1 Gain in KE = Loss of PE 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 5 (a) = + = +
mv 2 + Iω 2 = mgh C C1 C 2 1.5 2
2 2 C = 0.86 μF
2
1 1 1  v  (b) For capacitors in series, the charge stored in each capacitor is equal to the total
mv 2 +  mr 2   = mgh charge stored.
2 22  r 
1 2 1 2
Charge stored in each capacitor = CV = 0.86 μF x 24 =20.64 μC
v + v = gh Critically
2 4 damped
(c) When a dielectric is added to each capacitor, the capacitance increases. The
4 gh 4 × 9.81 ×1 potential difference across the capacitor is constant.
v= = = 3.62 m s −1
3 3 Therefore, the charge stored in the capacitor increases.
Displacement
2 (a) Overdamped Underdamped 6 (a) Number of turns, N = 1000 x 2 = 2000
 µ NI  µ AN 2 I
Magnetic flux, φ = NBA = N  0  A = 0
0  l  l
Time 4π ×10 ×1.8 ×10 × 2000 × 2.0
−7 −4 2
φ= −2
= 9.05 ×10 −2 Wb
2.0 ×10
∆φ µ0 AN 2 4π × 10 −7 × 1.8 × 10−4 × 20002
(b) Resonance occurs when a system undergoing forced oscillation oscillates with (b) Self-inductance, L = = =
the maximum amplitude when the driving frequency is slightly less than the ∆I l 2.0 × 10− 2
natural frequency of the system. L = 4.52 x 10–2 H

3 (a) (i) A single slit diffraction pattern is formed. 7 (a) Energy absorbed by the atom = energy of a photon of the light beam
(ii) The fringe separation of the interference pattern increases. hc 6.63 ×10 −34 × 3.00 ×10 8
λD = = = 1.81 ×10 −15 J
[Use the formula y = : when a is decreased, y increases] λ 0.110 ×10 −9

a (b) KE of the electron, E = 180 eV = 180 x 1.60 x 10–19 J

(b) The lens is placed on a flat piece of glass 1
and a thin film interference pattern
Thin air flim mv 2 = E .
2
is formed by the reflected light.
A uniform fringe separation will confirm the flatness of the lens surface. 2E 2 ×180 ×1.60 ×10 −19
Therefore, v = = −31
= 7.95 ×10 6 m s −1
m 9.11 ×10
F F 200
4 (a) Stress = = = = 2.55 ×10 6 N m −2
A πr π × (5.0 ×10 ) 8 (a) Mass defect, m = (1.0087 + 10.0130) – (7.0160 + 4.0026) = 0.0031 u
2 −3 2

Total kinetic energy released, E = mc2

Fl E = 0.0031 x 1.66 x10–27 x (3.00 x 108)2
(b) E =
Ae E = 4.63 x 10–13 J
Fl Fl 200 × 0.25 The total kinetic energy released consists of the KE of the Lithium atom and
e= = = = 6.56 ×10 −6 m
2
( 24 V )
AE π r E π × 5.0 ×10 −3 2 × 9.7 ×10 10
24 V
the KE of the Helium atom.
Kinetic energy of the helium atom

1.5 μF 2.0 μF C
 × ( 4.0026 ×1.66 ×10 −27 ) × (9.10 ×10 6 ) = 2.75 ×10 −13 J
1 2 x
= From (1), t =
2 v cos θ
Kinetic energy of the lithium atom = 4.63 x 10–13 – 2.75 x 10–13 x
= 1.88 x 10–13 J Substitute t = into (2)
v cos θ
ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION 2
 x  g x 
Using E = mc2, y = ( v sin θ )  −  
the KE equivalent to 1 u is, = 1.0 x 1.66 x 10–27 x (3.00 x 108)2  v cos θ  2  v cos θ 
= 1.494 x 10–10 J gx 2
In a nuclear reaction, mass-energy is conserved. y = x tan θ −
2v 2 cos 2 θ
The conservation equation in terms of mass is: (b) (i) The time taken for the bullet to strike the jeep is equal to the time taken
(Rest mass of n) (Rest mass of Li) for the bullet to drop through a vertical height of 15 m.
+ +
The initial vertical component of the velocity of the bullet = 0
(Mass equivalent to KE of n) (Mass equivalent to KE of Li)
+ = + 1 2
Using the equation, s = ut + gt , with u = 0, s = 15 m and g = 9.81 m s–2
(Rest mass of B) (Rest mass of He) 2
+ +
2s 2 ×15
(Mass equivalent to KE of B) (Mass equivalent to KE of He) t= = = 1.75 s
g 9.81
The conservation equation in terms of kinetic energy is:
(ii) Distance travelled by the jeep = 10 m s–1 x 1.75 s = 17.5 m
(KE equivalent to rest mass of n) (KE equivalent to rest mass of Li) Distance from the security post = 700 m – 17.5 m = 682.5 m
+ +
(KE of n) (KE of Li) (iii) The bullet travels a horizontal distance of 682.5 m in 1.75 s
+ = + 682 .5
Initial speed of the bullet = = 390 m s −1
(KE equivalent to rest mass of B) (KE equivalent to rest mass of He) 1.75
+ +
(KE of B) (KE of He)
(iv) Vertical component of the velocity of the bullet = 0 + gt
= 9.81 x 1.75
Let the kinetic of the Lithium atom = EL = 17.17 m s–1
[(1.0087 x 1.494 x 10–10) + 0 + (10.0130 x 1.494 x 10–10) + 0] Speed of the bullet = 390 +17 .17 = 390 .4 m s −1
2 2

