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MODL 8. TEMEL AERODNAMK

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A B1 B2
8.1 Atmosfer fizii 1 2
2
Enternasyonal Standart Atmosfer (ISA), aerodinamie uyulanmas!

8." Aerodinamik 1 2
2
# $ir %isim etraf!ndaki &ava ak!'!(
# S!n!r ta)akas!, laminer ve t*r)*lan ak!'lar, ser)est ak!' &*zmesi, )a!l &ava
ak!'!, u+,as& ve do,n,as&, vortisler, ak!' durmas!(
# -erimler. kam)urluk, veter, ortalama aerodinamik veter, +rofil
/dra0, /indu%ed dra0, )as!n merkezi, &*%*m a!s!, ,as& in ve ,as& out,
+*r*zs*zl*k oran!, kanat 'ekli ve as+e%t oran!(eki' (t&rust), A!rl!k, Aerodinamik
$ile'ke( kald!rma (lift) ve S*r*klenme (dra) !n olu'mas!(1*%um A!s!,
kald!rma(lift) 2atsay!s!, S*r*klenme 2atsay!s!, 2utu+sal eim, +erdvites(Stall)(
# Airfoil kat!l!mlar!, )uz, kar, don da&il.
8.3 4u' -eorisi 1 2
2
# 2ald!rma, a!rl!k, eki' ve s*r*klenme aras!ndaki ili'kiler(
# S*z*lme oran!(
# 5*z*n &al (steady state) uu'lar!, +erformans
# 5n*' teorisi(
# 6*k faktr*n*n etkileri. /stall0, uu' zarf! ve ya+!sal s!n!rlamalar(
# 2ald!rman!n artt!rmalar!.
8.7 4u' Sta)ilitesi ve 5inamii 1 2
2
# 4zunlamas!na, yatay ve dorusal sta)ilite (aktif ve +asif).
Soru hazrlaa! i"i# !ay#a! $AM% &Dleri u#' 2
&a' AT(L )ue*'io#*
Module 8 questions where you can test your knowledge!
Please try to answer the questions!
1. Which statement is correct for a side slip condition at constant speed and side slip
angle, where the geometric dihedral of an aeroplane is increased:
the stick force per g decreases
! the required lateral control force increases
" the required lateral control force does not change
# the required lateral control force decreases
$. %poiler deflection causes:
an increase in drag and decrease in lift
! a decrease in lift and drag
" an increase in lift only
# an increasse in lift and drag
&. 'he (alue of the parasite drag in straight and le(el flight at constant weight (aries
linearly with:
square speed
! speed
" )
# square )
*. +f you increase the propeller pitch during glide with idle powwer at constant +% the lift
to drag ratio will:
increase and the ,)# will increase
! decrease and the ,)# will decrease
" increase and the ,)# will decrease
# decrease and the ,)# will increase
-. %hoch induced seperation results in:
decreasing lift
! decreasing drag
" increasing lift
# constant lift
.. deployed slat will:
increase the /oundary layer energy, mo(e the suction peak from the fi0ed part of the
wing to the slat, the stall is postponed to higher )
! increase the cam/er of the aerfoil and increase the effecti(e ), peak so that "lma0
is reached at higher )
" decrease the /oundary layer energy and decrease the suction peak in the slat, so that
"1 ma0 is reached at lower )
# increase the /oundary layer energy and increase the suction peak on the fi0ed part of
the wing, so that the stall is postponed to higher )
2. 'he function of the slot /etween an e0tended slat and the leading edge of the wing is
to:
reduce the wingloading
! cause (enturi effect which energi3es the /oundary layer
" allow space for (i/ration of the slat
# slow the air flow in the slot so that more pressure is created under the wing
8. 4et: descend with constant mach and weight, operational limit that may /e e0ceeded
is:
Mmo
! 5d
" 5mo
# 5ne
6. Which statement with respect to the clim/ is correct:
# at constant +% the mach num/er increases
17. Winglets:
increase the manoe(rya/ility
! decrease the static lateral sta/ility
" create an elliptical lift distru/ution
# decrease the induced drag
11. n ad(antage of locating engines at the rear of the fuselage, in comparison to a
location /eneath on the wing is:
lighter wing construction
! a wing is less sensiti(e to flutter
" less influence on longitudinal control on thrust changes
# easier maintenance of the engines
1$. Why is 5mcg determined with the nosewheel steering disconnected:
/ecause the nosewheel steering has no effect on the (alue of 5mcg
! /ecause the nosewheel steering could /ecome inoparati(e after an engine has failed
" /ecause it must /e possi/le to a/ort the take off e(en after the nosewheel has already
/een lifted off the ground
# /ecause the (alue of 5mcg must also /e applica/le on wet and8or slippery runways
1&. #ifferential ailleron deflection:
is required to achie(e the required roll rate
! equals the drag of the right and left ailleron
" increases "lma0
# is required to keep the totall lift constant when aillerons are deflected
1*. 'railing edge flaps e0tended will:
increase the critical ) and decrease the (alue of "lma0
! decrease the critical ) and decrease the (alue of "lma0
" increase the critical ) and increase the (alue of "lma0
# decrease the criti(al ) and increase the (alue of "lma0
1-. )ne of the requirements for dynamic sta/ility is:
a large deflection range of the sta/ili3er trim
! effecti(e ela(ator
" a small ".9 range
# positi(e static sta/ility
1.. 'uck under is:
the tendency to nose down when the control colum is pulled /ack
! shaking of the control colum at high mach num/ers
" the tendency to nose down when speed is increased into the transonic flight regime
# the tendency to nose up when speed is increased into the transonic flight regime
12. When comparing a rectangular wing and a swept wing, the swept wing has the
ad(antage of:
higher critical mach num/er
! increased longitudinal sta/ility
" lower stalling speed
# greater strength
18. eroplane drag in straight and le(el flight is lowest when:
parasite drag equals induced drag
! parasite drag equals twice the induced drag
" induced drag is lowest
# induced drag is equal to 3ero
16. Which statement a/out spin is correct:
an aeroplane is prone to spin when the stall starts at the wing root
! e(eru aeroplane should /e designed such that it can /e ne(er enter a spin
" in the spin, airspeed continuously increase
# during spin reco(ery aillerons should /e kept neutral
,
Mo+ule 8, -1 . /0
1. 8n a s,e+t ,in air%raft if )ot& ,in ti+ se%tions lose lift simultaneously t&e air%raft ,ill
a) roll
)) +it%& nose u+
%) +it%& nose do,n
". 9ift on a delta ,in air%raft
a) in%reases ,it& an in%reased anle of in%iden%e (anle of atta%k)
)) de%reases ,it& an in%rease in anle of in%iden%e (anle of atta%k)
%) does not %&ane ,it& a %&ane in anle of in%iden%e (anle of atta%k)
3. 8n a strai&t ,in air%raft, stall %ommen%es at t&e
a) root on a &i& t&i%kness ratio ,in
)) ti+ on a &i& t&i%kness ratio ,in
%) ti+ on a lo, t&i%kness ratio ,in
7. 8n a &i& ,in air%raft in a turn
a) t&e u+:oin ,in loses lift %ausin a de:sta)ilisin effe%t
)) t&e do,n:oin ,in ains lift %ausin a sta)ilisin effe%t
%) t&e do,n:oin ,in loses lift %ausin a de:sta)ilisin effe%t
;. <or t&e same anle of atta%k, t&e lift on a delta ,in
a) is reater t&an t&e lift on a &i& as+e%t ratio ,in
