Studin in An Educaiion A Journal of Usucs and Rncin-h 2005. ^6(3), 197-210 What? Clotheslines and Popbeads Aren*t Trashy Anymore?: Teaching About Kitsch Kristin G. Congdon I hiiuemty of Central Floritla Doug Blandy I hiiversity of Oregon In rhis arricle, we explore changing definitions of kitsch and simultaneously examine the relevance of kiisch to contemporary society. Using a number of examples, including a focus on kitsch related to September 11, 2001, we explore the current popularity of kitsch in society. We analyze rhe growth and influence of kit.sch in everyday life and in che art world. We argue that kirsch makes our pkiralism visible and that kirsch is a means to resist culturnl and aesthetic hege- mony and power. Implications for art educarion are provided. Kitsch, depending largely on context, can be defined in numerous ways. For example. Art Nouveau is sometimes described as kitsch, often in a degrading manner. It is thought to be decorative, filling a lower level function in the modernist art world. In a recent exhibition, organized by the Victoria and Albert Museum, an effort was made to reassess Art Nouveau beyond rhe kitsch associated with its embellishment and orna- mentation (Riding, 2000, p. AR23). While this exhibition attempted to separate what the curators saw as the art form from rhe kirsch, it also represented a missed opportunity to address the important social implica- tions of kitsch, which will be discussed in this article. However, the Victoria and Albert Museum exhibii is important because, until recently, it was unusual for so-called fine art museums to deal with conceptions and examples of kitsch. Objects identified as kitsch are usually associ- ated with items integrated into rhe everyday lives of people. Consider, for example, the plastic pink Ramingo, the velvet Elvis painting, or the Las Vegas snow globe. Attitudes that people bring to their appreciation of (or distaste for) kitsch will vary. Kitsch may be revered as a treasured memento of a significant event or be appreciated with a sense of itony. In relation to the later, the ubiquitous plastic flamingo is thought to be so tacky (read as kitsch) that a current trend in Florida is to temporarily place dozens of them as a joke in up-scale and conservatively landscaped yards under cover of night (Erickson, 2000, pp. Al & A14; McCombs 2001, p. D4). Residents are said to have been "flocked." Kitsch can Correspondence rc^rding this article may be sent to Kristin G. Congdon ai the Cultural Hcrilagc AlliaJicc, School of Film and Digital Media. Univt-ruty of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816. E-mail: kcon gd o n cc.ucg.cdu Big Orange. Photo by Bud Lee. Studies in Art Education 197 Kristin G. Congdon and Doug Blandy Clothesline. Photo by Bud Lee also be associated with gender, for example, a "girly" world like the world of Betty Paige pin-ups, frilly lingerie from Frederick's of Hollywood, and spiked high-heeled shoes are associated with fetnininitj' in the extreme. Kitsch in the girly world can be so elaborate that ultra-feminine drag queens are looked to for expertise, moving kitsch, in this case, towards a cross-gender kind of experience (Bright, 1997. p. 132). Through its asso- ciation with gender and sexual orientation, kitsch has also been linked with "camp," partictilarly Sontag's (1961) delineation ot "camp" as anifi- cial, ironic, playful, stylish, exaggerated, and theatrical. For Sontag, many examples of camp are also kitsch. For Felluga (2004) camp is self- conscious kitsch. Welch (2003) elaborates on the relationship between kitsch and camp by arguing that camp amplifies kitsch by focusing on... irony, aestheticism, theatricality and humor. For example: A bed is not campy. A bed displayed as art is probably kitschy. But a paint-splattered bed, previously occupied by two men, hung on the wall, is definitely campy, (p. 1) Kitsch is traditionally associated with bad taste. Kirschenblatt-Gimblctt (1998) suggests looking no farther than neighborhoods where... certain property values will plummet with appearances of clotheslines, satellite dishes, storage sheds, birdbaths, or recreational vehicles or the wrong types of lawn grass, mailboxes, awnings, or siding material, (p. 265) Kitsch, a concept originating in the 19th centur)' among German art dealers to describe bad art, is commonly associated with fakes, aesthetic rubbish, and that which is cheap. While (good) art is thought to require effort and seriousness, kitsch is linked with pleasure and entertainment. Kuika's (1996) conceptual analysis of kitsch as an aesthetic category supports this view by identifying kitsch as being deficient and less valuable in all ways than art. Because of its association with bad taste, kitsch is devalued aestheti- cally, economically, and culturally. Greenberg (1939) affirmed tbe devalu- ation of kitsch within a modernist perspective in his now famous essay "Avant-Garde and Kitsch," in which kitsch was linked with the aestheti- cally undesirable, not suitable for cultivated people and identified as low culture. Greenberg ultimately made "social snobbery look progressive" (Gopnik, 1998, p. 