IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)

e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 9, Issue 2 Ver. V (Mar Apr. 2014), PP 28-35
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 28 | Page

Development of a receiver circuit for medium frequency shift
keying signals.

Olumuyiwa Oludare FAGBOHUN
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Ekiti State University, PMB 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.

Abstract: Frequency shift keying (fsk) mode of digital signal information transfer switches between two
predetermined frequencies of the carrier wave, either by modulating one sine wave oscillator or by switching
between two oscillators.The need for a receiver to decode an fsk signal along the transmitting medium from a
digital source code within about 5 kilometer radius for security monitoring of environment informed this work.
The design of a receiver circuit at a frequency of 500 kHzfor an input frequency shift keying (fsk) signal from a
transmitter is presented. The receiver is to receive an RF signal, amplify it, filter it to remove unwanted signals,
and recover the desired base band information. It consists of an amplifier, tuned circuitsand mixers which filters
the base-band information. A comparator circuit is incorporated, to detect the digital signal received. The
output from the comparators is the digital equivalent of the coded signals sent by the transmitter circuit, and
transferred to a microcontroller circuit, to act as a coded signal representing information from the transmitting
end. The bode-plot response of the receiver to the incoming signals using a FET tuned circuit, shows that only
frequencies above 470kHz, and below 495kHz are allowed to pass through the network with a resonant
frequency of 483.553 kHz and a gain of 27.734dB, while others are totally attenuated. The reliability of the
designed receiver circuit was evaluated for a 1 year continuous operating period and was found to be
74.7%.Area of application of this work include electronic policing of a defined environment with good success.
Keywords: Band-pass network, Comparator, Detector, FET amplifier, FSK signals, Resonant circuit, Quality
factor.

I. Introduction
A receiver is the destination end of any communication system, having the capability of recovering the
original information sent. The first three blocks of a generic receiver are the RF amplifier, mixer and
oscillator[1,2]. They form what is known as the front end of the receiver as shown in Figure 1. The front end
is very important in setting the noise figure of the receiver. In particular, the RF amplifier should be a low noise
design because it amplifies all the low-level signals from the antenna including noise with a significant
amount of gain. The better the low-noise design of the RF amplifier, and the mixer, the better the receiver
sensitivity [1,3,4]. The RF amplifier designed to amplify the low level signal from the antenna. At the input
terminal of the amplifier, a rhombic antenna was connected which receives the signals and other surrounding
signals which needed to be separated. A FET amplifier was selected to amplify the received signals from the
antenna end. The choice was based on its advantages over bipolar transistors which include (i) extremely high
input impedance (ii) less noise and better thermal stability [3, 5].
The receiver circuit consists of an AM receiver and a comparator circuit. The basic purpose of a
receiver is to receive an RF signal, amplify it, filter it to remove unwanted signals, and recover the desired base
band information. Since the RF signal usually comes from an antenna, its amplitude is very small, often in the
order of a few micro-volts [4, 6, 7]. The receiver is to amplify the signal from a very small level up to usable
levels of several volts or more. The basic digital modulation techniques used in wireless communications
include the frequency shift keying (fsk) among others [6,8] , and fsk is a form of frequency modulation in which
the modulating wave shifts the output between two pre-determined frequencies, usually termed the mark and
space frequencies. Because of the narrow bandwidths in fsk, it offers only slightly improved noise performance
over the AM two-tone modulation scheme, however, the greater number of sidebands transmitted in fsk allow
better ionospheric fading characteristics than do a two-tone AM modulator schemes. With fsk, there is a change
in the output frequency each time the logic condition of the binary input signal changes. Consequently, the
output rate of change is equal to the input rate of change. In digital modulation, the rate of change at the right to
the modulator is called the bit rate and has the units of bits per second (bps). The rate of change at the output of
the modulator is called baud rate or band and is equal to the reciprocal of the time of one output signaling
element [6, 7]. In fsk, the input and output rates of change are equal and thus, the bit rate and baud rate are
equal. Recall that we modulate a sine wave carrier with the baseband binary stream of necessity to shift the
resultant modulated signal to an appropriate frequency for transmission [8, 9]. At the receiver we must undo
this process or demodulate the signal to recover the original binary stream. This process of demodulation is
often called detection. There are essentially two common methods of demodulation [10]. One, called
Development of a receiver circuit for medium frequency shift keying signals.
www.iosrjournals.org 29 | Page
synchronous or coherent detection, simply consists of multiplying the incoming signal by the carrier frequency
that is locally generated at the receiver and then low-pass filtering the resultant multiplied signal. The other
method is called envelope detection. The synchronous detection procedure in which fsk signals require two sine
waves, one for each frequency transmitted is used for this work.

