; therefore, the circuit is inductive,
As the frequency is increased, X1 increases and Xs decreases until a value is reached
where Xz
=
Xc. This is the point of parallel resonance. As the frequency is increased
ther, Xg becomes smaller than X7, and the circuit becomes capacitive.
Current Rel ati onshi ps
In a parallel RIC circuit, the current in the capacitive branch and the current in the induc-
tive branch are always 180' out of phase with each other (neglecting any coil resistance),
Because Is and 11 add algebraically, the total current is actually the difference in their
magnitudes. Thus, the total current into the parallel branches of L and C is always less
than the largest individual branch current, as illustrated in Figure 18-22 and in the wave-
form diagram ofFigure 18-23. Ofcourse, the current in the resistive branch is always 900
out of phase with both reactive cuffents, as shown in the current phasor diagram of Fig-
ure 18-24.
FI GURE 1B- 22
The total current into the parallel
combinatinn of C and L is the dffirence
of the two branch currents.
FI GURE 1B- 23
Ig and Ia effectively subtract.
ANALYSIS OF PARALLEL RTC CIRCUITS
T 727
FI CURE 1B- 24
Typical current phasor diagram
for
a
parallel RLC circuit.
The total current can be expressed as
4o, =f
l t o+
gr:
I rf zat t (*)
where Is; is 16
-
[,
the total current into the L and C branches.
EXAMPLE 1B-10 Find each branch cuffent and the total current in Figure
FI CURE 1B- 25
( 18- 12)
Solution Use Ohm's law to find each branch current in phasor form.
r^ =
lt -
5lo' v
=
2.27 zo" A. ' ^ -
R 2. 2l o" e
f - = V' -
5 z o " v
= l l 9 t J " A
"
-
x- 5z-90" t)
l ,
=
V.
-
sl o' v
=o. SZ- 90"
A
"
xL 10290" t)
The total cuffent is the phasor sum of the branch currents. By Kirchhoff's law,
l r or =l n+I . +I .
=
2.2'7 /0' A + ll90' A + 0.52.-90" A
=
2. 21 A+71 A
- j 0. 5
A
=
2. 21 A+j 0. 5 A
Converling to polar form yields
1' ,
=
{ I' o * \1,
-
I
rl '
z,un
t
(
\\
"
\ 1 o l
=
\ , ' ?27 At ' + ( 0i Af zr an' ( 9i I \ =2. 32t r 2. 4" A
\ 2. 21
A
J
The total cunent is2.324 leading V,by 12.4". Figure l8-26 is the current phasor dia-
sram for the circuit.
AC
s o
728 I RIC CIRCUITS AND RESONANCE
sEcTtoN 1B-s
REVIEW
18-6 T PARALLEL RESONANCE
FI GURE 1B- 26
Ic Ir
Related Prohlem Will total current increase or decrease if the frequency in Figure
18-25 is increased?
1. In a three-branch parallel circuit. R
=
150 f). X.
=
100 Q, and X1= 50 O.
mine the current in each branch when V"
=
l2Y.
2, The impedance of a parallel RIC circuit is 2.81*38.9" kQ. Is the circuit capaci
or inductive?
In this section, we will
first
look at the resonant condition in an ideal parallel LC
cuit, Then, we will examine the more reslistit cuse where the resistunce of the coil
tqken into account.
ffter
completing this section, you should be able to
I Analyze a circuit for parallel resonance
.
Describe parallel resonance in an ideal circuit
.
Describe parallel resonance in a nonideal circuit
.
Explain how impedance varies with frequency
.
Determine current and phase angle at resonance
.
Determine parallel resonant frequency
Condi ti on for l deal Paral l el Resonance
Ideally, parallel resonance occurs when Xc
=
Xr.The frequency at which
occurs is called the resonant
frequency, }ust
as in the series case. When X6
-
X7, the
branch currents, 16 and 17, are eqtaT in magnitude, and, of course, they are always 1
out of phase with each other. Thus, the two currents cancel and the total current is
as shown in Figure 18-27.
Since the total current is zero, the impedance of the parallel lC circuit is
targe (*). These ideal resonant conditions are stated as follows:
XL= Xc
Zr =
*
The l deal Paral l el Resonant Frequency
For an ideal (no resistance) parallel resonant circuit, the frequency at which
occurs is determined by the same formula as in series resonant circuits; that is,
{ _
r
t'-
2n\,Ec
PARALLEL RESONANCE . 729
IC
I
.
f - - - +v
I
IL
(a) Parallel circuit at resonance
( xc=xL, z=- )
TIGURE 1B-27
An i.ileal parallel LC circuit at resonance.
(b) Current phasors (c) Current waveforms
Tank Ci rcui t
The parallel resonant LC circuit is often called a tank circuit. The term tank circuit rcfers
to the fact that the parallel resonant circuit stores energy in the magnetic fleld of the coil
and in the electric field of the capacitor. The stored energy is transfemed back and forth
between the capacitor and the coil on alternate half-cycles as the current goes first one
way and then the other when the inductor deenergizes and the capacitor charges, and vice
versa. This concept is illustrated in Figure 18*28.
(a) The coil deenergizes as
the capacitor charges.
FI GURE 1B- 28
Energy storage in an ideal parallel resonant tank circuit.
Vari ati on of the l mpedance wi th Frequency
Ideally, the impedance of a parallel resonant circuit is infinite. In practice, the impedance
is maximum at the resonant frequency and decreases at lower and higher frequencies, as
indicated by the curve in Figure 18-29.
At very low frequencres, X7 is very small and X6 is very high, so the total imped-
ance is essentially equal to that of the inductive branch. As the frequency goes up, the
impedance also increases, and the inductive reactance dominates (because it is less than
X6') until the resonant frequency is reached. At this point, of course, X1= Xg (for
O
> 10)
and the impedance is at its maximum. As the frequency goes above resonance, the capac-
itive reactance dominates (because it is less than X) and the impedance decreases.
(b) The capacitor discharges
as the coil energizes.
730 .
RLC CIRCUITS AND RESONANCE
FI GURE 1B- 29
Generalized impedance cume
for
a parallel resonant circuit, The circuit is inductive below
fn
resistive at
f,
and capacitive above
f,.
Current and Phase Angl e at Resonance
In the ideal tank circuit, the total current from the source at resonance is zero because the
impedance is infinite. In the nonideal case when the coil resistance is considered, there is
some total current at the resonant frequency, and it is determined by the impedance at res-
onance.
Lt r =2
(1 8-1 3)
The phase angle of the parallel resonant circuit is 0o because the impedance is
purely resistive at the resonant frequency.
Effect of Coi l Resi stance on the Paral l el Resonant Frequency
when the coil resistance is considered, the resonant condition can be expressed as
znr.r(Q'
t-
|
\=
I
\ O. J
2nf,C
where
Q
is the quality factor of the coil, Xy'Rw.Solving for
f,in
terms of
e
yields
f ' =#t f
(1
B-14)
When
Q
>
10, the term with the
Q
factors is approximately 1
Therefore, the parallel resonant frequency is approximately the same as the series reso-
nant frequency as long as
Q
is equal to or greater than 10.
f , =#
f or Q) 10
Xr <Xc
+
f l -
Xc <Xr
-
EXAMPLE 1B-1 1 Find the precise frequency and the value of
Q
at resonance for the circuit in Figure
I 8-30.