73). Kirschenblatt-Gimblett (1998) amplifies Greenberg's attitude towards kitsch by noting, "kitsch is to caste what superstition is to religion--somebody else's mistake" (p. 276). Kirschenblatt-Gimblett perceives that kitsch is not of the wealthy, academ- ically educated populace. What is implicit in these attitudes towards kitsch 198 Studies in Art Education Teaching About Kitsch are values associated with a capitalist economy driven by mass production and public consumption. Simply put, good taste is associated with those who control the most capital and do not need to base consumption on the afiordability promised by mass production. Kammen (1999), a historian of culture, notes that correlations between taste and social class were much discussed from the 1870s until after World War IL However, beginning in the 1950s the relationship between social class and cultural choices became more elusive. He attributes this elusiveness to the development of more inclusive definitions of culture and the fact that beginning in the 1960s increasing numbers of academi- cally educated people participated in popular and mass culture. Beginning in the late 20th century with the rise of post-modernism and continuing into the 21st, attitudes towards kitsch have changed. Kundcta (1988) was predictive of this change in attitude when he wrote benevolently about kitsch in relation to human nature. For the novelist Kundera; Kitsch is the translation of the stupidity of received ideas into the Linguage of beaury and feeling. It moves us to tears of compassion for ourselves, for the banality of what we think and feel ... (pp. 163-164) Another reason for the change in attitude towards kitsch may be, as Kirschenblatt-Gimblett (1998) suggests, that kitsch is a move toward liberating pluralism, "an affirmation of the possibility of creative expres- sion in all quarters" (p. 281). This observation by Kirschenblatt-Gimblett is in keeping with our previous research associated with the contemporary and historical human predisposition towards the "fake" (Congdon & Blandy, 2001). In this research we examined the challenges and opportu- nities associated with fakcry within the context of Gomez-Pena's (1996) five worlds of contemporary life and art education. The cityscapes, music, visual images, creative writing, and other examples of fakery that we examined are considered kitsch within many traditional and/or modernist definitions of the term. We concluded that youth culture characterized by a voracious and self-conscious aptitude and appetite for sampling and remixing from all the cultural detritus that surrounds us is contributing significantly to redefining and newly defining life and material culture in the 21st century. Postulating a liberating sixth world of critical engage- ment and social reconstruction, we identified art educators as important partners in working with children and youth to negotiate the inestimable distractions and illusions associated with contemporary life. This work by art educators and theit students in rhe sixth world would be informed by those art educators writing over the past several decades who have assisted [he held in formulatmg a critical pedagogy based upon methods of social deconstruction and reconstruction. Studies in Art Education 199 Kristin G. Congdon and Doug Blandy Tourist with Seashell. Photo by Bud Lcc. Our purpose in this article is to build on our conclusions associated with the fake by focusing on kitsch. A-s a part ot this purpose we re.sist defining kitsch and instead recognize kitsch as having clusters of meaning associated with aesthetic, socio-cultural, economic, and political points of view. Kitsch can appeal to all of the senses, and has been closely linked with fakery, depravity, senti- mentality, vulgarity, cra.ssness, and the formulaic, but it is also about parody, irony, and satire. Kitsch has been associated with low art, the uned- ucated, and it is economically cheap, mass- produced, and often considered tacky. It did not fit into the realm of modernist tastes. Partly because it has heen so debased and is now enjoying an elevation in status, the critique of kitsch stimulates our interest. Our method of working with kitsch Is like that of the "mash-up" DJ who juxtaposes samples of music pulled from multiple genres to recontex- tualize and remix cultural expressions for the purpose of communicating new meanings. We juxtapose and remix kitsch with questions and issues long thoiighr important in our society and art education. In doing so, we propose a place for kitsch within the context of educating children, youth, and adults about att and material culture. In this article, our examples will be broad based and include Latin American embellishment, responses to the events of September 11 in New York, our contemporary collecting frenzy, and the proliferation of tattooing. We look at reasons for teaching our students various aspects of kitsch. We will focus on (1) analyzing the popularity of kitsch; (2) viewing kitsch as liberating pluralism in the arts; (3) recognizing kitsch as one strategy and aspect of cultural resistance; and (4) suggesting implications for