Assumptions and Approaches of Linguistics

By Shaozhong Liu
Guangxi Normal University, China
3.7 Linguistics and literary analysis
Convergence versus divergence
Literary analysis in terms of phonology
Literary analysis in terms of morphology
Syntax in literary analysis
ragmatics in literature comprehension
!extual linguistics and literature appreciation
Communicational models in literature analysis
3.7.1 Convergence versus divergence
"ivergence# literary circle too$ a s$eptical attitude to%ards the function of
linguistics in the study of literary %or$s& linguistics circle overloo$ed the study of
the %ritten language or %as %ondering around the edge or verge as to %hether
speech and %riting, or langue and parole should 'e the focus or o'(ect in
research& t%o separate disciplines of study)
Convergence# 'rought a'out in the *+,-s %ith the rise of sociolinguistics, and the
introduction of speech act theory and text linguistics& a num'er of linguists and
literary critics have moved from the t%o extremes to a merge of the t%o
disciplines, %ith the linguists ta$ing literary language as their su'(ect of
investigation, and the critics adopting a linguistic approach& ne% 'ranch of
learning . linguistic stylistics or ne% stylistics)
Stylistics# the study of literary discourse from a linguistic orientation /or to treat
literature as discourse, and adopt a linguistic approach0 /1iddo%son, *+230
3.7.2 Literary analysis in terms of phonology
4dentifying phonological patternings /such as alliteration, assonance, consonance,
rhyme, etc)0 in literary %or$s so as to en(oy the artistic %or$ from a perspective
of the 'eauty of linguistic sound/s0)
Locating prosodic features in literary %or$s such as meter, stress, pause, sylla'le
length, en(am'ement /