FI CURE 1B- 30
v,
1 0 v
L
0. 05 pF
Solution Use Equation (18-15) to flnd the frequency.
"
l T- Ti l oL,
@. .
- - -
-
- - . - J n t t z
zt/rC
znf
e3S
pF)(0.1 H)
To calculate the quality factor,
Q,
first find X1.
Xy=2nf , L=2n(2. 25 kHz)(0. 1 H)
=
1. 41 kO
0=+=4=t 4. t
Rw 100 o
Note that since
Q
> 10, the approximate formula,
/|
= ll2tFfC, can be used.
Related Prohlem For a smaller R1a, will/| be less than or greater than 2.25 kIIz?
PARALLEL RESONANCE I 731
A precise expression forf, in terms of the circuit component values is
"
\/T
-
@T
ctL)
ft=-----------
2nYLC
(1 B-1 s)
sEcTtoN 18-6
REVIEW
This precise formula is seldom necessary and the simpler equation
f,
=
lDnf rc is
sufficient for most practical situations. A derivation of Equation (18-15) is given in
Appendix C.
1. Is the impedance minimum or maximum at parallel resonance?
2. Is the cuffent minimum or maximum at parallel resonance?
3. For ideal parallel resonance, assume Xr
=
1500 fl. What is X6?
4. A parallel tank circuit has the following values: Rw
=
4 {1, L
=
50 mH, and C
=
l0 pF. Calculate/).
5. If
Q
=
25, L
=
50 rnH, and C
=
1000 pF, what isf,?
6. ln
Question
5. if
Q
=
2.5, what is
f,?
I Coverage of series-parallel resctive circuits begins in Chapter 16, Part 3, on page 620.
"18.7 I ANATYSIS OF SERIES.PARALLEL RI.C CIRCUITS
In this section, series and parallel combinations of R, L, and C elements are analyzed
in specific examples. Also, conversion of a series-parallel circuit to an eqaivalent par-
allel circuit is covered and resonance in u nonideal parallel circuit is considered.
After completing this section, you should be uble to
I Analyze series-parallel RLC circuits
.
Determine currents and voltages
.
Convert a series-parallel circuit to an equivalent parallel form
.
Analyze nonideal (with coil resistance) parallel circuits for parallel resonance
.
Examine the effect of a resistive load on a tank circuit
The following two examples illustrate an approach to the analysis of circuits with both
series and parallel combinations of resistance, inductance, and capacitance.
In Figure 18-31, find the voltage across the capacitor in polar form. Is this circuit pre-
dominantly inductive or capacitive?
732
Solution Use the voltage-divider formula in this analysis. The impedance of the
series combination of R1 and Xt is called Zy In rcctangular form,
Zt
=
Rt-r
j Xr=
1000 O +
j 500
O
Converting to polar form yields
zr=f 4xl zt un-' (*\
"
\ R' /
=
@
zLan- t ( - Q- 9_) = l l l s/ 26. 6" Q
\
r uuu r r l
The impedance of the parallel combination of R2 and X6' is called 22. In polar form,
Z, =( - \ z- , unt / &\
'
\ Vn3+ x?) \ xcl
=
[@17-,u,,-r/l ooo
a\=
44i t-63.4" !)
L Vtrooo Q)2 + (soo Q)2 | \
soo a /
Converting to rectangular form yields
Zz. =Zzcos0+j Z2si n0
=
447 cos(-63.4") + j447 sin(*63.4")
=
200 f)
-
j400 O
The total impedance Z,o, in recrangular form is
Z,o,= Zr * 22= (1000 O + j 500 O) + (200 O
-i 400
Q)
=
1200 O +7100 Q
Converting to polar form yields
z,o,
=
ffi
ztun-'
(
l!4!\
=
no+z+ t o" a
\ 1 2 0 0 o /
Now apply the voltage-divider formula to get V6.
v- =(
Z,
W- =( 4472- 63' 4
{ L\ - ^ . ^^ - -
'
\ z, o, l
.
\ 120414. 76.
A)5010"
Y
=
18' 61-68' 2' V
Therefore, V6' is 18.6 V and lags V,by 68.2".
The
{
term in 2,o,, or the positive angle in its polar form, indicates that the cir-
cuit is more inductive than capacitive. However, it is just slightly more inductive,
because the angle is small. This result may surprise you, because Xc=XL
=
500 Q.
However, the capacitor is in parallel with a resistor, so the capacitor actually has less
effect on the total impedance than does the inductor. Figure 18-32 shows the phasor
relationship of V6, and V". Although Xc
=
Xr, this circuit is not at resonance, because
theT term of the total impedance is not zero due to the parallel combination of R2 andXs.
You can see this by noting that the phase angle associated with Z,o, is 4.76' and not
zeto.
ANALYSIS OF SERIES-PARALLEL RtC CIRCUITS
I
733
FI CURE 1B- 32
Related Problem Determine the voltage across the capacitor in polar form if R1 is
increased to 2.2 kQ.
734
I
RIC CIRCUITS AND RESONANCE
EXAMPLE 1B-13
FI CURE 1B- 33
For the reactive circuit
ground.
\
3020"
y
Solution The voltage (Vu) at point B is the voltage across the open output terminals.
Use the voltage-divider approach. To do so, you must know the voltage (Va) at point A
first; so you need to find the impedance from pointA to ground as a starting point.
The parallel combination of Xa and R2 is in series with X62. This combination is
in parallel with R,. Call this impedance from point A to ground, Zo. To find Za,
take the following steps. The impedance of the parallel combination of R2 and X1 is
called 21.
Z ,
= (
= (
in Figure 18-33, find the voltage at point B with respect to
^c2
I Output
l
Next, combine 21 in series with Xn to get an impedance 22.
Zz=Xcz] - Zr
=
l Z-90" Q + 4.24258o C)
= -/l
e + 2.25 e +73.6 e
=
2.25 {l + j 2.6
A
Converting to polar form yields
zr=f e.z5 et\ e5 ttt' t ^-' (249-\= 3.44249.t" t>
\ 2. 25
Q
I
Finally, combine 22 and R1 in parallel to get Z*
"^=#t
34. 4149. 1" 344249f
_) 7\ . / 7. 7
t o o
l Lr5 + ps
=
l Lszl Lo'
=
z' t rz-r t ' t sz
The simplified circuit is shown in Figure 18-34.