)) is lo,er t&an t&e lift on a &i& as+e%t ratio ,in
%) is t&e same as t&e lift on a &i& as+e%t ratio ,in
=. -&e ISA
a) is taken from t&e e>uator
)) is taken from 7; derees latitude
%) assumes a standard day
?. At &i&er altitudes as altitude in%reases, +ressure
a) de%reases at %onstant rate
)) in%reases e@+onentially
%) de%reases e@+onentially
8. -&e t&rust:dra %ou+le over%omes t&e lift:,ei&t %ou+le. A&at dire%tion of for%e is
re>uired to )e +rodu%ed )y t&e tail of t&e air%raft to maintain strai&t and level fli&t
a) u+,ards
)) do,n,ards
%) side,ays
B. A&en t&e +ressure is &alf of t&at at sea level, ,&at is t&e altitudeC
a) 1",DDD ft
)) 8,DDD ft
%) 18,DDD ft
1D. 5urin a turn, t&e stallin anle
a) in%reases
)) de%reases
%) remains t&e same
11. If aue +ressure on a standard day at sea level is "; ESI, t&e a)solute +ressure is
a) 1D.3 ESI
)) 73.8 ESI
%) 3B.? ESI
1". -&e F of G moves in fli&t. -&e most likely %ause of t&is is
a) movement of +asseners
)) movement of t&e %entre of +ressure
%) %onsum+tion of fuel and oils
13. -&e F of E is t&e +oint ,&ere
a) all t&e for%es on an air%raft a%t
)) t&e t&ree a@is of rotation meet
%) t&e lift %an )e said to a%t
17. -&e t&ree a@is of an air%raft a%t t&rou& t&e
a) F of G
)) F of E
%) stanation +oint
1;. Eressure de%reases
a) +ro+ortionally ,it& a de%reases in tem+erature
)) inversely +ro+ortional to tem+erature
%) Eressure and tem+erature are not related
1=. As air ets %older, t&e servi%e %eilin of an air%raft
a) redu%es
)) in%reases
%) remains t&e same
1?. A&at is sea level +ressureC
a) 1D13." m)
)) 1D1".3 m)
%) 1D3"." m)
18. A&en t&e ,ei&t of an air%raft in%reases, t&e minimum dra s+eed
a) de%reases
)) in%reases
%) remains t&e same
1B. An air%raft ,ill &ave
a) less lidin distan%e if it &as more +ayload
)) more lidin distan%e if it &as more +ayload
%) t&e same lidin distan%e if it &as more +ayload
"D. A&en an air%raft e@+erien%es indu%ed dra
a) air flo,s under t&e ,in s+an:,ise to,ards t&e ti+ and on to+ of t&e ,in s+an:,ise
to,ards t&e root
)) air flo,s under t&e ,in s+an:,ise to,ards t&e root and on to+ of t&e ,in s+an:,ise
to,ards t&e ti+
%) Heit&er a) or )) sin%e indu%ed dra does not %aused )y s+an:,ise flo,
"1. At stall, t&e ,inti+ stanation +oint
a) moves to,ard t&e lo,er surfa%e of t&e ,in
)) moves to,ard t&e u++er surfa%e of t&e ,in
%) doesn0t move
"". 1o, does IAS at t&e +oint of stall vary ,it& &ei&tC
a) It is +ra%ti%ally %onstant
)) It in%reases
%) It de%reases
"3. -&e riin anle of in%iden%e of an elevator is
a) t&e anle )et,een t&e mean %&ord line and t&e &orizontal in t&e riin +osition
)) t&e anle )et,een t&e )ottom surfa%e of t&e elevator and t&e &orizontal in t&e riin
+osition
%) t&e anle )et,een t&e )ottom surfa%e of t&e elevator and t&e lonitudinal datum
"7. A&at is t&e la+se rate ,it& reard to tem+eratureC
a) 1.B8IF +er 1DDD ft
)) 1.B8I< +er 1DDD ft
%) 7IF +er 1DDD ft
";. A&at &a++ens to load fa%tor as you de%rease turn radiusC
a) It in%reases
)) It de%reases
%) It remains %onstant
"=. If you stee+en t&e anle of a )anked turn ,it&out in%reasin airs+eed or anle of atta%k,
,&at ,ill t&e air%raft doC
a) It ,ill remain at t&e same &ei&t
)) It ,ill sidesli+ ,it& attendant loss of &ei&t
%) It ,ill stall
"?. An air%raft ,in tends to stall first at
a) t&e ti+ due to a &i&er ratio t&i%knessJ%&ord
)) t&e ti+ due to a lo,er ratio t&i%knessJ%&ord
%) t&e root due to a &i&er ratio t&i%knessJ%&ord