art education. The Popularity of Kitsch Kitsch perplexes and unnerves. Kitsch simultaneously repulses and seduces by its apparent superficiality and appeal to baser instincts. Kitsch is also perplexing because understanding and appreciating kitsch cannot be reduced to simplistic claims such as it is all about "junk" or all about "class." However, the perplexity associated with kitsch does not dissuade people from appreciating and collecting it. It is likely that kitsch's appeal may, in pan, be due to its resistance to classification. In the April 30, 2002 issue of The New York Times, Matanowski reported on a trend towards the passionate collecting of knickknacks. bric-a-brac, and shotzkes. The popularity of PBS s Antiques Roadshow is only one visual aspect of the current fi'enzy. Malanowski's article suggesLs that perhaps one of the reasons for the show's popularity is that it pays attention to everyday collectors who ordinarily gee little tespect or visi- bility (pp. AR19 & AR23). It may be that one reason we are so drawn to 200 Studies in Art Education Teaching About Kitsch these collectors is because it is so hard explain why they collect what they do. Malanowski writes: The fact is that collectors are not so much nutty as inexplicahle; the man who lives to hunt down rare decks of Canadian railroad playing cards cannot explain why to someone to whom the cards are just, you know, cards. Who can explain why Andy Warhol bought 200 cookie jars for $2 apiece, let alone why somebody bought 145 of them for $198,605 at the Warhol estate sale? (p. AR23) It may be, Malanowski continues, that these collectors, when placed on the Roadshow, are making a claim about having taste and intelligence. You may have missed the dot.com boom, but those Eskimo hunting masks that an ancestor acquired a century ago and that youVe been storing behind the Christmas decorations ... [may be] worth a lot more than your shares ofDrkoop.com. (Malanowski, 2000, p. AR19) Partly because of this new interest in the everyday and "the great find," many universities are beginning collections that would have been unheard of just a short time ago. The University of Cincinnati has mote than 300 snow globes; Ohio Stare University has accrued over 100 pairs of glasses worn by celebrities; Western Michigan University collects antique hearing aids; Northeastern University has nearly two dozen physical education uniforms worn by women in the 1920s to the 1960s; and the University of California at Davis has 10,000 shopping bags from all over the world (Yachnin, 200I,p. A8). Exhibitions that include kitsch are increasing as collections expand. In 2001, for example, the Museum of Indian Arts and Culture of the Museum of New Mexico had an exhibition on "Tourist Icons: Native American Kitsch, Camp and Fine Art Along Route 66." Included were a necklace from the Santo Domingo Pueblo made from bits of battery casings and red phonographic records instead of the usual precious stones; numerous pairs of salt and pepper shakers; and miniature models of pueblos and kivas (Brockman, 2001, p. AR26). More tecendy, the Studio Museum in Harlem put on an exhibition titled "Black Romantic." Over 15,000 calls to artists went out nationwide resulting in a selection of works described as "a kind of a Norman Rockwell-meets-George Hurrell pictorial pridefest" (Plagens 2002, p. 62). Critic Peter Piagens writes, "And there's some good stuff in it" (p. 62). Besides giving collectors a positive identity and museums something new to display and discuss, kitsch may be popular today because of its nostalgic references. Much of it is inexpensive, and sometimes it comes from recycling old items into something new, like using an old toilet or bathtub as yard art. It is the ready-made that is manipulated and made unique, granting it nostalgic aspects to past eras (Turner, 1996, p. 65). While most all kitsch is questionable by elitist and classist standards, Mexican kitsch may have been relegated to the lowest rung of kitschness Studies in Art Education 201 Kristin G. Congdon and Doug Blandy because "it is an already derivative producta Xerox of a Xerox" (Stavans, 2000, p. B5). In other words, there is delight in the reproduc- tion. Mexicans take American pop culture (unoriginal material culture) and they copy it. When questioned why as a youth he enthusiastically read the strips El Payo, KalimAn, and has Superrnachos, Stavans, a Spanish professor at Amhert College, explains that as a child "|what] I wanted most was salvation through escape to become a superheroa las mexi- canapart mariachi and part Spiderman, to ridicule the political elite, to travel to the Chiapas rain forest by horse with a flamboyant maid by my side" (Stavans, 2000, p. B5). Kitsch, therefore, can unite you with a mission, a dream, or a needed journey. In this regard kitsch liberates! Kitsch as Liberating Pluralism The material cultute of everyday life in a democracy Is associated with the plurality of ways in which people assemble, work, and act together for a variety of political, aesthetic, economic, familial, religious, and/or educational purposes. In coming together to share celebratory