V,
3020" v
FI GURE 1B- 34
2.' .75t37.r. A
ANALYSIS OF SERIES-PARALLEL RtC CIRCUITS I 735
Next, use the voltage-divider principle to find the voltage (Va) at point A in Fig-
ure 18-33. The total impedance is
Zr or =X61 I Z4
=
22- 90" Q + 2. 15231. 1' f )
= - i 2
Q + 2. 19 A+ i 1. 66 f 2
=
2. 19 O
-
j 0. 340 O
Converting to polar form yields
z, o,
=
@
zt an-r/
0' 3a0 o
1
=
2. 221-8. 82" e
\ z. r s r , l -
" " "
The vol tage at poi nt A i s
v
^
= (
!o\v,=
(' ' l :<' l
l : ?\;ozo'
y
=
3i .2t45.e"
y
^
\ 2, ^ I \ 2. 22t - 8. 82"
O
/ -
- - '
Next, flnd the voltage (Vu) at point B by dividing Va down, as indicated in Figure
18-35. V6 is the open terminal output voltage.
v,
=
( Zt \ v -
( 4' 24t s8' Q
\ 1' j
-
\ 2, 1
^
=
\ zt +z+or
a) 37
' 2/ 45' e" Y
=
45' 9254' 8" Y
Surprisingly, V1 is greater than V", and Vs is greater than Va! This result is possible
because of the out-of-phase relationship of the reactive voltages. Remember that X6
and Xy tend to cancel each other.
FI GURE 1B- 35
Related Problem What is the voltage in polar form across C, in Figure 18-33?
Conversion of Series-Parallel to Parallel
The particular series-parallel conliguration shown in Figure 18-36 is important because it
represents a circuit having parallel L and C branches, with the winding resistance of the
coil taken into account as a series resistance in the l, branch.
It is helpful to view the series-parallel circuit in Figure 18-36 in an equivalent
parallel form, as indicated in Figure 18-37.
z2
^c2
FI GURE 18_36
A series-parallel RLC circuit
(Q =
XJRil.
FI GURE 1B- 37
Parallel equivalent
form
of the
circuit in Figure 18-36,
736 I
RI C CI RCUI TS AND RESONANCE
The equivalent inductance, L.r, and the equivalent parallel resistance, Rp1"qy, 0r0
given by the following formulas:
1."=L(+) (1
8-1 6)
('tB-17) Rp( " q) =R* ( Qz+1)
where
Q
is the quality factor of the coil, XLlRw. Derivations of these formulas are quite
involved and thus are not given here. Notice in the equations that for a
Q
>
10, the value
of Z"n is approximately the same as the original value of Z. For example, if L
=
10 mH,
then
L"o
=
10 *n(4_*1)= l 0 mH(l .01)
=
19.1 -"
\ 1 0 ' t
The equivalency of the two circuits means that at a given frequency, when the same
value of voltage is applied to both circuits, the same total current is in both circuits and
the phase angles are the same. Basically, an equivalent circuit simply makes circuit analy-
sis more convenient.
EXAMPLE 18-14 Convert the series-parallel circuit in Figure 18-38 to an equivalent parallel form at the
given frequency.
FI GURE 1B- 38
Solution Determine the inductive reactance.
Xr =2nJL=2n( 15. 9 kHz) ( 5 mH)
=
5gg I
The
Q
of the coil is
^ x, 500o
o = ; : = f f i = 2 0
Si nce
Q
> 10, then L.r= L= 5 mH.
The equivalent parallel resistance is
Rp("q)
=
Rw(Q2 + l)
= (25 f))(202 + 1)
=
1g.g L9
This equivalent resistance appears in parallel with R1 as shown in Figure l8-39(a).
When combined, they give a total parallel resistance (Rprtott) of 3.2 ko-, as indicated in
Figure 18-39(b).
,Parallel
equivalent
7
ofinductive branch
/ in Figure 18-38
ANALYSIS OF SERIES-PARALLEL RI.C CIRCUITS
I 737
C
0.02 pF
(b)
Ro,ru= R1
ll
Roleqy = 3.2 kc)
L
0. 02 pF
(a) Parallel equivalent of the circuit in Figure 1 8-38
FIGURE 1B-39
Related Problem Find the equivalent parallel if Rw
=
10 Q in Figure
Paral l el Resonant Condi ti ons i n a Noni deal Ci rcui t
The resonance of an ideal parallel LC circlit was examined in Section 18-6. Now, let's
consider resonance in a tank circuit with the resistance of the coil taken into account. Fig-
ure 18-40 shows a nonideal tank circuit and its parallel RIC equivalent.
+
FI GURE 1B- 40
A practical treatment of parallel resonant circuits must include the coil resistance,
Recall that the quality facror,
Q,
of the circuit at resonance is simply the
Q
of the
coil.
o = x t
Rw
The expressions for the equivalent inductance and the equivalent parallel resistance were
gi ven i n Equati ons (18-16) and (18-17) as
'",='(%))
Rp( " q) = R* ( Q2+l )
1a)
Nonideal tank circuit
(b) Para1lel RZC equivalent
For
Q>
10, L. r = L.
738 I
RIC CIRCUITS AND RESONANCE
At parallel resonarce,
Xzt"q)
=
Xc
In the parallel equivalent circuit, Ro1"4 is in parallel with an ideal coil and a capaci
tor, so the 1- and C branches act as an ideal tank circuit which has an infinite imped-
ance at resonance as shown in Figure 18-41. Therefore, the total impedance of the
nonideal tank circuit at resonance can be expressed as simply the equivalent parallel
resistance.
Z,= Rw(Qz + L)
A derivation of Equation (18-18) is given in Appendix C.
(1
B-1 8)
r+
FI GURE 1B- 41
At resonance, the parallel LC portion appears open and the source sees only Ropo;,.
Rw(Qz + 1)
EXAMPLE 1B-15
Determine the impedance
(f,
=
17,794 Hz).
of the circuit in Figure 1842 at the resonant frequency
FI GURE 1B- 42
C
0. 01 pF
Solution Before you can calculate the impedance using Equation (18-18), you must
find the quality factor. To get
Q,
first find the inductive reactance.
Xr=2nf,L=2n(I' 1,794 Hz)(8 mH)
=
894 O
0=+=
t l =ol
=n. e
Rw 5 0 O
Z,= Rw(Q2 + 1)
=
59 Q(I7.92 + 1)
=
16.1 191
Related Problem Determine Z,for R*
=
10 fl.
ANALYSIS OF SERIES_PARALLEL RIC CIRCUITS
T 739
An External Parallel Load Resistance Affects a Tank Circuit
There are many practical situations in which an external load resistance appears in paral-
lel with a tank circuit as shown in Figure 18-43(a). Obviously, the external resistor (R1)
will dissipate a portion of the power delivered by the source and thus will lower the over-
all
Q
of the circuit. The external resistor effectively appears in parallel with the equiva-
lent parallel resistance of the coil, Rp1e4, and both are combined to determine a total par-
allel resistance, Rp1nt1, as indicated in Figure 18-43(b).
Rpgot)= Rr ll Rp("q)
R . *
FIGURE 1B-43
Tank circuit with a parallel load resistor and its equivalent circuit.
The overall
Q,
designated
Qo,
from the
Q
of a series circuit.
SECT| ON 18-7
REVIEW
l or a paral l el RLC ci rcui t
R' ,-,,
Qo= =7
xLeqr
is expressed differentlv
(18-1e)
As you can see, the effect of loading the tank circuit is to reduce its overall
O
(which is
equal to the coil
Q
when unloaded).