"8. 5i&edral ,ins %om)at insta)ility in
a) +it%&
)) ya,
%) sidesli+
"B. -o sto+ air%raft de%reasin in &ei&t durin a sidesli+, t&e +ilot %an
a) advan%e t&e t&rottle
)) +ull )a%k on t&e %ontrol %olumn
%) adKust t&e rudder +osition
3D. A&at %ontrol surfa%e movements ,ill make an air%raft fitted ,it& ruddervators ya, to t&e
leftC
a) 9eft ruddervator lo,ered, ri&t ruddervator raised
)) Li&t ruddervator lo,ered, left ruddervator raised
%) $ot& ruddervators raised
31. A&en a leadin ede slat o+ens, t&ere is a a+ )et,een t&e slat and t&e ,in. -&is is
a) to allo, it to retra%t )a%k into t&e ,in
)) to allo, air t&rou& to re:enerize t&e )oundary layer on to+ of t&e ,in
%) to kee+ t&e area of t&e ,in t&e same
3". A&i%& of t&e follo,in is trueC
a) 9ift a%ts at ri&t anles to t&e ,in %&ord line and ,ei&t a%ts verti%ally do,n
)) 9ift a%ts at ri&t anles to t&e relative airflo, and ,ei&t a%ts verti%ally do,n
%) 9ift a%ts at ri&t anles to t&e relative airflo, and ,ei&t a%ts at ri&t anles to t&e air%raft
%entre line
33. If t&e ,in ti+s stall )efore t&e root on a s,e+t ,in air%raft, t&e air%raft ,ill
a) roll
)) +it%& nose u+
%) +it%& nose do,n
37. 9ift on a delta ,in air%raft
a) in%reases ,it& an in%reased anle of in%iden%e (anle of atta%k)
)) de%reases ,it& an in%rease in anle of in%iden%e (anle of atta%k)
%) does not %&ane ,it& a %&ane in anle of in%iden%e (anle of atta%k)
3;. 8n a strai&t ,in air%raft, stall %ommen%es at t&e
a) root on a &i& t&i%kness ratio ,in
)) ti+ on a &i& t&i%kness ratio ,in
%) ti+ on a lo, t&i%kness ratio ,in
3=. 8n a &i& ,in air%raft in a turn
a) t&e u+:oin ,in loses lift %ausin a de:sta)ilizin effe%t
)) t&e do,n:oin ,in ains lift %ausin a sta)ilizin effe%t
%) t&e do,n:oin ,in loses lift %ausin a de:sta)ilizin effe%t
3?. <or t&e same anle of atta%k, t&e lift on a delta ,in
a) is reater t&an t&e lift on a &i& as+e%t ratio ,in
)) is lo,er t&an t&e lift on a &i& as+e%t ratio ,in
%) is t&e same as t&e lift on a &i& as+e%t ratio ,in
38. Standard sea level tem+erature is
a) D derees Felsius
)) 1; derees Felsius
%) "D derees Felsius
3B. As altitude in%reases, +ressure
a) de%reases at %onstant rate
)) in%reases e@+onentially
%) de%reases e@+onentially
7D. 5e+loyment of a s+lit fla+ ,ill
a) in%rease ,in area and in%rease dra
)) +it%& t&e nose do,n and de%rease dra
%) in%rease %am)er and in%rease dra
71. 9a+se rate usually refers to
a) Eressure
)) 5ensity
%) -em+erature
7". 5urin a turn, t&e stallin anle
a) in%reases
)) de%reases
%) remains t&e same
73. -&e verti%al fin of a sinle enined air%raft is
a) +arallel ,it& )ot& t&e lonitudinal a@is and verti%al a@is
)) +arallel ,it& t&e lonitudinal a@is )ut not t&e verti%al a@is
%) +arallel ,it& t&e verti%al a@is )ut not t&e lonitudinal a@is
77. Air%raft flyin in t&e transoni% rane most often utilize
a) s,e+t)a%k ,ins
)) advan%ed su+er%riti%al airfoils
%) &i& ,ins
7;. A&i%& ty+e of fla+ %&anes t&e area of t&e ,inC
a) <o,ler
)) S+lit
%) Slotted
7=. <or,ard s,e+t ,ins tend to stall at t&e root first so t&e air%raft retains lateral %ontrol, so
,&y are t&ey never used on +assener air%raftC
a) $e%ause t&e ,in ti+s ,as& in at &i& ,in loads
)) $e%ause t&e ,in ti+s ,as& out at &i& ,in loads
%) $e%ause at &i& loads t&eir anle of in%iden%e in%reases and t&e loads im+osed on t&e ,in
%an in%rease until t&ey destroy it
7?. A&at &a++ens to air flo,in at t&e s+eed of sound ,&en it enters a %onverin du%tC