II. Materials and Method
2.1. Materials Used: An op-amp in summing mode and a FET transistor 2N4416A as the amplifier circuit with
frequency tuning were used in the design with calculations made to select the circuit parameters. A diode 1N914
was used as a detector and an fsk mode of frequency modulation was developed using two separate band pass
filters with an op-amp LF411CN. A comparator TLC 372D was used to generate the digital circuit. Multism -12
was used for the design schematics and analysis of the circuit with measurements using Oscilloscopes and Bode
plotter.

2.2 Receiver circuit design for frequency shift keying signals.
A tuned circuit amplifier offers a way to achieve gain and a particular response at high frequencies. The
amplifier circuit pass-band can be controlled by the design of a resonant circuit as long as the transistor has the
necessary gain. The tuned circuit for the FET amplifier was designed using equations 1 and 2, it is a narrow
band filter that passes frequencies in the range of 475- 495kHz, noting that the transmitted frequency lies
between 480kHz and 490kHz. To determine the parameters of the parallel resonant circuit, the quality
factor[7,11,12, 18].

Antenna

Mixed Oscillator and






Amplifies IF signal.






Front End.

Figure 1: Receiver circuit block diagram.

Q, is = f
R
/ BW (1)
where the bandwidth ; B = f
L1
f
L2
= 495 475 kHz = 20 kHz
and, the resonant frequency ; f
R
= f
L1
f
L2
= 485kHz
Thus, Q is 485/20 = 24.3 which is a narrow band pass filter design specification.
For a parallel resonant circuit,
Q = Rp / X
L
or R
P
/ X
C
(2)
where X
L
=2 f
R
L and X
C
= 1/2 f
R
C , and Rp = QX
L
.
If L is taken as 10uH , then X
L =
2 x 485 x10
3
x 10 x 10
-6
= 30.473 . Therefore Rp = 24.3 x 30.473 =741 or
750 .
At resonance, X
L
= X
c
=2 f
R
L; thus,X
c
= 30.473 = 1/2 f
R
C and C = (1/2 f
R ) x
30.473 = 10.76nF
For a tuned amplifier circuit, the gain,
A
v
= - g
m
.Z
L
(3)
where Z
L
is the net impedance seen by the drain circuit i.er
L
// QX
L
, thus,
Z
L
= 1.5//1.5 k = 0.75 k; and A
v
= - g
m
.Z
L
= - 3.33 x 10
-3
x 0.75 x 10
3
= - 2.50 ( the ve sign indicates a
180
0
phase shift ).

The tuned circuit amplifier calculated values is as shown in Figure 2, with an inductance value of 10H and a
capacitance value of 10nF. This is required to pass a frequency of 480 kHz and 490 kHz freely, and reject any
other frequencies surrounding it. A circuit that extracts the original baseband signal from the modulated carrier
is called a demodulator or detector. The AM demodulator is the key circuit used for the demodulation of the
RF signals to produce IF signal