A certain resonant circuit has a i0 pH inductor with a 20 Q winding resistance in
parallel with a 0.22 prF capacitor. If
Q
=
3, detetmine the parallel equivalent of this
circuit.
Find the equivalent parallel inductance and resistance for a 20 mH coil with a wind-
ing resistance of 10 Q at a frequency of 1 kHz.
1.
)
I Coverage of special topics begins in Chapter 16, Part 4, on page 626.
739
18_B T
BANDWIDTH OF RESONANT CIRCUITS
As you have learned, the current in a series RLC is muximum at the resonantfrequency
becuuse the resctences cancel and the current in a parallel RLC is minimum at the res-
onantfrequency because the inductive and capacitive currents cuncel. In this section,
you will see how this circuit behavior relates to u churacteristic called bundwidth.
\fter
completing this section, you should be
qble
to
I Determine the bandwidth of resonant circuits
.
Discuss the bandwidth of series and parallel resonant circuits
.
State the formula for bandwidth
.
Define half-power
frequency
.
Define selectivity
.
Explain how the
Q
affects the bandwidth
Seri es Resonant Ci rcui ts
The current in a series RIC circuit is maximum at the resonant frequency (also known as cen-
terfrequency) and drops off on either side of this frequency. Bandwidth, sometimes abbrevi-
ated BW is an important characteristic of a resonant circuit. The bandwidth is the range of
frequencies for which the current is equal to or greater than70.7% of its resonant value.
Figure 18-44 illustrates bandwidth on the response curye of a series RLC circuit.
Notice that the frequencyfi belowf, is the point at which the current is 0.7011** and.is
FIGURE 18-44 I
Bandwi.dth on series resonant response curve
for
L
I^o,
o.7o'71_*
h f , f z
Bandwidth
740
BANDWI DTH OF RESONANT CI RCUI TS
.
741
commonly called the lower critical
frequency.
The frequency
f2
above
f,,
where the cur-
rent is again 0.7071*o,, is the upper critical
frequency.
Other names for
f1
and
f2
are
-3
dB
frequencies,
cutofffrequencies, and half-power
frequencies.
The signiflcance of the
latter term is discussed later in the chapter.
EXAMPTE 1B-1 6
A certain series resonant circuit has a maximum current of 100 mA at the resonant fre-
quency. What is the value of the current at the critical frequencies?
Solution Current at the critical frequencies is 10.7% of maximum.
11= I7z= 0.7071*o,
=
0' 707(100 mA)
=
70' 7 mA
Related Problem A certain series resonant circuit has a current of 25 mA at the crit-
ical frequencies. What is the current at resonance?
Paral l el Resonant Ci rcui ts
For a parallel resonant circuit, the impedance is maximum at the resonant frequency;
so the total current is minimum. The bandwidth can be defined in relation to the
impedance curve in the same manner that the current curr'/e was used in the series cir-
cuit. Of course,
/f
is the frequency at which Z is maximum;
i
is the lower critical fre-
quency at which Z
=
0.10'72**; and
/2
is the upper critical frequency at which again
Z
=
0.'7012-*. The bandwidth is the range of frequencies between
fi
andl2, as shown
in Figure 18-45.
Z,o,
Z^o"
0.70'72*o"
fi .f, fz
FI GURE 1B- 45
Bandwidth of the parallel resonant response curve
for
2,o,,
Formul a for Bandwi dth
The bandwidth for either series or parallel resonant circuits is the range of frequencies
between the critical frequencies for which the response curve (1 or
Q
is 0.'701 of the max-
imum value. Thus, the bandwidth is actually the difference between
f2
and
f1.
BW
=f z* f t
Ideally,/) is the center frequency and can be calculated as follows:
(1
B-20)
t t t
| _ J t T J 2
J r
-
2
(1
B-21)
742
I
RIC CIRCUITS AND RESONANCE
EXAMPTE 18-17 A resonant circuit has a lower critical frequency of 8 kHz and an upper critical fre-
quency of 12 kHz. Determine the bandwidth and center (resonant) frequency.
Sol uti on BW=fz-fi = 12 kHz
-
8 kHz= 4kHz
J,
=
frlL -
12 wrz j 8 krrz
=
lo kHz
2 2
Related Problem If the bandwidth of a resonant circuit is 2.5 kHz and its center fre-
quency is 8 kHz, what are the lower and upper critical frequencies?
Hal f- Power Freq uenci es
As previously mentioned, the upper and lower critical frequencies are sometimes called
the half-power frequencies. This term is derived from the fact that the power from the
source at these frequencies is one-half the power delivered at the resonant frequency. The
following steps show that this is true for a series circuit. The same end result also applies
to a parallel circuit. At resonance,
P^*= I2^*R
The power at
f1
or
f2
is
p
1
=
I
2nR
= (03 0i I
**)z
R
= (0.'7 Oi
)2
I2** R
=
0.5 I2*", R
=
0.5
p
**
Selectivity
The response curves in Figures 1844 and 18-45 are also called selectivity curves. Selec-
tivity deflnes how well a resonant circuit responds to a certain frequency and discrimi-
nates against all others. The narrower the bandwidth, the greater the selectivity.
We normally assume that a resonant circuit accepts frequencies within its band-
width and completely eliminates frequencies outside the bandwidth. Such is not actually
the case, however, because signals with frequencies outside the bandwidth are not com-
pletely eliminated. Their magnitudes, however, are greatly reduced. The further the fre-
quencies are from the critical frequencies, the greater is the reduction, as illustrated in
Figure 18-46(a). An ideal selectivity curve is shown in Figure 18-46(b).
Frequencies between/, and/,
are passed through the filter with
ampl i tudes no l ess than 10.7Vo of
maximum.
Frequencies outside pass band
are reduced to less than7}.1%o
of ma-rimum and are considered
to be rejected.
;;F
(a) Actual
FIGURE
.I
8_46
Generalized selectivity curve of a band-pass
filten
Pass band
(b) Ideal
Amplitude
BANDWIDTH OF RESONANT CIRCUITS
.
743
As you can see in Figure 1846, another factor that influences selectivity is the
sharpness of the slopes of the curve. The faster the curve drops off at the critical fre-
quencies, the more selective the circuit is because it responds only to the frequencies
within the bandwidth. Figure 18-47 shows a general comparison of three response curves
with varying degrees of selectivity.
Amplitude
BW3
FI GURE 1B_47
Comparative selectivity cumes,
Q
Affects Bandwidth
A higher value of circuit
Q
results in a narrower bandwidth. A lower value of
Q
causes a
wider bandwidth. A formula for the bandwidth of a resonant circuit in terms of
Q
is stated
in the following equation:
(18-22)
EXAMPLE 1B-18
What is the bandwidth of each circuit in Figure 18-48?
t * =*
Medium seloctivity
Least selectivity
FI CURE 18- 48
0.005,uF
744 I RI C CI RCUI TS AND RESONANCE
SECTION 1B-B
REVIEW
18-9 r APPLICATIONS
Solution For the circuit in Figure 18-4S(a), the bandwidth is found as follows:
I
2nY LC
2nY (200 pHX50 pF)
o = L = 2 k o = 2 o o
=
R l o o
n w= L
l ' 5 9 MHz
- ^ - ' l
a=
zoo
=
7' 95 kHz
For the circuit in Figure 18-48(b),
"
fT
-@c/L)
zns/rc
=
1. 59 MHz
znfz?o -nXooos,O
=
225 kllz
x, 1. 41 ko
r l - -
Y -
R
-
r o o o
Bw
=+="#=
r. 6o kHz
Related
proit"-
Change C in Figure 18-48(a) to 1000 pF and derermine the band-
width.