a) Melo%ity de%reases, +ressure and density in%rease
)) Melo%ity in%reases, +ressure and density de%reases
%) Melo%ity, +ressure and density in%rease
78. As t&e anle of atta%k of an airfoil in%reases t&e %entre of +ressure
a) moves for,ard
)) moves aft
%) remains stationary
7B. An air%raft, ,&i%& is lonitudinally sta)le, ,ill tend to return to level fli&t after a
movement a)out ,&i%& a@isC
a) Eit%&
)) Loll
%) 6a,
;D. Ma+our trails from t&e ,inti+s of an air%raft in fli&t are %aused )y
a) lo, +ressure a)ove t&e ,in and &i& +ressure )elo, t&e ,in %ausin vorti%es
)) &i& +ressure a)ove t&e ,in and lo, +ressure )elo, t&e ,in %ausin vorti%es
%) lo, +ressure a)ove t&e ,in and &i& +ressure )elo, t&e ,in %ausin a tem+erature rise
Mo+ule 8, -/1 . 1/
;1. Morte@ enerators on t&e ,in are most effe%tive at
a) &i& s+eed
)) lo, s+eed
%) &i& anles of atta%k
;". -&e %&ord line of a ,in is a line t&at runs from
a) t&e %entre of t&e leadin ede of t&e ,in to t&e trailin ede
)) &alf ,ay )et,een t&e u++er and lo,er surfa%e of t&e ,in
%) one ,in ti+ to t&e ot&er ,in ti+
;3. -&e anle of in%iden%e of a ,in is an anle formed )y lines
a) +arallel to t&e %&ord line and lonitudinal a@is
)) +arallel to t&e %&ord line and t&e lateral a@is
%) +arallel to t&e %&ord line and t&e verti%al a@is
;7. -&e %entre of +ressure of an aerofoil is lo%ated
a) 3D : 7DN of t&e %&ord line )a%k from t&e leadin ede
)) 3D : 7DN of t&e %&ord line for,ard of t&e leadin ede
%) ;DN of t&e %&ord line )a%k from t&e leadin ede
;;. Fom+ressi)ility effe%t is
a) dra asso%iated ,it& t&e form of an air%raft
)) dra asso%iated ,it& t&e fri%tion of t&e air over t&e surfa%e of t&e air%raft
%) t&e in%rease in total dra of an aerofoil in transoni% fli&t due to t&e formation of s&o%k
,aves
;=. 9ateral %ontrol of an air%raft at &i& anle of atta%k %an )e ma@imised )y usin
a) fen%es
)) vorte@ enerators
%) ,in slots
;?. Stall stri+s are al,ays
a) made of metal
)) on t&e leadin ede of a ,in
%) fitted for,ard of t&e ailerons
;8. Stall stri+s
a) %ause t&e ,in root to stall
)) %ause t&e ,in ti+ to stall
%) %ause t&e ,ins to stall symmetri%ally
;B. 5ue to t&e interferen%e of t&e airflo, on a &i& ,in air%raft )et,een t&e fuselae and t&e
,ins, t&e lateral sta)ility of t&e air%raft in a usty ,ind situation ,ill %ause
a) t&e u++er ,in to in%rease its lift
)) t&e u++er ,in to de%rease its lift
%) t&e lo,er ,in to de%rease its lift
=D. Slats
a) redu%e t&e stall s+eed
)) redu%e t&e tenden%y of t&e air%raft to 6a,
%) de%rease t&e aerofoil dra at &i& s+eeds
=1. A &i& as+e%t ratio ,in ,ill ive
a) &i& +rofile and lo, indu%ed dra
)) lo, +rofile and &i& indu%ed dra
%) lo, +rofile and lo, indu%ed dra
=". Aerofoil effi%ien%y is defined )y
a) lift over dra
)) dra over lift
%) lift over ,ei&t
=3. An air%raft )anks into a turn. Ho %&ane is made to t&e airs+eed or anle of atta%k. A&at
,ill &a++enC
a) -&e air%raft enters a sidesli+ and )eins to lose altitude
)) -&e air%raft turns ,it& no loss of &ei&t
%) -&e air%raft ya,s and slo,s do,n
=7. -&e relations&i+ )et,een indu%ed dra and airs+eed is, indu%ed dra is
a) dire%tly +ro+ortional to t&e s>uare of t&e s+eed
)) inversely +ro+ortional to t&e s>uare of t&e s+eed
%) dire%tly +ro+ortional to s+eed
=;. A&at is t&e definition of Anle of In%iden%eC
a) -&e anle t&e underside of t&e main+lane or tail+lane makes ,it& t&e &orizontal
)) -&e anle t&e underside of t&e main+lane or tail+lane makes ,it& t&e lonitudinal datum
