WWF Water Balance Applications

Steve van Haren, P.Eng. Senior Project Engineer

MMM Group
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007
Torontos Fast-Paced Development
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007
Stormwater Management
Traditional SWM Procedure
Flood Control
Control Peak Flows to Pre-Development Rates
Maintain Pre-Development Runoff Coefficients
2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 Year Storms
If Post-Dev Coefficient < Pre-Development, Nothing to Do!
Water Quality Control
New Development, If direct discharge to Creek, 80% TSS
Removal
Stormceptor (or other OGS / Structural)
If discharge to downstream SWM Pond
Pre-treatment or nothing
City of Toronto: Wet Weather Flow Management Guidelines
Heavier Focus on Water Quality Measures
Must Address Water Balance Requirements
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007
Water Balance
Rain Infiltration, Evapotranspiration, Runoff
Split based on Vegetation, Imperviousness, Soil Type.
Goal of Water Balance: Inside Toronto: ensure no increase in
overland runoff.
Development:
Addressing Water Balance in sync with Flood Control and Water
Quality Improvement
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007
Water Balance
Inside Toronto
Mostly Redevelopment, Isolated pockets of New Development
Existing High Levels of Imperviousness
No change or better runoff coefficient
Still Doesnt Address Water Balance
Water Balance Focus on dealing with weekly RAINFALL rather
than stormwater (intense, low frequency events)
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007
Water Balance
Attempt to get site to the meaningful water balance needed to
meet the goals of the WWFMMP.
Grab FIRST 5 mm of rainfall Surrogate for Water Balance
Goals Find another use instead of discharge to sewer.
RAIN
Collection by Gutters, Curbs,
Catchbasins
Sheet or Pipe Flow to
Infiltration, Cistern, Green Roof
Spill to On-site Storage with
Orifice / Weir Control
Treatment by OGS / Vegetative
or Other for TSS Removal
Discharge to Outlet
(Sewer / Creek)
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007
Water Balance: Project Planning Stage
Strategy:
Sheet or Pipe Flow to
Infiltration, Cistern, Green Roof
Spillover to Flood Control Structures
Treatment by Water Quality Structures
Discharge to Outlet
Fill Water Balance Measures First!
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007
Water Balance - Example
South Beach Condominiums
Post-development Imperviousness: 62%
Soil Type: BC
Water Balance Target: 9 mm
Total Event Volume to be diverted
from runoff: 93 m
3
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007
Water Balance
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007
Water Balance
Figure 1a - % of Total Annual Average Rainfall Depth Vs. Daily Rainfall Amounts
(based on 1991 Toronto Rainfall Data from 16 Rain Gauge Stations)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Daily Rainfall Depth (mm)
%

o
f

T
o
t
a
l

A
v
e
r
a
g
e

A
n
n
u
a
l

R
a
i
n
f
a
l
l

D
e
p
t
h
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007
Water Balance - Example
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007
Water Balance - Example
Target By Design
Green Roof Storage: 23.1 m
3
46.7 m
3
Bioretention Storage: 28.0 m
3
49.4 m
3
Bioswale Storage: 21.6 m
3
36.3 m
3
Total: 72.7 m
3
132.4 m
3
Note: Difference between 93 and 72.7 is direct rainfall on pervious, landscaped
site areas.
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007
Water Balance - Example
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007
Water Balance Infiltration - Concept
Natural Filtration - Percolation Rate
Clay Extremely Low Percolation Rate can be modified
Silt Moderate Percolation Rates
Sand Excellent Percolation Rates
Gravel Excessive Percolation Rates Too High
2006 Building Code Supplement Supplementary
Standard SB-6
Percolation Time and Soil Descriptions
Gravelly Sands through to Clayey Sands
K, cm/sec T, min/cm
10
-1
10
-3
2-8
10
-2
10
-4
4-12
10
-3
10
-5
8-20
10
-4
10
-6
12-50
2003 MOE SWM Planning & Design Manual
Minimum Infiltration BMP Percolation Times
BMP T, mm/hr
Infiltration Basin >= 60 mm/hr
Soakaway Pit >= 15 mm/hr
Pervious Pipes >= 15 mm/hr
Landscaped Areas >= 15 mm/hrz
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007
Water Balance Infiltration - Concept
15 mm/hr (MOE Units) = 1.5cm / 60 min = 40 min/cm (SB-6 Units)
Interpolating into SB-6 table K >= 2.71x10
-5
cm/s acceptable
for minor infiltration purposes
(i.e. infiltration trench, landscaping areas, soakaway pits, pervious pipes, etc.)
Lower K soils good for larger, lower head water balance BMPs
Porous pavement, landscaping application
Higher K soils good for smaller, higher head water balance BMPs
Infiltration trench, bioretention.
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007
Water Balance Concept Percolation Time
Table 2
Approximate Relationship of Coarse Graned Soil Types to Permeability and Percolation Time
Soil Type
(Unified Soil Classification)
Coarse Grained
More than 50% Larger than #200
Coefficient of
Permeability,
K cm/sec
Percolation Time,
T mins/cm
Comment
G.W. Well graded gravels, gravel-sand
mixtures, little or not fines
10
-1
<1 Very permeable
unacceptable
G.P. Poorly graded gravels, gravel-
sand mixtures, little or no fines
10
-1
<1 Very permeable
unacceptable
G.W. Silty gravels, gravel-sand-silt
mixtures
10
-2-
- 10
-4
4 12 Permeable to medium
permeable depending on
amount of silt
G.C. Clayey gravels, gravel-sand-clay
mixtures
10
-4
- 10
-6
12 50 Important to estimate
amount of silt and clay
S.W. Well graded sands, gravelly
sands little or no fines
10
-1
- 10
-4
2 12 Medium permeability
S.P. Poorly graded sands, gravelly
sand, little or no fines
10
-1
- 10
-3
2 8 Medium permeability
S.M. Silty sands, sand-silt mixtures 10
-3 -
10
-5
8 - 20 Medium to low permeability
S.C. Clayey sands, sand-clay mixtures 10
-4
- 10
-6
12 - 50 Medium to low permeability
depending on amount of
clay
Column 1 2 3 4
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007
Water Balance Infiltration - Technique
Porous Pavement
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007
Water Balance Infiltration Technique
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007
Water Balance Infiltration - Technique
Underpavement Disposal
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007
Water Balance Infiltration - Technique
Infiltration Basins
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007
Water Balance Evapotranspiration - Principle
Parking Lot Perimeter Bioretention
.
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007
Water Balance Evapotranspiration - Technique
Green Roofs
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007
Water Balance - Evapotranspiration
Green Roofs
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007
Water Balance - Runoff
Amount of stormwater captured for water balance measures is directly
subtracted from Flood Control storage requirements.
Offset of $$ for water balance measure installation
Cold Weather Performance Green roofs:
Dormant vegetation in winter evapotranspiration reduced
some evapotranspiration remains, similar to surrounding
vegetation.
Snow melts slower than black roof
Insulates from heated areas below
No additional roof Loads, just longer melt times.
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007
Water Balance
Key Points
Utilize Water Balance measures first Spill to flood control and
water quality controls
Vegetative measures may be cheaper to install and maintain
when compared to below ground, structural measures
Soils with clay content may still support infiltration
Use landscaping, grading and sheet flow to maximum benefit
- Preserve hydraulic head
5 mm rain volume diversion is minimum water balance target
Your site may require more!
Above, at and below grade areas all have potential to address water
balance requirements!