1. What is the bandwidth when/2
=
2.2MHz andf,
=
1.8 MHz?
2. For a resonant circuit with the critical frequencies in
Question
1, what is the center
frequency?
3. The power at resonance is 1.8 W. What is the power at the upper critical frequency?
4. Does a larger
Q
meat a narrower or a wider bandwidth?
Resonqnt circuits are used in u wi.de variety of applications, particularly in commu-
nication systems. In this section, we will look briefly at a
few
common communicq-
tion systems applications. The purpose in this section is not to explain how the sys-
tems work, but to illustrute the importance of resonant circuits in electronic
communication.
\fter
completing this section, you should be able to
I Discuss some applications of resonant circuits
.
Describe a tuned amplifier application
.
Describe antenna coupling
.
Describe tuned amplifiers
.
Describe signal separation in a receiver
.
Describe a radio receiver
Tuned Ampl i fi ers
A tuned amplifier is a circuit that amplifies signals within a specifled band. Typicalty, a
parallel resonant circuit is used in conjunction with an amplifier to achieve the selectivity.
In terms of the general operation, input signals with frequencies that range over a wide
FIGURE 1B-49
A basic tuned band-pass ampffier.
APPLICATIONS r 745
band are accepted on the amplifler's input and are amplified. The function of the resonant
circuit is to allow only a relatively narrow band of those frequencies to be passed on. The
variable capacitor allows tuning over the range of input frequencies so that a desired fre-
quency can be selected, as indicated in Figure 18_/:9.
Antenna l nput to a Recei ver
Radio signals are sent out from a transmitter via electromagnetic waves that propagate
through the atmosphere. When the electromagnetic waves cut across the receiving
antenna, small voltages are induced. Out of all the wide range of electromagnetic fre-
quencies, only one frequency or a limited band of frequencies must be extracted. Figure
18-50 shows a typical arrangement of an antenna coupled to the receiver input by a trans-
former. A variable capacitor is connected across the transformer secondary to form a par-
allel resonant circuit.
tl
Coupling
transformer
FI CURE 1B- 50
Resonant coupling
from
an antenna.
Doubl e-Tuned Transformer Coupl i ng i n a Recei ver
In some types of communication receivers, tuned amplifiers are transformer-coupled
together to increase the amplification. Capacitors can be placed in parallel with the pri-
mary and secondary windings of the transformer, effectively creating two parallel reso-
nant band-pass filters that are coupled together. This technique, illustrated in Figure
18-51, can result in a wider bandwidth and steeper slopes on the response curve, thus
increasing the selectivity for a desired band of frequencies.
Antenna
746 T RLC CI RCUI TS AND RESONANCE
-1--l
l , J
o(
/ l q
t a
T-
:
tl tl
IJ
F
'1-
T-
=
FI GURE 1B- 51
Double-tuned ampffiers,
Si gnal Recepti on and Separati on i n a TV Receiver
A television receiver must handle both video (picture) signals and audio (sound) signals,
Each TV transmitting station is allotted a 6 MHz bandwidth. Channel 2 is allotted a band
from 54 MHz through 59 MHz, channel 3 is allotted a band from 60 MHz through
65 MH4 on up to channel 13 which has a band from 210 MHz through 215 MHz. You
can tune the front end of the TV receiver to select any one of these channels by using
tuned amplifiers. The signal output of the front end of the receiver has a bandwidth from
4l MHz through 46 MHz, regardless of the channel that is tuned in. This band, called the
intermediate
frequency
(IF) band, contains both video and audio. Amplifiers tuned to the
IF band boost the signal and feed it to the video amplifier.
Before the output of the video amplifier is applied to the picture tube, the audio sig-
nal is removed by a 4.5 MHz band-stop filter (called a wave trap), as shown in Figure
18-52. This trap keeps the sound signal from interfering with the picture. The video
amplifier output is also applied to band-pass circuits that are tuned to the sound canier
frequency of 4.5 MHz. The sound signal is then processed and applied to the speaker as
indicated in Figure 18-52.
Audio IF Audio
Audio IF amplifier
Audio amolifier
sano-pass
f , =4. 5MHz
Video + audio
From video
IF section
Video Band-stop
amPl i fi er
f,=
4.5MHz
(wave trap)
FI CURE, I B- 52
A simpffied portion of a TV receiver showing
filter
usage.
Cathode-ray tube
Superheterodyne Recei ver
Another good example of filter applications is in the common AM (amplitude modula-
tion) receiver. The AM broadcast band ranges from 535 kHz to 1605 kHz. Each AM sta-
tion is assigned a ceftain narrow bandwidth within that range. A simplified block diagram
of a superheterodvne AM receiver is shown in Fisure 18-53.
FM
detector
Speaker
a\
{ ) ) )
'//
Sound
APPLICATIONS r
747
455 kHz AM
caffier TEnvelope
6l t . z^' A7, ' , /
Audi o si gnal
'{lfuilqll,t'y
/
IF
ampl
))' *' .
- - T - - - _ _ L _
I
xrx -
F 1 r unl ng
!.-y' .onttol
1 _ / < < l . E-
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
600 kHz
600 kHz
1055 kHz
LO
Locai
oscillator
l = 1O55 LHz
FI GURE 1B- 53
A simpffied iliagram of a superheterodyne AM radia broadcast receiver showing an example
of the application of tuned resonant circuits.
sEcTtoN 1B-9
1.
REVIEW
In this system, there are basically three parallel resonant band-pass fllters in the
front end of the receiver. Each of these filters is gang-tuned by capacitors; that is, the
capacitors are mechanically or electronically linked together so that they change
together as the tuning knob is turned. The front end is tuned to receive a desired station.
for example, one that transmits at 600 kHz. The input filter from the antenna and the RF
(radio frequency) amplifier filter select only a frequency of 600 kHz out of all the fre-
quencies crossing the antenna. The actual audio (sound) signal is carried by the 600 kHz
carrier frequency by modulating the amplitude of the carrier so that it follows the audio
signal as indicated. The variation in the amplitude of the caffier corresponding to
the audio signal is called the envelope. The 600 kHz is then applied to a circuit called
the mixer The local oscillator (LO) is tuned to a frequency that is 455 kHz above the
selected frequency (1055 kHz, in this case). By a process called heterodyning or beat-
ing, the AM signal and the local oscillator signal are mixed together, and the 600 kHz
AM signal is converted to a 455 kHz AM signal (1055 kHz
-
600 kHz
=
455 kHz). The
455 kHz is the intermediate frequency (IF) for standard AM receivers. No matter which
station within the broadcast band is selected, its frequency is always converted to the
455 kHz IF. The amplitude-modulated IF is applied ro an audio detector which removes
the IF, leaving only the envelope or audio signal. The audio signal is then amplified and
applied to the speaker.