experiences of ever)'day events, people generate creative and symbolic forms such as "custom, belief, technical skill, language, literature, art, architecture, music, dance, drama, ritual, pageantry, handicraft..." (Bartis & Bowman, 2000). Participating in this way equips us with the ability to communi- cate what is important; it grants refuge; it allows us to respond to the problems and challenges associated with everyday life: it provides amuse- ment and pleasure, and livelihood; and it exemplifies ingenuity. The incli- nation to be creative is so ordinary that it is often overlooked for the extraordinary contribution it makes to such commonplace activities as cooking, fishing, keeping house, gardening, computing, and the multitude of other endeavors required in daily life (Congdon & Blandy, 2003). Depending upon one s point of view and/or the definitions that one is sympathetic to, a great deal of what people are Inclined to make or appre- ciate in the process of living their lives is a broad array of kitsch. This inclination to embrace kitsch in this regard is profoundly exemplified in the kitsch associated with the attack on the World I rade C'enter in New York City on September 11, 2001. In summer 2002. we visited "Ground Zero" in lowet Manhattan. Most of the rubble had been removed from the area. What remained of the New York World Trade Center's twin towers wetc the sunken walls or "bath tub" engineered to keep the nearby East River at bay. Traces still remained of the personal remembrances that visitors have left at the site, although what we saw was much reduced ftom what was present in the immediate days and weeks following the attacks. However, in keeping with what can usually be found at pilgrimage sites, were numerous street vendors selling September 11 paraphernalia. We saw all manner of stufi^ed toys bearing 9/11 insignia of various types; key rings displaying the towers; snow globes containing the towers; postcards of the towers' attack and 202 Studies in A rt Education Teaching About Kitsch aftermath; twin tower paperweights; commemorative books; all manner of 9/11 t-shlrts and hats; New York City Police and Fire Department memorabilia; American flags, and generally lots of red, white, and blue. If mass production, vulgarity, gaudiness, emotional manipulation, and cheapness characterize kitsch, then September 11 is clearly kitschified. Some are outraged by this kitschification. A coast guard officer posted to Salon.com that Many of those I have served with take ptide in quiet resolve, conscientious action, and muted yet sincere support of others. In short, we refuse to be victims or buy into the commercialized veneer oi Sept. 11 because we have a job to do for the American People, and we know that no kitschy generalization will make that job go away or make it any easier. (Hoerncmann, 2003) The novelist Philip Roth wrote mournfully and nostalgically of visiting the Twin Towers area shortly after their destruction and thankfully before the "kitschification" we saw set in. He expressed his aversion and outrage to this kitschification by saying that the only story he takes from 9/11 is the kitsch in all its horrornot the horror of what happened, but the great distortion of what happened. It's almost embarrassing, the kitschification of 3,000 people's deaths. Other cities have experi- enced far worse catastrophes One wouldn't dream of slighting these people, it Is awful, but we need to keep a sense of proportion about these things. What we've been witnessing since September 11 is an orgy of national narcissism and a gratuitous sense of victimiza- tion that is repellent. (Roth cited in Leigh, 2003, p. 1) The disgust expressed by the coast guard officer and Roth about the kitschification of 9/11 is consciously or unconsciously associated with a very condescending and negative view of kitsch. While we need to tread lightly here out of respect for those who see this kitschification of 9/11 as aberrant and incongruent with their grief, we must also remember that the negative connotations associated with kitsch may have more to do with sexist, classist. and racist attitudes that contribute to an art/kitsch dichotomy that were discussed earlier. Kitsch, in this way of thinking, is about that which Is distasteful, base, and unthoughtful; it is something to get rid of. However, when material culture, such as that now found at Ground Zero, is considered from psychological, historical, sociological, and anthropological perspectives, this dichotomy disintegrates except to the extent that it illustrates a particular view among a certain group of people at a particular time. The kitschification of September 11 also memorializes September 11. Kitsch as memorial is not at all uncommon. What would have been surprising and disconcerting is if September 11 had not been kitschified. Careful browsers in antique and junk stores will find that the attack on Pearl Harbor, which September 11 is sometimes compared to, was Studies in Art Education 203 Kristin G. Congdon and Doug Blandy memorialized in emotionally laden posters Vk'ith tattered flags and admo- nitions to "never forget" (Mieike, 2003). The