Amplifiers the RF
signals exciting
the antenna.
P1
Oscillator
RF
P1AMP P2

Mixer
P1 P3

P2


IF AMP
P1 P2


Detector
P1 P2


Recovers
Base
band

Development of a receiver circuit for medium frequency shift keying signals.
www.iosrjournals.org 30 | Page
FSK signal used. A simple demodulator circuit for the design is as shown in Figure 3.The diode detector used is
basically a half-wave rectifier circuit with a low-pass filter [4,13]. The diode conducts during the positive half
cycle of the amplitude-modulated carrier. During the negative half cycle, the diode is reverse biased and no
current flows through it or resistor R1. This causes the voltage across resistor R1 to be a series of positive pulses
whose amplitude follows the amplitude of the modulated carrier.Capacitor C1 forms an R-C filter with resistor
R1. The operation of the R-C filter can be analyzed in the time domain or the frequency domain [8,13]. If we
examine the operation of the R-C filter in the frequency domain, it can be considered to be a low-pass filter.
This low-pass filter should pass the modulating signal frequencies and reject the carrier frequency and all other
harmonic frequencies generated by the nonlinear diode. If the correct value of C
1
is selected for a cutoff
frequency that is above the modulating frequencies and below the carrier frequency, the waveform across
capacitor C
1
will be a close approximation to the original modulating signal. If the cutoff frequency is too close
to the carrier frequency, the output ripple will be too large. If the cutoff frequency is lower than the modulating
frequency, diagonal distortion will result. The purpose of coupling capacitor C
2
in the AM diode detector is to
remove the dc component from the recovered signal. The coupling capacitor will eliminate this dc component
because a capacitor can pass an ac signal, but does not pass a dc voltage. The coupling capacitor (C
2
) and load
resistor (R
2
combination acts like a high-pass filter [6,8,14].
With the use of the tuned circuit design of Figure 2 and the demodulator circuit of Figure 3, the
receiver circuit for the medium frequency fsk circuit was developed, which consist of the oscillator circuit, FET
amplifier circuit with a tuned circuit, operational amplifiers amplifier circuits, and a comparator as shown in
Figure 4. The output from the detector, which is the FSK signal generated at the transmitting end, is fed into two
separate band pass filters; one for mark at 20kHz and the other for space at 10kHz. To extract the 10 kHz space
frequency from the base-band information received after the amplification of the detected signals [ 8, 12, 13, 14]
a band-pass filter network was designed to pass a frequency of 10 kHz. To determine the parameters of the
parallel resonant band-pass circuit and the quality factor, we use equation 1, 2 and 3 to arrive at Q = f
R
/ BW =
100 for a bandwidth of 100Hz . If L is taken as 10uH, we get by calculation, C = 25.36uF with Rp = 63 .


Figure 2: Tuned circuit receiving circuit design.

To extract the 20kHz mark frequency, a band-pass filter network was designed with the same equations as
applied to the extract of 10kHz information , but here, using a bandwidth of 200Hz, to get Q = 100, Rp =126
and C = 25.36uF. The output from the parallel filters are fed to a comparator circuit. A comparator is a circuit
which compares an input signal Vi(t) with reference voltage Vr . When the input exceeds Vr, the comparator
output voltage (Vo) takes on a value which is very different from the magnitude when Vi is smaller than Vr. If
the input to an op-amp comparator is a sine wave, the output is a square wave. If a zero crossing detector is
used, (i.e. when Vr is set to zero), a symmetrical waveform results. The output from the comparators is the
digital equivalent of the coded signals sent by the transmitter circuit, and this can be transferred to a
microcontroller circuit, to act as a coded signal representing an information from the transmitting end.

1
1
V1
9 V
2
1
1
2
XSC1
A B
Ext Trig
+
+
_
_
+
_ 1
#
#
2
#
#
4
#
#
3
##
5
#
#
6
##
C1
100uF
5%
2
2
1
1
C2
10uF
5%
2
2
1
1
V2
10mV
485kHz 5kHz
AM
1
1
2
2
Q1
2N4416A
S
1
D
2
G
3
XBP1
IN OUT
1
#
#
2
#
#
3
#
#
4
#
#
C3
100uF
5%
2
2
1
1
L1
11uH
5%
1
1
2
2
C4
10nF
5%
2
2
1
1
R1
10M
5%
1
1
2
2
R2
1.2k
5%
1
1
2
2
R3
2.2k
5%
1
1
2
2
R4
1M
5%
1
1
2
2
Development of a receiver circuit for medium frequency shift keying signals.
www.iosrjournals.org 31 | Page