Generally, why is a tuned filter necessary when a signal is coupled from an antenna
to the input of a receiver?
What is a wave trap?
What is meant by ganged tuning?
,
3.
Amplitude-modulated
600 kHz carrier
748 T RI C CI RCUI TS AND RESONANCE
18-10 r TECHnology Theory Into Practice
In the chapter 11 TECH TIP, you worked with u receiver system to learn basic uc
measurements. In this chapter, the receiver is again used to illustrate one application
of resonant circuits. we will
focus
on a part of the
'front
end" of the receiver system
that contains resonant circuits. Generally, the
front
end includes the RF ampffier, the
local oscillutor, and the mixer. In this TECH TIP, the RF ampffier is the
focus.
A
knowledge of ampffier circuits is not necessary at this time.
A basic block diagram of an AM radio receiver is shown in Figure 18-54. In this partic-
ular system, the "front end" includes the circuitry used for tuning in a desired broadcas!
ing station by frequency selection and then converting that selected frequency ro a smn-
dard intermediate frequency (IF). AM radio stations transmit in the frequency range from
535 kHz to 1605 kHz. The purpose of the RF amplifier, which is the focus of this TECH
TIR is to take the signals picked up by the antenna, reject all but the signal from the
desired station, and amplify it to a higher level.
Voiume control
IF amplifier RF amplifier
FI GURE 1B- 54
Simpffied block diagram of a basic radio receiven
A schematic of the RF amplifier is shown in Figure 18-55. The parallel resonant
tuning circuit consists of L, C1 and C2. This particular RF amplifler does not have a res-
onant circuit on the output. C1 is a varactor, which is a semiconductor device that you will
learn more about in a later course. A1l that you need to know at this point is that the var-
actor is basically a variable capacitor whose capacitance is varied by changing the dc
voltage across it. In this circuit, the dc voltage comes from the wiper of the potentiome-
ter used for tuning the receiver.
The voltage from the potentiometer can be varied from +1 V to +9 V. The particu-
lar varactor used in this circuit can be varied from 200 pF at 1 V to 5 pF at 9 v. The capac-
itor C2 is a trimmer capacitor that is used for initially adjusting the resonant circuit. Once
it is preset, it is left at that value. C1 and C2 are in parallel and their capacitances add to
produce the total capacitance for the resonant circuit. C3 has a minimal effect on the res-
onant circuit and can be ignored. The purpose of C3 is to allow the dc voltage to be
applied to the varaator while providing an ac ground.
In this TECH TIP, you will work with the RF amplifier circuit board in Figure
18-56. Although all of the amplifier components are on the board, the part that you are t0
focus on is the resonant circuit indicated by the highlighted area.
Antenna
TECHNOLOCY THEORY INTO PRACTICE . 749
FI GURE 1B- 55
Partinl schematic of the RF ampffier showing the resonant tuning circuit,
FI CURE 18- 56
RF ampffier circuit board.
To mixer
Capaci tance i n the Resonant Ci rcui t
r
Calculate a capacitance setting for C2 that will ensure a complete coverage of the AM
frequency band as the varactor is varied over its capacitance rcnge. C3 can be ignored.
The full range ofresonant frequencies for the tuning circuit should more than cover the
AM band, so that at the maximum va.ractor capacitance, the resonant frequency will
be less than 535 kHz and at the minimum varactor capacitance, the resonant frequency
will be greater than 1605 kHz.
r Using the value of C2 that you have calculated, determine the values of the varactor
capacitance that will produce a resonant frequency of 535 kHz and 1605 kHz, respec-
tively.
Testi ng the Resonant Ci rcui t
I
Suggest a procedure for testing the resonant circuit using the instruments in the Test
Bench setup of Figure 18-57. Develop a test setup by creating a point-to-point hook-
up of the board and the instruments.
r
Using the graph in Figure 18-58 that shows the variation in varactor capacitance ver-
sus varactor voltage, determine the resonant frequency for each indicated setting from
the B outputs of the dc power supply (rightmost output terminals). The B output of the
power supply is used to simulate the potentiometer voltage.
+ 9 V d c
_r_ c.
I m H -
" l
Tuning potentiometer
located on front panel
750 T RIC CIRCUITS AND RESONANCE
Setting 1
Power Suppl y
Output B
(@*a@l
Setting 2
Fl cuRE 18-57
Test bench setup,
10 15
v
"\tu
5
CLOSSARY . 751
Fl cuRE 18-58
Varactor capacitance versus voltage,
200
180
160
140
t20
100
80
60
40
20
l. What is the AM frequency range?
2. State the purpose of the RF amplifier.
3. How is a particular frequency in the AM band selected?
sEcTl oN 18-10
REVIEW
c (pF)
I
SUMMARY
. Xr and Xlhave opposing effects in an RIC circuit.
I In a series RLC ctcfiL the larger reactance determines the net reactance of the circuit.
r
At series resonance, the inductive and capacitive reactances are equal.
I
The impedance of a series RLC circtit is purely resistive at resonance.
I
In a series RIC circuit, the current is maximum at resonance.
r The reactive voltages VaandVs cancel at resonance in a series RLC circttit because they are
equal in magnitude and 180o out ofphase.
r In a parallel RLC cicuit, the smaller reactance determines the net reactance of the circuit.
r
In a parallel resonant circuit, the impedance is maximum at the resonant frequency.
I
A parallel resonant circuit is commonly called a tank circuit.
I
The impedance of a parallel RLC circrit is purely resistive at resonance.
r The bandwidth of a series resonant circuit is the range of frequencies for which the current is
0.7071-* or greater.
I The bandwidth of a parallel resonant circuit is the range offrequencies for which the impedance
is 0.7072^* or greater.
The critical frequencies are the frequencies above and below resonance where the circuit
response is 70.77a of the maximum response.
A higher
Q
produces a narrower bandwidth.
I
GLOSSARY
These terms are also in the end-of-book glossary.
Half-power frequency The frequency at which the output power of a filter is 50Vo of the maxi-
mum (the output voltage is 70.7Vo of maximum); another name for critical or cutofffrequency.
Parallel resonance A condition in a parallel RLC ctrcuit in which the reactances ideally cancel
and the impedance is maximum.
Quality
factor (Q) The ratio of true power to reactive power in a resonant circuit or the ratio of
inductive reactance to windins resistance in a coil.
752
T RIC CIRCUITS AND RESONANCE
r FORMULAS
(18-1s)
(18-16)
(18-17)
Resonance A condition in a series RLC circuit in which the capacitive and inductive
are equal in magnitude; thus, they cancel each other and result in a purely resistive impedance.
Resonant frequency The frequency at which resonance occurs; also known as the center
ouenct,
Selectivity A measure of how effectively a filter passes certain desired frequencies and rejects
others. Generally, the narrower the bandwidth, the greater the selectivity.