United States' resulting entry into World War II encouraged myriad forms of kitsch including songs such as the "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy." {Mieike, 2003). As a child, [co-author of this article] Blandy discovered in his grandparents' base- ment a mass-produced poster memorializing the RMS Titanic. If his grandparents had been collectors of such memorabilia they might also have had the sheet music associated with such songs as "It Was a Sad Day When the Great Ship Went Down," and "Dovi-n With the Oid Canoe" or ceramic models of the ship (Mieike, 2003). Government entities in New York City are also moving to respond to the events of September 11 through memorialization. Architects are pondering how to officially memorialize the loss of life at the World Trade Centers. The architect Hugh Pearman (2003) observes that No one has yet thought of an appropriate way of memorializing mass killing by terrorist action. Not only did no battle take place, not only were no conventional weapons used, not only was this a civilian affair, but even the enemy wa.s uncertain. So all the usual supporting elements needed to generate a memorial are missing. (p-3) Memoriaiization is at least of two types: Those that are official and those that are a spontaneous outpouring of grief. It is this latter type that inter- ests us in relation to kitsch. Consider the thousands of plastic wrapped flowers that appeared at Kensington Palace after the death of Princess Diana. Several years ago we watched as a school yard fence in Sptingfield, Oregon became a site for placing flowers, photographs, newspaper arti- cles, handwritten notes, stuffed animals, balloons, and other miscella- neous materials placed there to recognize those who were killed or wounded in the Thurston High School shooting. As the architects were planning, those thousands killed or injured in rhe attack on the World Trade Center were immediately and sponta- neously being memorialized through notes and pictures attached to the surrounding walls. Shordy after the collapse of the Twin Towers street vendors were selling items like those described earlier. Some people, as one possible response to 9/11, are bringing the events of September 11 into their own lives through kitsch. This is not a passive response to the event, bur an activist and liberating one. People are undoubtedly buying these images and objects in order to deal with their stupefaction (Kundera, 1988) and as a way to personally memorialize rather than waiting for the so-called experts and municipal officials to do it for them. Clearly there Js no consensus around what constitutes appropriate grief and/or a memorial response ro the attacks on the Twin Towers. Multitudes of public responses, both ideological and practical, are circulating consciously and unconsciouslyaround the issue. While some might 204 Studies in Art Education Teaching About Kitsch desire a consensus about what constitutes an appropriate response to September 11 reached through reason, what is occurring are a plurality of multiple, simultaneous, conflicting, and hotly debated responses appro- priate to a pluralistic and democratic society. Another example of kitsch's link to pluralism can be seen in Catholic imagery found in church souvenir stands. No longer collected just by Catholics, these items are used in up-scaled storefront windows and are used as decorations in nightclubs. Olalquiaga, (1996) explains: Suddenly, holiness is all over the place. For $3.25 one can buy a Holiest Water Fountain in the shape of the Virgin, while plastic fans engraved with the images of your favorite holy people go for $1.95as do Catholic identification tags: 'I'm a Catholic. In case of accident or illness please call a priest.' Glowing rosary beads can be found for $125 and, for those in search of verbal illustrations, a series of'Miniature Stories of the Saints' is available for only $1.45.... Even John Paul II has something to contribute; on his travels the Holy Father leaves behind a trail of images, and one can buy his smiling face in a variety of Pope gadgets including alarm clocks, pins, picture frames, T-shirts and snowstorm globes, (p. 271) Olalquiaga continues to say that this "holy invasion" has now invaded the galleries. Many Latin American artists clutter their work with everyday objects that communicate a brash and bold look. They play on stereotypes, making a statement by being excessive. Sometimes they do this in order to critique the powerful art establishment that has both disappeared and invalidated their cultural aesthetic. Pep6n Osorio, for instance, is well known for embellishing furniture and household items in an effort to root his work in the social and political space of the Latin American immigrant in the United States (Congdon & Hallmark. 