= [(7.0160 x 1.494 x 10–10) + EL + (4.0026 x 1.494 x 10–10) + 2.75 x 10–13]

θ 390 m s–1
EL = 1.88 x 10–13 J  17 .17 
(b) The reaction energy is the energy released in the form of the total kinetic θ = tan −1   = 2.52
0

17.17 m s–1  390 

energy of the decay products = 2.75 x 10–13 + 1.88 x 10–13 = 4.63 x 10–13 J

9 (a) The force in the object = – mg. Therefore, the acceleration of the object = –g. The speed of the bullet is 390.4 m s–1 at an angel 2.520 below the
Let the time taken for the object to move from P to Q = t horizontal.
10 (a) Doppler effect is the apparent change in the observed frequency of a wave
Horizontal displacement, x = ( v cos θ ).t …………..……. (1)
due to the relative motion of the source of the wave and the observer.
1
Vertical displacement, y = ( v sin θ ).t + ( − g ) t (b) y = 2.5 ×10 −5 sin 2π ( 500 t −1.4 x ) . Compare with y = a sin (ωt − kx )
2

2
ω = 2π ( 500 ) = 1000 π s −1 k = 2π (1.4 ) = 2.8π m −1
gt 2 Q
y = ( v sin θ ).t − ………..... (2) ω 1000 π
2 v sin θ v Speed, v = = = 357 m s −1
k 2.8π
y

P v cos θ

x
 ω 1000 π the ratio of the intensities of the approaching wave and reflected wave is
ω = 2πf . Therefore frequency, f = = = 500 Hz
2π 2π 1 : 1.
pV
v = 2 m s–1 11 (a) Using pV = nRT , we have T =
nR
−3
3 ×10 × 2.0 ×10
5
At A, TA = = 361 K
0.2 × 8.31
Wall Detector TB = TA = 361 K since A to B is an isothermal expansion.
VB V
(c) (i) Speed of sound waves = v From B to C, pressure is constant. Therefore, = C
Speed of source of sound = uS TB TC
Frequency of sound given out by the source VC 2.0 ×10 −3 × 361
The detector receives sound reflected from the wall and sound directly TC = TB = = 60 K
VB 12 .0 ×10 −3
from the car.
Consider the Car and the Wall VB
(b) From A to B, work done by the gas, WAB = nRT ln
The car is a source moving towards the wall. VA
 v  12 .0
Apparent frequency of sound received by the wall, f 1 =   v −u  f0 WAB = 0.2 ×8.31 ×361 × ln
 S  2.0
 357  WAB = 1075 J
f1 =   × 500 = 503 Hz From A to B, temperature is constant. Therefore, pAVA = pBVB
 357 − 2 
Frequency of sound reflected by the wall and received by the detector = 503 Hz
V  2 .0 
p B = A pA =   × 3 × 10 = 5 × 10 Pa
5 4