Series resonance A condition in a series RLC circtit in which the reactances cancel and
impedance is minimum.
Tank circuit A parallel resonant circuit.
Seri es RLC Ci rcui ts
(18-1) Xr' =l Xy- Xsl
(18-2) Z=R+j Xr-j Xc
(1s-3) z=f Pz * rYr-*Yt ^-t(+)
Seri es Resonance
(18-4) Xr= Xc
(18-5) Z,=R
68-6) f,=
--!-
2nY LC
Paral l el RIC Ci rcui ts
(18-7)
z-
1 1 1
- T
T -
RZjo xLz90' xcz-goo
(l s-s) , =#=GZ| o
(1s-9) Br=
nh
=
srl)Qo
=iBg
(18-10) *"=#=BrZ-90o
=-jBt
( 1s- 11) t =*=Yl t | =G+i Bc- i BL
(18-12) l,o,={ I'^+
gl$Zaft(ft)
Paral l el Resonance
(13-13) t,,,=2
(1s-14)
f,=;i7ffi
"
Yr-(N' /c/L)
t = _ - 4 - : _
JT
2f i VLC
1",=L(aF)
Rp("q)= Rr,r(Qz+1)
PROBLEMS .
753
(18-18)
(18-1e)
(18-20)
(18-21)
(18-22)
Z,= Rw(Qz + I)
R-,,_,,
Qo =#
^Ll:eq)
BW
=f z-
f t
"
f i +f z
T = -
r r
2
BW=L
o
SEtF.TEST
1. The total reactance of a series RLC circuit at resonance ls
(a) zero (b) equal to the resistance (c) infinity (d) capacitive
The phase angle between the source voltage and current of a series RZC circuit at resonance is
(a)
-90"
(b) +90' (c) 0' (d) dependent on the reactance
The impedance at the resonant frequency of a series RZC circuit with t
=
15 mH, C
=
0.015 pF. and Rry
=
80 Q is
( a ) 1 5 k 4 ( b ) 8 0 O ( c ) 3 0 4 ( d ) 0 O
In a series RIC circuit that is operating below the resonant frequency, the current
(a) is in phase with the applied voltage (b) lags the applied voltage
(c) leads the applied voltage
If the value of C in a series RLC circrlit is increased, the resonant frequency
(a) is not affected (b) increases (c) remains the same (d) decreases
In a certain series resonant circuit, Vc
=
150 V, VL
=
150
Y
and Vn
=
50 V. The value of the
source voltage is
( a) l 50V ( b) 300V ( c) 50V ( d) 350V
A certain series resonant circuit has a bandwidth of 1 kHz. If the existing coil is replaced with
one having a lower value of
Q,
the bandwidth will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) remain the same (d) be more selective
At frequencies below resonance in a parallel RLC circuit, the current
(a) leads the source voltages
(c) is in phase with the source voltage
(b) lags the source voltage
The total current into the I and C branches of a parallel circuit at resonance is ideally
(a) maximum (b) low (c) high (d) zero
To tune a parallel resonant circuit to a lower frequency, the capacitance should be
(a) increased (b) decreased (c) left alone (d) replaced with inductance
The resonant frequency of a parallel circuit is approximately the same as a series circuit when
(a) the
Q
is very low (b) the
p
is very high
(c) there is no resistance (d) either answer (b) or (c)
12. If the resistance in parallel with a parallel resonant circuit is reduced, the bandwidth
(a) disappears (b) decreases (c) becomes sharper (d) increases
t
3.
4.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
r PROBLEMS
More dfficult problems are indicated by an asterisk.
PART 1: SERIES REACTIVE CIRCUITS
SECTION 18-1 l mpedance of Seri es RLCCi rcui ts
1. A certain series RLCcircuithas the following values: R
=
10 Q, C= 0.05 pfl andZ,= 5 rnH.
Determine the impedance in polar form. What is the net reactance? The source frequency is
5 kHz.
754
T
RI C CI RCUI TS AND RESONANCE
2. Find the impedance in Figure 18-59, and express it in polar form.
3. If the frequency of the source voltage in Figure 18-59 is doubled from the value that produces
the indicated reactances, how does the magnitude of the impedance change?
FI GURE 1B- 59
V,
420' V
4. For the circuit of Figure 18-59, determine the net reactance that will make the impedance
magnitude equal to 100 f).
SECTION 1B-2 Anal ysi s of Seri es RIC Ci rcui ts
5. For the circuit in Figure 18-59, find I,o,, Vo, Vr, and V6 in polar form.
6. Sketch the voltage phasor diagram for the circuit in Figure 18-59.
7 . Analyze the circuit in Figure 18-60 for the following (f =
25 lcHz):
(a) 1., (b) P,*" (c) P, (d) P"
FI GURE 18- 60
390 O 0.5 mH 1 mH c2
v,
1220" v
laoorr
SECTION 18-3 Seri es Resonance
8. Find Xt, Xc, Z and I at the resonant frequency in Figure 18-61.
9. A certain series resonant circuit has a maximum cuffent of 50 mA and a V, of 100 V. The
applied voltage is 10 V. What is Z? What are X1 and Xs?
FrcuRE 18-61
10. For the RLC circuit in Figure
Ft cuRE 18-62
18-62, determine the resonant frequency.
v,
7.07 v
PROBLEMS . 755
11. What is the value of the cunent at the half-power points in Figure 18-62?
12. Determine the phase angle between the applied voltage and the current at the critical fre-
quencies in Figure 18-62. What is the phase angle at resonance?
*13.
Design a circuit in which the following series resonant frequencies are switch-selectable:
(a) 500 kHz (b) 1000 kHz (c) 1500 kHz (d) 2000 kHz
PART 2: PARALLEL REACTIVE CIRCUITS
SECTION 1B-4 l mpedance of Paral l el RLC Ci rcui ts
14. Express the impedance of the circuit in Figure 18-63 in polar form.
TI GURE 1B- 63
C
0.022
1tF
15. Is the circuit in Figure 18-63 capacitive or inductive? Explain.
16. At what frequency does the circuit in Figure 18-63 change its reactive characteristic (from
inductive to capacitive or vice versa)?
SECTION 1B-5 Anal ysi s of Paral l el RIC Ci rcui ts
17. For the circuit in Figure 18-63, find all the currents and voltages in polar form.
18. Find the total impedance of the circuit in Figure 18-63 at 50 kHz.
19. Change the frequency to 100 kHz in Figure 18-63 and repeat Problem 17.
SECTION 18-6 Paral l el Resonance
20. What is the impedance of an ideal parallei resonant circuit (no resistance in either branch)?
21. Find Z at resonance and f for the tank circuit in Fieure 18-64.
FI GURE 18_64
How much current is drawn from the source in Figure 18-64 at resonance? What are the
inductive current and the capacitive cunent at the resonant frequency?
Find Pou", P,, and P, in the circuit of Figure 18-64 at resonance.
)',
v"
520" V
f
= I2kHz
23.
