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Abstract: In this research the performance of a three-phase shunt active power filter (APF) using
Model Reference Controller (MRC) has been compared with that using instantaneous active and
reactive (p-q) theory. The novelty of this research lies in the application of MRC to generate the
amplitude of the reference supply current required by the APF circuit and the successful
implementation of the APF system for harmonic elimination. The entire system has been modeled
using MATLAB 6.1 toolbox. Simulation results demonstrate the applicability of MRC for the control
of APF.
Key words: APF, MRC, VSI, harmonics, THD, p-q theory, power quality
Corresponding Author: Moleykutty George, Faulty of Engineering and Technology, Melaka Campus, Multimedia University,
75450, Melaka, Malaysia Tel: +606 2523286
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Am. J. Applied Sci., 5 (8): 1064-1070, 2008
APF where pl (t) and ql (t) contain dc and ac terms and can
ON Nonlinear
Load be written as
pl (t ) = p + ~
p
q l (t ) = q + q~
Fig. 1: Single-line diagram of a simple power system
with APF ON To achieve unity power factor and harmonic
elimination, the ac term p and the imaginary power
ql(t) have to be eliminated. The compensation power
p could be obtained by filtering out the ac components
from pl (t). Thus
p * c (t ) = ~
p and
q * c (t ) = ql (t )
The reference compensation current in the (α-β) plane
is given by the expression
−1
i*cα (t) vsα (t) vsβ (t) p*c (t)
=
i*cβ (t) − vsβ (t) vsα (t) q*c (t)
Fig. 2: Inverter sub-system
and the reference compensation currents for phase a,
Simulink model of the inverter sub system used is phase b and phase c could be evaluated using Park’s
shown in Fig. 2[27]. backward transformation and given in matrix form as
follows:
Control of APF system using p-q theory: The p-q
theory proposed by Akagi[1] to determine the
compensation current to be injected by the APF system i * ca (t ) 1 0
for harmonic elimination and reactive power uses 2 i * cα (t )
i * cb (t ) = −1 2 3 2
Park’s transformation from three-phases (a,b,c) to two 3 i * cβ (t )
phases (αandβ). Thus the three phase supply voltages i * cc (t ) −1 2 − 3 2
and load currents could be transformed into the (α-β)
orthogonal coordinates as follows:
Figure 3 shows the simulink model of APF control
system using p-q theory.
v sa (t )
vsα (t ) 2 1 −1 2 −1 2 Control of APF system using MRC: MRC is
= v sb (t )
vsβ (t ) 3 0 3 2 − 3 2 successfully used for the control of UPQC[28]. Fig. 4
v sc (t ) shows the simulink model of MRC controlled APF
system, whereas in Fig. 5 the detailed control structure
of APF system using MRC is illustrated. Model
reference controller uses two neural networks: a plant
ila (t)
i lα (t) 2 1 − 1/ 2 − 1/ 2 model network and a controller network. To train the
= i lb (t) controller, first of all neural network plant model shown
i lβ (t) 3 0 3/2 − 3/2
i lc (t) in Fig. 6 has been identified and trained. Following that
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Am. J. Applied Sci., 5 (8): 1064-1070, 2008
training data has been generated using a simulink As shown in Fig. 4, the control input of the plant is
reference model. The Levenberg-Marquadrat algorithm the amplitude of the desired mains current and the
is used for training the neural network plant model. The capacitor voltage is the plant output. MRC checks the
controller training is computationally expensive and desired capacitor voltage and the actual capacitor
time consuming as it requires dynamic back voltage and the control input is adjusted to achieve the
propagation. The BFGS (Broyden, Fletcher, Goldfarb, reference value. Table 1 and 2 show the specifications
and Shanno) training algorithm was used to of the plant model network and controller network. It
train the controller. has been observed that the complicated equations in p-q
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Am. J. Applied Sci., 5 (8): 1064-1070, 2008
ic
iL -
+
i sr
MRC -
Multiplier V dc
I sm
+
V dcr
currents are in-phase with the supply voltages. One may 7. Chatterjee, K., B.G. Fernandes and K. Gopal
observe that in MRC based APF system, reference Dubey, 1999. An Instantaneous Reactive Volt-
source currents are obtained by multiplying the required Ampere Compensator and Harmonic Suppressor
amplitude of the source currents with the unit amplitude System: IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, 14(2):
waveform in-phase with the supply voltages. 381-392.
8. Cheng, P.T., S. Bhattacharya and D.D. Divan,
CONCLUSION 1999. Line Harmonics Reduction in High-Power
Systems Using Square-Wave Inverters-Based
An MRC based APF system has been modeled and Dominant Harmonic Active Filter: IEEE
successfully tested for the control of APF. The novelty Trans. Power Electronics, 14(2):
of this research lies in the application of MRC to 265-272.
determine the amplitude of the reference source current 9. Huang S.J. and J.C. Wu, 1999. A Control
required in an APF system. This research also discusses Algorithm for Three-Phase Three-Wired Active
modeling and control of APF system using p-q theory. Power Filters Under Nonideal Mains Voltages:
The performance of the different system has been IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, 14(4): 753-760.
compared. It has been observed that the complicated 10. Chandra, A., B. Singh, B.N. Singh and
calculations used in p-q theory could be eliminated by K.A. Haddad, 2000. An Improved Control
the use of MRC. Algorithm of Shunt Active Filter for Voltage
Regulation, Harmonic Elimination, Power-factor
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Correction, and Balancing of Nonlinear loads:
IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, 15(3): 495-507.
The authors are grateful to Alan Tan Wee Chiat, 11. George, M., 2004. Modeling and simulation of a
Dr. Abdulazeez S. Boujarwah, Christo George, K.S. current controlled three-phase shunt active power
Suresh Kumar, Prof. K. Ramar and Dr. Saurabh Kumar filter using MATLAB/PSB: AIUB Journal of
Mukerji for valuable discussions. Science and Engineering, 3(1): 11-18.
12. M. George and C.L. Seen, 2004. Modeling and
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