Consider the Car and the Detector VB  12 . 0 

The car is a source moving away from the detector. From B to C, work done on the gas, WBC = p(VC – VB)
 v  WBC = 5 x 104 (2.0 x 10–3 – 12.0 x 10–3)
Apparent frequency of sound received by the detector, f 2 = v +u   f0 WBC = –500 J
 S 
From C to A, no work is done because the volume is constant.
 357  Net work done by the gas = 1075 – 500 = 575 J
f2 =   × 500 = 497 Hz
 357 + 2  (c) Use the First law of thermodynamics, Q = ∆U +W
Frequency of sound from the car received directly by the detector = 497 Hz From A to B, ∆U = 0 . Therefore, Q = W = 1075 J
From B to C, pressure is constant. Therefore, Q = nC p, m ∆T
(ii) Beat frequency = f1 – f2 = 503 – 497 = 6 Hz
3  5 5 × 0.2 × 8.31 × ( 60 − 361 )
(iii) The reflected travels in the opposite direction. The waves undergo a Q = n R + R ∆T = nR ∆T = = −1251 J
phase change of π due to reflection at the wall. 2  2 2
Equation of the reflected wave is From C to B, volume is constant. Therefore, Q = nC v, m ∆T
y = 2.5 ×10 −5 sin 2π ( 500 t +1.4 x − 0.5) 3  3 3 × 0.2 × 8.31 × ( 361 − 60 )
Q = n R ∆T = nR ∆T = = 750 J
2  2 2
(iv) Intensity is directly proportional to (amplitude)2 Net heat absorbed by the gas = 1075 – 1251 + 750 = 574 J
Since the approaching wave and reflected wave have equal amplitudes,
12 (a) (i) Given, V = 240 sin 120 π t . Compare with, V = V0 sin 2π f t 13 (a) Bohr's postulates
Therefore, V0 = 240 V and f = 60 Hz 1. There are certain allowed or permissible orbits for which the energy of the
electron is constant, that is, the electron does not transmit energy in the form of
1 1 1
Reactance, X = = = = 8.84 x 103 Ω electromagnetic radiation.
ωC 2πfC 2π × 60 × 0.3 ×10 −6 Energy is only transmitted when there is a transition of the electron from an
V0 240 orbit with higher energy to another orbit with lower energy.
(ii) rms voltage, Vrms = = = 170 V 2. In an allowed orbit, the angular momentum of the electron are integral
2 2 h
V 170 multiples of , where h = Planck’s constant.
rms current, I rms = rms = = 1.92 × 10 −2 A 2π
X 8.84 × 10 3
(b) The electrostatic attraction between the nucleus (+e) and an electron (–e) acts
as the centripetal force for the electron to orbit around the nucleus.
(b) (i) A full wave rectifier consists of 4 diodes connected in the form of a bridge circuit. e2 mv 2 e2
W and X are connected to the AC supply. W = , that is, r = …….....................[1]
Y and Z are the output 4π εo r 2 r 4πmε 0 v 2
terminals. Input
4 1 From Bohr’s postulate, angular momentum of the electron,
In the first half cycle, nh
diodes 1 and 3 are forward mvr  = ..……………….... [2] , n = 1, 2, 3, …….
Y Z 2π
bias; diodes 2 and 4 are AC nh
reversed bias. From [2], v= .
The current flows through the load, R from A to B. 3 2 2πmr
2
In the next half cycle, nh e 2  2πmr 
diodes 2 and 4 are forward bias; diodes 1 and 3 are X Substitute v = into [1], r=  
reversed bias.
2πmr 4πmε 0  nh 
R
The current flows through the load, R in the e 2 4π 2 m 2 r 2 h 2ε o n 2
same direction A to B. B A r= . Therefore, r=
4πmε 0 n 2 h 2 π me 2
Therefore, in both half cycles, the current flows in the
same direction to produce a potential difference across 1
(c) (i) mv 2 = 8.64 ×10 −20 .
the load. Output 2
(ii) Smoothing is achieved by connecting a capacitor
2 × 8.64 ×10 −20
across the load. v= = 4.36 ×10 5 m s −1
When the output voltage increases, the capacitor is charged. Varying DC 9.11 ×10 −31
When the output voltage decreases, the capacitor discharges
through the load to maintain a steady voltage across the load.
e2
The capacitance should be large enough so that the (ii) From [1] , r =
time constant of the discharge 4πmε 0 v 2

Output
Smoothed output C
r=
e2
=
(
1.60 × 10 −19 ) 2

voltage 4πmε 0 v 2 4π × 9.11 × 10 −31 × 8.85 × 10 −12 × 4.36 × 10 5 ( ) 2

R
0 r = 1.33 x 10–9 m
B A
Time h 2ε o n 2 πme 2 r
From the answer to (b), r = =
2
, we have n
π me 2 h 2ε 0
 π × 9.11 ×10 −31 × (1.60 ×10 −19 ) ×1.33 ×10 −9
2

n =
2

(6.63 ×10 )−34 2

× 8.85 ×10 −12
n=5
The allowed orbit is n = 5.
(iii) The radius of the orbit = 1.33 x 10–9 m as calculated in (c)(ii)

14 (a) (i) 2 α + 4 Be → 6 C + 0 X
4 9 12 1

(ii) The α-particle is the helium nucleus.

X is a neutron.
(iii) 1. Carries no charge.
2. Moves at high speed

(b) Using E = mc2 and 1 u = 1.66 x 10–27 kg

E = (1 x 1.66 x 10–27) x (3.00 x 108)2 J
1 J is equivalent to 1.60 x 10–19 eV of energy.

E=
(
1 × 1.66 × 10 −27 × 3.00 × 10 8 ) 2
eV
1.60 × 10 −19
E = 9.34 x 108 eV = 934 x 106 eV = 934 MeV
The energy equivalent to a mass of 1 u is 934 MeV.

(c) Let the element be X.

When the ions of X and carbon-12 enter the magnetic field in the deflection
chamber of the mass spectrometer, the magnetic force acts as the centripetal
force. The ions move in a semicircle of radius r.
mv 2
qvB =
r
mv
The radius of the circular path, r =
qB
Assuming v, q and B to be constant, r ∝ m
rX m 26 .2 m X
Therefore, = X . That is, = and mX = 14
rC mC 22 .4 12
The element could possibly be nitrogen.
Assumptions: The ions of the element and carbon-12 carry the same charge
and move with the same speed in the mass spectrometer.