756
I
RI C CI RCUI TS AND RESONANCE
FI GURE 18- 65
PART 3: SERIES-PARALLEL REACTIVE CIRCUITS
SECTION 1B-7 Anal ysi s of Seri es-Paral l el RLC Ci rcui ts
24. Find the total impedance for each circuit in Figure 18-65.
R
220 {L
(b)
For each circuit in Figure 18-65, determine the phase angle between the source voltage and
the total cunent.
Determine the voltage across each element in Figure 18-66, and express each in polar form.
Convert the circuit in Figure 18-66 to an equivalent series form.
FI CURE 18_66
Rl
33 kO R2
22kA
C
v"
1220" v
f
= 2kIlz
^ L
8f , )
) <
26.
, 1
T-
0 005
/,F
28. What is the curent through R2 in Figure 18-67?
FI GURE 18- 67 .
v,
r I 5Z0" V
T _ AAU-
L
390 mH I
r l
t 2 l
o l
t \ l
v
100 c)
R2
100 c)
29. In Figure 18-67, what is the phase angle between 12 and the source voltage?
*30.
Determine the total resistance and the total reactance in Fieure 18-68.
FI GURE 18-68
-
xct
R2
10 ko
*31.
Find the current through each component in Figure 18-68. Find the voltage across each com.
ponent.
n a
^ c
5 ko
-T-
10 ko
v"
1210" v
f
=
3kHz
ANSWERS TO SECTI ON REVI EWS . 757
32. Determine if there is a value of C that will make Vou
=
0 V in Figure 18-69. If not, explain.
*33.
If the value of C is 0.2 pfl what is the current through a 100 Q resistor connected from a to
D in Fisure 18-69?
FIGURE 1B.69
L
L 2
8 mH
*34.
How many resonant frquencies are there in the circuit of Figure 18-70? Why?
*35.
Determine the resonant frquencies and the output voltage at each frequency in Figure 18-70.
FI GURE 18_70
*36.
Design a parallel-resonant network using a single coil and switch-selectable capacitors to
produce the following resonant frequencies: 8 MHz, 9 MHz, 10 MHz, and 11 MHz. Assume
a 10 pH coil with a winding resistance of 5 Q.
PART 4: SPECIAL TOPICS
SECTION 18*8 Bandwi dth of Resonant Ci rcui ts
37. At resonance, Xr
=
2 kQ and Rry
=
25 Q in a parallel RLC circuit. The resonant frequency
is 5 kHz. Determine the bandwidth.
38. If the lower critical frequency is 2400 Hz and the upper critical frequency is 2800 Hz, what
is the bandwidth? What is the resonant frequency?
39. In a certain RLC circuit. the
power
at resonance is 2.75 W. What is the
power
at the lower crit-
ical frequency?
*40.
What values of L and C should be used in a tank circuit to obtain a resonant frequency
of 8 kHz? The bandwidth must be 800 Hz. The winding resistance of the coil is 10 Q.
41. A parallel resonant circuit has a
Q
of 50 and a BW of 400 Hz. If
Q
is doubled, what is the
bandwidth for the same f?
758
T RIC CIRCUITS AND RESONANCE
EWB Troubl eshooti ng and Anal ysi s
These problems require your EWB compact disk.
42. Open file PRO18-42.EWB and determine if there is a fault. If so, flnd the fault.
43. Open file PRO18-43.EWB and determine if there is a fault. If so, find the fault.
44, Open flle PRO18-44.EWB and determine if there is a fault. If so, find the fault.
45. Open file PRO18-45.EWB and determine if there is a fault. If so, flnd the fault.
46. Open file PRO18-46.EWB and determine if there is a fault. If so, find the fault.
47. Open file PRO18-47.EWB and determine if there is a fault. If so, flnd the fault.
48. Open file PROl8-48.EWB and determine the resonant frequency of the circuit.
49. Open file PRO18-49.EWB and detelmine the resonant frequency of the circuit.
r ANSWERS
TO SECTION
REVIEWS
Secti on 18-1
l. X*,= 70 C); capacitive
2. Z
=
84.32-56.1' Q; Z
=
84.3 Q; 0
= -56'1';
cunent is leading V,
Secti on 1B-2
1. V,
=
38.42-21.3' v
2. Current leads the voltage.
3. X,,tr= 6 92
Secti on 1B-3
1. For series resonance, XL= Xc.
2. The current is maximum because the impedance is minimum.
3.
f,=
159 kIIz
4. The circuit is capacitive.
Secti on 1B-4
1. The circuit is capacitive.
2. Y=1. 54249. 4" mS
3. Z=6512- 49. 4" dt
Secti on 18-5
1. 1o
=
36 mA, Ic
=
120 mA, Ir= 240 mA
2. The circuit is capacitive.
Secti on 18-6
L. Impedance is maximum at parallel resonance.
2. The current is minimum.
3. Xc
=
1500 O
4.
f,=
225 kllz
5.
f , =22. 5kH2
6.
f,=
20'9 kHz
Secti on 1B-7
1. Rp<.qr
=
1300 O, L"q= 10.16 p.H, C
=
0.22 pF
2. L@q1= 20.1 mH, Rp(.q)= 1' 59 kO
Secti on 1B-8
l . BW=f z- f i =4OOkHz
2.
f , =2MHz
3. Pr2
=
0.9 W
4. Larger
Q
means narrower BIl.
ANSWERS TO SELF.TEST . 759
Secti on 1B-9
1. A tuned filter is used to select a narrow band of frequencies.
2. A wave trap is a band-stop filter.
3. Ganged tuning is done with several capacitors (or inductors) whose values can be varied simul-
taneously with a common control.
Sect i on 1B-10
1. The AM frequency range is 535 kHz to 1605 kHz.
2. The RF amplifier rejects all signals but the one from the desired station. It then amplifies the
selected signal.
3. A particular AM frequency is selected by varying the varactor capacitance with a dc voltage.
r ANSWERS
TO RELATED
PROBLEMS
FOR
EXAMPLES
18-1 Z
=
12.7 282.3" kQ
l8-2 Z
=
4.64244.7 " kQ. See Fieure 18-71.
J $Hz)
to a certain point and then it will decrease, 18-3 Current will increase with frequency
18-4 The circuit is more capacitive.
78-S
f,
=
22.5 klLz
18-6 Z increases; Z increases.
t 8- 7 I =22. 7mA
l8-8 Z decreases.
18-9 Inductive
18-10 Inincreases.
18-11 Greater
18-12 Vc
=
9.302-65.8" Y
18-13 Vcr
=
27.l Z-81.1" Y
18-14 Rp("q)
=
25 kA, l"q
=
5 mH; C
=
0.02 p.F
L8-15 Z,=79.9kQ
18-16 1= 35.4 mA
18-17
fi
=
6.7 5 kl{z;
fz
=
9.25 kHz
18-18 Bl4z
=
7.96 kHz
zka)
t 2
FI GURE 1B_71
r ANSWERS TO
SELF.TEST
r. (a)
e. (d)
2. (c)
10. (a)
3. ( b) 4. ( c)
11. (b) 12. (d)
s. (d) 6. (c) 7 . ( a ) 8. (b)

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