Figure 3: Diode detector circuit diagram

III. Results of the designed receiver circuit
The response of the receiving RF amplifier is as shown in Figure 5 giving an output voltage of 660mV,
which is further amplified using the common source FET amplifier of Figure 2, to give an output of about 4.5V,
as shown in Figure 6. The bode-plot response of the receiver to the incoming signals using a FET tuned circuit
is as shown in Figure 7. The peak voltage measured is 4.5V. This voltage is enough to drive the AM diode
detector whose forward voltage response is 0.7V. The bode-plot response of the receiver to the incoming signals
using a FET tuned circuit of in Figure 7 shows that only frequencies above 470kHz and below 495kHz are
allowed to pass through the network with a resonant frequency of 483.553 kHz and a gain of 27.734dB, while
others are totally attenuated.
The output voltage from the diode detector circuit is 1.32V, as measured by the oscilloscope, and this
voltage is amplified using the FET rf amplifier circuit of Figure 2. The output from the detector is the frequency
shift keying signal transmitted from the OTS at a voltage of 8.5V and 7.4V as shown in Figure 8. The output
from the detector is the frequency shift keying signal transmitted from the OTS at a voltage of 8.5V and 7.4V as
shown in Figure 8. The detector output signal is fed to two separate band pass filters (one for 10kHz and the
other for 20kHz), with their component values calculated to give a response as shown in Figure 6. This shows
that the 20 kHz was separated from the 10 kHz signal.
The output of the two separated parallel filters of Figure 9, was fed into a comparator circuit which
gives a response shown in Figure 10. When the 20 kHz representing the mark frequency (or the High State of
the transmitted information) passes through the circuit, a voltage of 5V is achieved and when the frequency is
changed to 10 kHz, the voltage is in its reference voltage level of OV.
This digital signal forms an input signal to the microcontroller circuit which is in serial form. The serial
digital information from the receiver, being fed into the microcontroller is processed and transferred to the on
line microcomputer for interpretation.This digital signal can be used for many security information purpose
including electronic coding of housing units in a decentralized community for electronic policing of an
environment under surveillance, to solve the problems of household breaking in and stealing, robberies and
other crime preventive measures [15,16,17]. The reliability of the designed receiver circuit was calculated for a
1 year continuous operating period [19, 20], and was found to be 74.7%.

Table 1 : Measured Band pass frequencies and gain for resonant frequency of 20kHz.
Bandpass frequency in kHz Measured gain in dB
18.29 - 42.037
19.055 - 37.494
19.449 - 33.718
19.851 - 26.789
20.261 - 23.76
21.108 - 34.519
22.445 -42.401
23.382 -45.272


11
D1
1N914
K A
C1
60nF
10%
21
V1
3 V
100kHz 2kHz
AM
1
2
XSC1
A B
Ext Trig
+
+
_
_
+
_ 12 4
3
5
6
XBP1
IN OUT
1234
C2
10nF
10%
2 1
R1
1k
5%
1
2
R2
100k
5%
1
2
Development of a receiver circuit for medium frequency shift keying signals.
www.iosrjournals.org 32 | Page


Figure 4:Receiver circuit for the medium frequency fsk circuit.