, pause across lines0, caesura /

, pause
%ithin lines0, etc
25
3.7.3 Literary analysis in terms of diction
"iction or lexical features is a voguish practice in linguistic stylistics)
!hree aspects of lexical analysis# *0 totality of lexical choices& 50 patterns of
lexical choices& 60 the evaluation of lexical choices /eg)# ho% many %ords
Sha$espeares resorts to in his %or$s7 !he 8su'(ect9prominence: feature in !he "ream
of the ;ed <ansion0)
3.7.4 Grammar in literary analysis
=or certain effects#
9999Seriation /similar to paralleled use of %ords and expressions0
9999Apposition
9999<odification
9999Clause types
9999Sentence complexity
3.7.5 Pragmatics in literature comprehension
Applying pragmatic theories in the comprehension, interpretation, and appreciation of
literary %or$s#
"eixis
Speech acts
4mplicature
!he C, , ;!
ragmatic meanings
List of %or$s on literary pragmatics /provided 'y da>maties)sun)ac)za0 /*++,0#
Bergner, ?) *++3) !he openness of medieval texts) 4n Andreas ?) @uc$er /ed)0
?istorical ragmatics) @ohn Ben(amins, 62 9 3A)
Brimimann9Bgger, 1erner) *++*) !he friendly reader) <odes of co9operation 'et%een
*Cth century Bnglish poets and their audiences) !u'ingen# Stauffen'erg Derlag)
Crystal, ") and "avy, ") *+,+) 4nvestigating Bnglish Style) London# Longmans)
"ucrot, E), Schaeffer @9<) *++3) Nouveau "ictionnaire BncyclopediFue des Sciences
et Language) Bditions du Seuil, aris)
=itzmaurice, @ames) *++3) !he language of gender and a textual pro'lem) 4n Aphra
BehnGs !he Lover) Neuphilologische <itteilungen +,, 5C6 9 5+6)
?erman, "avid) *++A) !he <utt and @ute dialogue in @oyceGs =inneganGs 1a$e# Some
Gricean erspectives) Style 5C)5, 5*+ 9 5A*)
?erman, Diamala) *++3) "ramatic "iscourse) "ialogue as 4nteraction in lays)
London# ;outledge)
?iraga9<asa$o H) and @oanna ;ad%ans$a91illiams /eds)0) *++3) Literary
26
ragmatics# Cognitive <etaphor and the Structure of the oetic !ext) Special 4ssue
of @ournal of ragmatics 5A),)
Hopyt$o, ;oman) *++6) olite "iscourse in Sha$espeareGs Bnglish) oznan#
1yda%nict%o Nau$o%e Uni%ers(tetu im) Adam <ic$ie%icza 1) oznania)
Hopyt$o, ;oman) *++3) Linguistic oliteness Strategies in Sha$espearGs lays) 4n
Andreas ?) @uc$er /ed)0) ?istorical ragmatics) Amsterdam# Ben(amins, 3*3 9 3A-)
Huiper, H) *+CA) !he Nature of Satire) oetics *6#A3+ 9 A26)
Leech, Geoffrey) *++5) ragmatic rinciples in Sha%Gs Iou Never Can !ell) 4n
<ichael !oolan /ed)0) Language, !ext and Context) Bssays in Stylistics) London#
;outledge, 53+ 9 52C)
<ey, @))/ed)0 5--5) Literary ragmatics)
<oeschler, @), ;e'oul, A) *++A) "ictionnaire BncyclopediFue de ragmatiFue)
Bditions du Seuil, aris)
Navarro9Brrasti, <a ilar) *++3) Communicative Clues in Sir Ga%ain and the Green
Hnight in Andreas @uc$er /ed)0)
il$ington, Adrian) /ed)0, 5--6) Language and Literature /Special 4ssue on ;elevance
!heory and Literary Studies0)
il$ington, Adrian) *++*) oetic Bffects) 4n ;oger ") Sell /ed)0) Literary ragmatics)
London# ;outlege AA 9 ,*)
ratt, <) !o%ards a Speech Act !heory of Literary "iscourse) *+22)
;ichards, Christine) *+C3) 4nferential ragmatics and the literary text) @ournal of
ragmatics +, 5,* 9 5C3)
;udan$o, @uhani) *++6) ragmatic Approaches to Sha$espeare Bssays on Ethello,
Coriolanus J !imon of Athens) Lanham, <aryland# University ress of America)
Sell, ;oger ") /ed)0 *++*) Literary ragmatics) London# ;outledge)
Sell, ;oger ") *+C3) oliteness in Chaucer# Suggestions to%ard a <ethodology for
ragmatic Stylistics) Studia Neophilologica 32, *23 9 *C3)
Sell, ;oger ") *+C3) !ella'ility and oliteness in the <illerGs !ale# =irst steps in
literary pragmatics) Bnglish studies# A @ournal of Bnglish Language and Literature
,,),, A+, 9 3*5)
Sell, ;oger ") *+C,) "ic$ens and the ne% historicism# !he olyvocal audience and
discourse of "om'ey J Son# 4n ?a%thorn, @eremy /ed)0) !he *+th century British
novel) London# Bd%ard Arnold, ,6 9 2+)
Sell, ;oger ") *++*) Literary genre and history# Kuestions from a literary
pragmaticist for socio9semioticians) 4n Dentola, Bi(a /ed)0 Approaches to the
Analysis of Literary "iscourse)
Sell, ;oger ") *++*) !he oliteness of literary texts) 4n ;oger ") Sell /ed)0 Literary
ragmatics) London# ;outlege, 5-C 9 55A)
Sell, ;oger ") *++5) !eaching Sha$espeare on literary pragmatic principles) 4n er
Serritslev etersen /ed0) Literary edagogics after "econstruction) Scenarios and
erspectives in the !eaching of Bnglish Literature) Aarhus# Aarhus U) ress, + 9 53)
Sell, ;oger ") *++6) !he "ifficult Style of the 1asteland) A literary 9pragmatic
perspective on modernist poetry) 4n eter Derdon$ /ed)0 !%entieth Century oetry#
=rom text to context) London# ;outledge, *6A 9 *3C)
2A
Steen, Gerard) *++A) Understanding <etaphor in Literature) Longman)
!oolan, <) /ed)0 *++6) Language, !ext and Context) ;outledge)
!raugott, Bliza'eth Closs and <ary Louise ratt) *+C-) Linguistics for Students of
Literature) ?arcourt Brace @ovanovich)
1atts, ;ichard @) *+C*) !he ragmalinguistic Analysis of Narrative !exts) Narrative
Co9operation in Charles "ic$ensG ?ard !imes) Studies in !exts in Bnglish 6)
!u'ingen# Gunter Narr)
3.7. !e"t linguistics and literature appreciation

Structural analysis of a literary piece of %or$
Cohesion and cohesive devices or mar$ers /"eixis as an implicit indirect device
or cohesion70
3.7.7 Communicational models in literature analysis
!he Code <odel
*0 ?arold Lass%ell /*+520# ropaganda and the 1ar

1ho /source0
Says 1hat /message0
4n 1hich Channel /destination0
!o 1hom
!o 1hat Bffect
50 Claude Shannon J 1eaverGs <athematical <odel /*+A+0
60 1illiam <cGuireGs <odel /*+C*0
23
AttentionLLi$ingLComprehension99Iielding 99;emem'ering99Action
!he Estensive94nferential <odel /Sper'er91ilson, *+C,0
3.7.# $pplying linguistics in literature analysis
Bxercise *

/*+*+0#

Bxercise 5

/*+A,0#

Bxercise 6

/*+550#

Bxercise A

/*+520#

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