2002). His art hearkens back to a home country and purposely reflects a cultural bias that dismisses a particular kind of aesthetic as it flies in the face of mini- malism and the Puritanical dislike of decoration (Fusco, 1991). By making visible another kind of aesthetic, artists like Osorio broaden the art world and make its aesthetic more inclusive. He resists die dominant art culture by playing up this aesthetic to an extreme. Kitsch and Resistance Greenberg's power as a critic established kitsch as a lowly person's artistic taste. He claimed: 1 here has always been on che one side the minority of the powerful -and therefore the cultivatedand on the other the great mass of the exploited and poorand therefore the ignorant. Forma! culture has always belonged to the flrst, while the last have had to contend themselves with folk or rudimentary culture, or kitsch." (quoted in Kirschenblatt-Gimblett, 1998, p. 279) Studies in Art Education 205 Kristin G. Congdon and Doug Blandy A Greenbergian perspective on the kitschification of September 11 would identify this phenomenon as one triore example of the "great mass" of people turning to kitsch to express an uncultivated communicative response. He might also negatively critique the work of Pepon Osorio. We wonder what his response would be in this regard, co this kitschifica- tion process as expressed on tbe body itself in the form of tattoos. Anthropologists have informed us that "every culture's ideas about the body both reflect and sustain ideas about the broader social and cultural universe in which those bodies are located." (Benson, 2000, p. 234). It is through our bodies that we make visible, to ourselves and others, what we are." (Benson, 2000, p. 235). In this regard, as recognized by Foucault, "the body is always 'directly invoived in a political field', its training and its intelligibility always of concern; the politics of the body is always a practical politics, a question of power as well as epistemology." (Foucault cited in Benson, 2000, p. 235) Memorializing September 11 through kitsch imagery and objects is vividly expressed in the plethora of September 11 tattoos and tattoo flash that is appearing nationwide. Frequenting the vendors in lower Manhattan convinces us that the kitschification of September 11 includes body customization through the appropriation of the images oi September 11 tbat are being mass produced and sold on the streets. The history of tattooing in the United States has always included the appropriation of images from folk and popular culture (Govenar. 2000). Tattooist Don Ed Hardy claims, "...tattooing is the greatest art of piracy Tattoo artists have always taken images from anjxhing available that customers want to have tattooed on them" (Hardy cited in Benson. 2000, p. 243). The place to see the most tattoos in Portland. Oregon is tbe Hawthorne neighborhood. If you walk this street on a hot afternoon you will see a plethora of tattoos with imagery culled from comic strip characters, team mascots, anime and manga characters, movie and rock stars, among others. The history of tattooing in the United States has also always included tattoos as memorials. During the Wotld War I era a very common tattoo was the "Rose of No-Man's Uuid." This tattoo wa.s based on both a World War I popular song and the image of a Red Cross nurse (Govenar, 2000). The quintessential stereotype of a tattoo may be a banner inscribed with "mother" surrounded by roses and/or swallows. Tattoos responding to September 11 routinely appear in publications such as International Tattoo and Skin and Ink. A recent exhibit of photographs titled "Indelible Memories" at Historic Richmond Town on Staten Island in New York records tattoos wotn in the region that commemorates September 11. The photographs, taken by Vinnie Amesse, document a plethora of images that include porrraits of the deceased, fire- fighter badges, patriotic symbolism, angels, doves and views of the towers, among others. In this circumstance, whether we agree witb the sentiments 206 Studies in Art Education Teaching About Kitsch or not, imagery, that Roth (Roth cited in Leigh, 2003) would identify as kitsch, is being used by some ro affirm their own relationship to the events of September 11 while simultaneously resisting terrorism and offi- cial memorialization. Consider this in relationship to one petson's description of being tattooed as the puncturing, cutting and piercing of the skin: the flow of blood and the infliction of pain; the healing process, a visible and perma- nent mark on yet underneath che skin: 'an inside which comes from the outside ... the exteriorization of the interior which is simultane- ously the interiorization of the exterior. (Gell cited in Benson, 2000, p. 237) September 9/11 tattoos can be seen as a person's way of communi- cating his or her values, attitudes, and beliefs about the event on the only surface that can truly be called their own. In chis regard, unlike any offi- cial memorializing that may take place, the memorial is the person. The tattoo is also the reference point from which a person can see him or herself within a historical event felt to be of importance (Benson, 2000). From this perspective, reality is both shaped and expressed by the tattoo. People are remarkable in the ways that they are able to u.se culture as a tool to advance a political agenda and resist hegemony. While we routinely accept that so-called art can be a part of cultural resistance, definitions and