Chapter 10

Perfect and Pluperfect Active Indicative

From Wikipedia Ancient Greek Verbs definition: Greek meaning "more than
completed" upersuntelikoj describes a past state resulting from a (farther in the
past) finished action.
Blacks as most exegetically significant of the Greek tenses appears in three forms.
The perfect
The Pluperfect i.e., The perfect of past time
Future perfect
The most common is the perfect the New Testament draws a sharp distinction
between perfect and other tenses.
70. Perfect active indicative of loose luw
The fourth principle part.
Perfect tense (a) a fix Perfective aspect morpheme ka to the stem of the verb. (B)
attaching secondary active suffixes (see 48) (c) prefixing A re duplicated syllable to
beginning of verb. Consists of initial consonant of the verb stem plus the vowel e e.
Thus lu becomes lelu graf becomes gegraf.
Perfect Active Formation
Process (a) Perfective aspect morpheme ka to stem (b) Secondary active suffixes n j
or n (or none) men te n or san (c) prefixing reduplicated syllable to the
beginning of the verb. Perfect reduplication consists of initial consonant of verb stem
plus vowel e. Example lu lelu graf gegraf Exceptions in following table.
Due to phonetic characteristics of initial phoneme of the verb.
Note that the first person singular of the perfect active indicative does not have the n.
In the third person singular the e alone appears this distinguishes it from the first
and third persons in the singular also note that t d q are dropped before the
k of the perfect as in elpizw, I Hope root elpid, perfect hlpika.
71. Second Perfects
Some verbs to not contained the k of the Perfective aspect morpheme ka in
imperfect, Pluperfect, or future perfect forms. Note a second perfect. They're
conjugate exactly like first perfect except for the absence of the k kicked this stage is
one of form only not function an examples given in the word grafw I write.
[construct table]
72. Significance of the Perfect Tense.
Refers to a state resulting from a completed action the temporal focus is often more
on the present than the past although it depicts action that is already completed:
A sound filled [aorist indicative] the whole house.
You have filled [Perfect indicative] Jerusalem was your teaching.
The [Aorist] emphasizes the action of verb "fill" without referring to its effect; whereas
the [perfect] emphasizes a present state that has resulted from the action.
Archimedes use the word eurhka twice (the perfect of eurisko when he discovered
the law of buoyancy rather than euron, I found it. Emphasizing I have found it, I have
found it, rather than simply I found it.
Paul use the perfect tense (" Christ was raised", to emphasize that the risen Christ
remains in a state of risenness in contrast to his death and subsequent burial and
appearances (aorists are used to describe these actions).
We have found the Messiah [and the finding is still vivid] Moses is given you
circumcision [as a continuing rite]. What I have written I have written [and it cannot be
changed].. He has said to me, my grace is sufficient for you [and the answer is still
valid].. I have kept the faith [from beginning to end]. He has inherited [and still
possesses] a more excellent name than they.
Note the existence of [have] and [has].
Choice between [imperfect] and some other tense determined by the writer's point of
view of the action.
73. Pluperfect Active Indicative of luw
But presents the past tense of the perfect. Formed on the stem of the fourth (the
perfect active) principle part. It is a past tense it has and augment in addition to
reduplication.
Complete table of 70 71 and 73
74. The verb oida
This verb of cursory 121 times the new testament is a synonym for ginwskw and is
your special attention has only Perfect end Pluperfect forms.. These are used with
[present] and [past] meanings.Fore purposes of parsing it is considered a [present
tense] verb. hdein as an [imperfect tense verb].
End of Chapter 10 except for Tables June 9 2014