line
%) -&e anle t&e %&ord of t&e main+lane or tail+lane makes ,it& t&e &orizontal
==. A&at is $oundary 9ayerC
a) Se+arated layer of air formin a )oundary at t&e leadin ede
)) -ur)ulent air movin from t&e leadin ede to trailin ede
%) Sluis& lo, enery air t&at sti%ks to t&e ,in surfa%e and radually ets faster until it
Koins t&e free stream flo, of air
=?. -&e normal a@is of an air%raft +asses t&rou&
a) t&e %entre of ravity
)) a +oint at t&e %entre of t&e ,ins
%) at t&e %entre of +ressure
=8. 8n a &i& ,ined air%raft, ,&at effe%t ,ill t&e fuselae &ave on t&e u+:oin ,inC
a) -&e u+:oin ,in ,ill &ave a de%rease in anle of atta%k and t&erefore a de%rease in lift
)) -&e do,n:oin ,ill &ave a de%rease in anle of atta%k and t&erefore a de%rease in lift
%) -&e u+:oin ,in ,ill &ave an in%rease in anle of atta%k and t&erefore a de%rease in lift
=B. A&at is t&e %olle%tive term for t&e fin and rudder and ot&er surfa%es aft of t&e %entre of
ravity t&at &el+s dire%tional sta)ilityC
a) Effe%tive keel surfa%e
)) Em+ennae
%) <uselae surfa%es
?D. -em+erature a)ove 3=,DDD feet ,ill
a) de%rease e@+onentially
)) remain %onstant
%) in%rease e@+onentially
?1. A de%rease in in%iden%e to,ard t&e ,in ti+ may )e +rovided to
a) +revent adverse ya, in a turn
)) +revent s+an:,ise flo, in manoeuvres
%) retain lateral %ontrol effe%tiveness at &i& anles of atta%k
?". -&e anle of atta%k ,&i%& ives t&e )est 9J5 ratio
a) de%reases ,it& a de%rease in density
)) in unaffe%ted )y density %&anes
%) in%reases ,it& a de%rease in density
?3. <or a iven aerofoil +rodu%in lift, ,&ere E O +ressure and M O velo%ity.
a) E1 is reater t&an E", and M1 is reater t&an M"
)) E1 is less t&an E" and M1 is reater t&an M"
%) E1 is reater t&an E", and M1 is less t&an M"
?7. 9o, ,in loadin
a) in%reases stallin s+eed, landin s+eed and landin run
)) in%reases lift, stallin s+eed and manoeuvra)ility
%) de%reases stallin s+eed, landin s+eed and landin run
?;. 5ue to t&e %&ane in do,n,as& on an un:ta+ered ,in (i.e. one of %onstant %&ord lent&)
it ,ill
a) not +rovide any dam+in effe%t ,&en rollin
)) tend to stall first at t&e root
%) not suffer adverse ya, effe%ts ,&en turnin
?=. -rue stallin s+eed of an air%raft in%reases ,it& altitude
a) )e%ause redu%ed tem+erature %auses %om+ressi)ility effe%t
)) )e%ause air density is redu%ed
%) )e%ause &umidity is in%reased and t&is in%reases dra
??. As a eneral rule, if t&e aerodynami% anle of in%iden%e (anle of atta%k) of an aerofoil is
sli&tly in%reased, t&e %entre of +ressure ,ill
a) never move
)) move for,ard to,ards t&e leadin ede
%) move to,ards t&e ti+
?8. -&e P,in settin anleP is %ommonly kno,n as
a) anle of in%iden%e
)) anle of atta%k
%) anle of di&edral
?B. 8n a very &umid day, an air%raft takin off ,ould re>uire
a) a s&orter take off run
)) a loner take off run
%) &umidity does not affe%t t&e take off run
8D. An air%raft is flyin at 3;D QE1, into a &ead ,ind of ?; QE1, ,&at ,ill its round s+eed
)eC
a) 1?; m+&
)) "?; m+&
%) "DD m+&
81. A&en does t&e anle of in%iden%e %&aneC
a) A&en t&e air%raft attitude %&anes
)) A&en t&e air%raft is as%endin or des%endin
%) It never %&anes
8". As t&e anle of atta%k de%reases, ,&at &a++ens to t&e %entre of +ressureC
a) It moves for,ard
)) It moves rear,ards
%) Fentre of +ressure is not affe%ted )y anle of atta%k de%rease
83. A de%rease in +ressure over t&e u++er surfa%e of a ,in or aerofoil is res+onsi)le for