conceptions of kitsch usually fail to mention this possi- bility. The 9/11 tattoos remind us of the importance that the body can have as a site of resistance. We can also study the kitschification of September 11 in relation to the larger history of resistance, The tattooed body can be thought of as contributing to those public spaces chat ptomote an issue but also empower: they build self and group identities They offer versions of experience and reality, becoming part of the stories people tell each other: to console, galvanize and resist. (Duncombe, 2002, p. 8) The kit.schificaiion of 9/11 mostly may have to do with people taking images and objects manufactured for the general public and using them to generate a cultural response of their own. It is important that you not read our speculations about the kicsch of 9/11 as a valorization of this particular kitschification process; rather, it is simply illustrative. To date, there is no consensus around the political implications of 9/11. Resistance in response to 9/11 is about wanting to make a statement about safety and security among some, and, sadly, resistance to democratic values associated with a free society among others. Implications for Art Education fCitsch has not been explicitly considered to any great extent within the literature of art education. This is surprising given that the study of popular and mass culture has been overwhelmingly accepted within the Studies in An Education 207 Kristin G. Congdon and Doug Blandy Field particularly in relation to the study of material and visual culture. Clearly, what has been called "kitsch" is deeply rooted in issues related to aesthetics, gender, culture, class, economics, race and ethnicity, and poli- tics; all of which are integral to the study of material and visual culture. Even if one rhinks of ir as "bad art," its prevalence makes it relevant to arr education curricula. Additionally, because so much kitsch is enjoyed, appropriated, and consumed by youth, it requires attention in our class- rooms and curricula at all levels of education. As Brown (2003) points our although kitsch is a "popular" phenomenon, there's .some crossover among those doing the theorizing and those doing the consuming the consumption of kitsch artifacts is perhaps most prominent among young college-educated men and women whose cultural practices are often difficult to classify. As art educators we should partner with out students to learn about kitsch. Our learning .should include the myriad definitions of kitsch, recognizing that even within and among definitions there will he multiple and conflicting views on the topic. We should critique such definitions in relation to the personal and public interests that they represent. Our thinking about kitsch should recognize that it will he understood and appreciated variously depending upon the historical, political, economic, social, and cultural contexts in which it is being discussed and created. Our learning must also recognize new ways of thinking about kitsch and the appropriation of kitsch for a multitude of purpo.ses. Clotheslines and popbeads aren't necessarily trashy anymore. They tell us about a specific time and place. The visibility of these items and others like them provide art educators with the means to expand on aesthetic dialogues, address statements of resistance to the dominant culture, give presence and agency to a diverse group of voices, and debate and construct the power of economics in the art world. They, and the other forms of visual and material culture once only thought to he kitsch, and rendered invisible or marginalized because of a perceived lack of worth, should now be recognized as a part of that larger cultural ooze, compost, sludge, and atmosphere that in combination forms our cultural commons. Tt is in this common space that our learning partnership with students can penetrate, subvert, and/or leap across the border between reified and hegemonic definitions and conceptions of cultural products and practices into what we have referred to earlier as the sixth world (Congdon & Blandy, 2001). In this world of critical pedagogy, kitsch becomes one more source from which students and teachers can sample, mix, appro- priate, recycle, overlay, agitate, critique, and ultimately reconstruct their physical and mental environment for the purpose of creating compelling arguments and new narratives. 208 Sttuiies in Art Educaiion Teaching About Kitsch References Bjrtis, ['., & Bowman, I'. (2000). A teacher's guide tofblktife resourees for K-12 classrooms [online]. Available from World Wide Web; htip://Icweb.loc.gov/folklife/reachers.html Benson, S. (2000). Inscriptions of the self-rcflecdon on tattooing and piercing in contemporary Euro-America. In J. Caplin (Ed.), Written on the body: The tattoo in European and American history (pp. 234-254). Princeton. NJ: Princeton University. Bright, S. (1997). Sexual state of the union. New York: Simon and Schiuter. Brociunan, J. (2001, September 2). Don't jeer at the .souvenirs; They may be the teal deal. The New York Times. AR26. Btown, S. 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