1
1
V2
9 V
2
1
1
2
R8
1M
5%
1
1
2
2
R12
4.7k
5%
1
1
2
2
C3
100uF
5%
2
2
1
1
C5
10uF
5%
2
2
1
1
R7
10M
5%
1
1
2
2
L1
220uH
5%
1
1
2
2
R2
33k
5%
1
1
2
2
V5
18mV
500kHz 20kHz
AM
1
1
2
2
Q1
2N4416A
S
1
D
2
G
3
C1
470pF
2
2
1
1
1
1
V3
9 V
2
1
1
2
R11
1M
5%
1
2 R10
4.7k
5%
1
2
C4
100uF
5%
2
2
1
1
C6
10uF
5%
2
2
1
1
R9
10M
5%
1
2
L2
220uH
5%
1
1
2
2
R3
4.7k
5%
1
1
2
2
Q2
2N4416A
S
1
D
2
G
3
C2
470pF
2
2
1
1
1
1
XSC1
A B C D
G
T
1
#
#
2
#
#
3
#
#
4
#
#
6
##
5
##
XSC2
A B C D
G
T
1
#
#
2
#
#
3
#
#
4
#
#
6
##
5
##
XBP1
IN OUT
1
#
#
2
#
#
3
#
#
4
#
#
1
D1
1N914
K A
V1
10 Vpk
500kHz
0
1
1
2
2
R5
10k
5%
1
1
2
2
R6
10k
5%
1
1
2
2
R13
10k
5%
1
1
2
2
1
1
V9
9 V
2
1
1
2
R27
1M
5%
1
1
2
2
R28
4.7k
5%
1
1
2
2
C11
100uF
5%
2
2
1
1
C12
10uF
5%
2
2
1
1
R29
10M
5%
1
1
2
2
L5
100uH
5%
1
1
2
2
R30
620
5%
1
1
2
2
Q3
2N4416A
S
1
D
2
G
3
C13
620nF
2
2
1
1
C14
100uF
5%
2
2
1
1
1
1
V10
9 V
2
1
1
2
R31
1M
5%
1
1
2
2
R32
4.7k
5%
1
1
2
2
C15
100uF
5%
2
2
1
1
C16
10uF
5%
2
2
1
1
R33
10M
5%
1
1
2
2
L6
100uH
5%
1
1
2
2
R34
620
5%
1
1
2
2
Q4
2N4416A
S
1
D
2
G
3
C17
2.5uF
2
2
1
1
C18
100uF
5%
2
2
1
1
U3
LF411CN
IN+
3
IN-
2
V
S
-
4
V
S
+
7
OUT
6
B
A
L
2
5
B
A
L
1
1
V7
9 V
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
R17
10k
5%
1
1
2
2
R18
100k
5%
1
1
2
2
V8
5 V
21
R19
1.2k
5%
1 2
U4A
TLC372ID
1IN+
1IN-
V
S
+
1OUT
V
S
- R21
100k
5%
1
1
2
2
D2
1N914
K A
XBP2
IN OUT
1
#
#
2
#
#
3
#
#
4
#
#
U1
LF411CN
IN+
3
IN-
2
V
S
-
4
V
S
+
7
OUT
6
B
A
L
2
5
B
A
L
1
1
V4
9 V
2
1
1
2
1
1
R1
10k
5%
1
1
2
2
R4
100k
5%
1
1
2
2
R14
100k
5%
1
1
2
2
R15
100k
5%
1
1
2
2
R16
100k
5%
1
1
2
2
Development of a receiver circuit for medium frequency shift keying signals.
www.iosrjournals.org 33 | Page


Figure 5: Waveform of the FET receiving amplifier response



Figure 6: Amplification of RF amplifiers output voltage to 4.5V using FET amplifier.


Figure 7: Bode plot of the receiving rf amplifier circuit response








(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
Development of a receiver circuit for medium frequency shift keying signals.
www.iosrjournals.org 34 | Page
Table 2: Measured Band pass frequencies and gain for resonant frequency of 10kHz.
Bandpass frequency in kHz Measured gain in dB
9.12 - 52.385
9.698 - 48.116
10.00 - 44.970
10.312 - 39.583
10.633 - 19.688
11.307 - 42.074
12.023 - 48.954
14.017 - 56.330


Figure 8: Diode detector output response a). Input b). Output


Figure 9: Band pass network response diagram to extract the 10kHz signal.


Figure 10: a).Output from the 20kHz filter, b). The comparators output giving the digital signal
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
Development of a receiver circuit for medium frequency shift keying signals.
www.iosrjournals.org 35 | Page
IV. Conclusion
The receiver circuit designed receives an fsk signal at 500 kHz, the receiving amplifier filters the incoming
signal and amplifies the input voltage to a useable level at 4.5V. The output from the filters through the
comparators gives the digital equivalent of the coded signals sent by the transmitter circuit, and this can be
transferred to a microcontroller circuit, to act as a coded signal representing information from the transmitting
end. The reliability of the designed receiver circuit was calculated for a 1 year continuous operating period, and
was found to be 74.7%.This digital signal can be used for many security information purpose including
electronic coding of housing units in a decentralized community for electronic policing of an environment under
surveillance, to solve the problems of household breaking in and stealing, robberies and other crime preventive
measures.

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