a) a++ro@imately "J3 (t,o t&irds) of t&e lift o)tained
)) a++ro@imately 1J3 (one t&ird) of t&e lift o)tained
%) a++ro@imately R (one &alf) of t&e lift o)tained
87. A&i%& of t&e four for%es a%t on an air%raftC
a) 9ift, ravity, t&rust and dra
)) Aei&t, ravity, t&rust and dra
%) 9ift, ,ei&t, ravity and dra
8;. A&i%& of t&e follo,in ty+es of dra in%reases as t&e air%raft ains altitudeC
a) Earasite dra
)) Indu%ed dra
%) Interferen%e dra
8=. Forre%tin for a distur)an%e, ,&i%& &as %aused a rollin motion a)out t&e lonitudinal
a@is, ,ould re:esta)lis& ,&i%& of t&e follo,inC
a) 9ateral sta)ility
)) 5ire%tional sta)ility
%) 9onitudinal sta)ility
8?. -&e layer of air over t&e surfa%e of an aerofoil ,&i%& is slo,er movin, in relation to t&e
rest of t&e airflo,, is kno,n as
a) %am)er layer
)) )oundary layer
%) none of t&e a)ove
88. A&at is a %ontrollin fa%tor of tur)ulen%e and skin fri%tionC
a) As+e%t ratio
)) <ineness ratio
%) Founter:sunk rivets used on skin e@terior
8B. F&anes in air%raft ,ei&t
a) ,ill not affe%t total dra sin%e it is de+endant only u+on s+eed
)) %ause %orres+ondin %&anes in total dra due to t&e asso%iated lift %&ane
%) ,ill only affe%t total dra if t&e lift is ke+t %onstant
BD. -&e air%raft stallin s+eed ,ill
a) in%rease ,it& an in%rease in ,ei&t
)) )e unaffe%ted )y air%raft ,ei&t %&anes sin%e it is de+endant u+on t&e anle of atta%k
%) only %&ane if t&e Q-QA ,ere %&aned
B1. In a )ank and turn
a) e@tra lift is not re>uired
)) e@tra lift is not re>uired if t&rust is in%reased
%) e@tra lift is re>uired
B". -o maintain strai&t and level fli&t on t&e aero+lane s&o,n, ,it& a de%rease in tail:+lane
do,nload t&e main+lane lift ,ould &ave to
a) remain %onstant
)) de%rease
%) in%rease
B3. -o a%&ieve t&e ma@imum distan%e in a lide, t&e re%ommended air s+eed is
a) as %lose to t&e stall as +ra%ti%al
)) as &i& as +ossi)le ,it& MHE
%) t&e s+eed ,&ere t&e 9J5 ratio is ma@imum
B7. If t&e F of G is aft of t&e Fentre of Eressure
a) %&anes in lift +rodu%e a +it%&in moment ,&i%& a%ts to in%rease t&e %&ane in lift
)) ,&en t&e air%raft sidesli+s, t&e F of G %auses t&e nose to turn into t&e sidesli+ t&us a++lyin
a restorin moment
%) ,&en t&e air%raft ya,s t&e aerodynami% for%es a%tin for,ard of t&e Fentre of Eressure
B;. Eor+oisin is an os%illatory motion in t&e
a) +it%& +lane
)) roll +lane
%) ya, +lane
Mo+ule 8, -12 . 1/0
B=. 5ire%tional sta)ility is maintained
a) )y t&e main+lanes, and %ontrolled )y t&e ailerons
)) )y t&e tail+lane, and %ontrolled )y t&e elevators
%) )y t&e keel surfa%e and fin, and %ontrolled )y t&e rudder
B?. 5ue to t&e interferen%e effe%ts of t&e fuselae, ,&en a &i& ,in aero+lane sidesli+s
a) t&e a%%om+anyin rollin due to keel surfa%e area is desta)ilizin
)) t&e a%%om+anyin lift %&anes on t&e ,ins +rodu%es a sta)ilizin effe%t
%) t&e a%%om+anyin rollin due to t&e fin is desta)ilizin
B8. -&e +o,er re>uired in a &orizontal turn
a) is reater t&an t&at for level fli&t at t&e same airs+eed
)) must )e t&e same as t&at for level fli&t at t&e same airs+eed
%) is less t&an t&at for level fli&t at t&e same airs+eed
BB. A ,in mounted stall sensin devi%e is lo%ated
a) usually on t&e under surfa%e
)) al,ays at t&e ,in ti+
%) al,ays on t&e to+ surfa%e
1DD. <or an air%raft in a lide
a) t&rust, dra, lift and ,ei&t a%t on t&e air%raft
)) ,ei&t, lift and dra a%t on t&e air%raft
%) ,ei&t and dra only a%t on t&e air%raft
1D1. -&e u++er +art of t&e ,in in %om+arison to t&e lo,er
a) develo+s more lift
)) develo+s t&e same lift
%) develo+s less lift
1D". A&at effe%t ,ould a for,ard FG &ave on an air%raft on landinC
a) In%rease stallin s+eed
)) Ho effe%t on landin
%) Ledu%e stallin s+eed
1D3. SH1 refers to
a) >uite near &orizon
)) settin t&e altimeter to zero
%) settin t&e mean sea level atmos+&eri% +ressure so an altimeter reads t&e aerodrome altitude
a)ove mean sea level
1D7. SHE refers to
a) Settin an altimeter to read aerodrome altitude a)ove sea level
)) >uite ne, e>ui+ment
%) settin t&e mean sea level atmos+&eri% +ressure in a%%ordan%e ,it& IFA8 standard
atmos+&ere i.e. 1D13 milli)ars
1D;. An as+e%t ratio of 8 ,ould mean
a) s+an =7, mean %&ord 8
)) mean %&ord =7 , s+an 8
%) s+an s>uared =7 ,%&ord 8
1D=. If an air%raft in level fli&t loses enine +o,er it ,ill
a) +it%& nose u+
)) +it%& nose do,n
%) not %&ane +it%& ,it&out dra in%reasin
1D?. S<E is
a) sea level +ressure
)) airfield +ressure
%) differen%e )et,een sea level and airfield +ressure
1D8. -&e lift Jdra ratio at stall
a) in%reases
)) de%reases
%) is un%&aned
1DB. 8n a strai&t uns,e+t ,in, stall o%%urs at
a) t&e t&i%k +ortion, at t&e ,in root
)) t&e t&i%k +ortion, at t&e ,in ti+
%) t&e t&in +ortion, at t&e ,in ti+
11D. 5urin a %lim) from a dive
a) t&e t&rust re>uired is reater t&an re>uired for level fli&t
)) t&e t&rust re>uired is lo,er t&an for level fli&t
%) t&e t&rust re>uired is t&e same as for level fli&t
111. A&en +o,er is off, t&e air%raft ,ill +it%&
a) nose do,n
)) nose u+
%) trim level
11". Anle of atta%k on a do,n oin ,in in a roll
a) in%reases
)) de%reases
%) unaffe%ted
113. <or any iven s+eed, a de%rease in air%raft ,ei&t, t&e indu%ed dra ,ill
a) in%rease
)) de%rease
%) remain t&e same
117. -&e amount of lift enerated )y a ,in is
a) reatest at t&e root
)) reatest at t&e ti+
%) %onstant alon t&e s+an
11;. Indu%ed 5ra is
a) reatest to,ards t&e ,in root and do,n,as& is reatest at t&e ti+
)) reatest to,ards t&e ,in ti+ and do,n,as& is reatest to,ards t&e root
%) reatest to,ards t&e ti+ and do,n,as& de%reases from ti+ to root
11=. Indu%ed 5ra is
a) e>ual to +rofile dra at stallin anle
)) e>ual to +rofile dra at Mmd
%) never e>ual to +rofile dra
11?. Ait& an in%rease in air%raft ,ei&t
a) Mmd ,ill )e at t&e same s+eed
)) Mmd ,ill )e at a lo,er s+eed
%) Mmd ,ill )e at a &i&er s+eed
118. <or a iven IAS an in%rease in altitude ,ill result in
a) no %&ane in t&e value of indu%ed dra
)) an in%rease in indu%ed dra
%) an in%rease in +rofile dra
11B. As t&e anle of atta%k of a ,in is in%reased in level fli&t
a) t&e F of G moves aft and t&e F of E for,ard
)) t&e F of E and transition +oint move for,ard
%) t&e F of E moves for,ard and t&e stanation +oint aft over t&e u++er surfa%e
1"D. Stall indu%ers may )e fitted to a ,in
a) at t&e ti+ to %ause t&e root to stall first
)) at t&e root to %ause t&e ti+ to stall first
%) at t&e root to %ause t&e root to stall first
1"1. Ait& in%reasin altitude +ressure de%reases and
a) tem+erature de%reases at t&e same rate as +ressure redu%es
)) tem+erature de%reases )ut at a lo,er rate t&an +ressure redu%es
%) tem+erature remains %onstant to 8DDDft
1"". A&en de+loyed a 2rueer <la+
a) in%reases t&e leadin ede %am)er
)) allo,s &i& +ressure air from )eneat& t&e ,in to flo, to t&e to+
%) enerizes t&e air flo,in over t&e ailerons
1"3. A&i%& %onditions ,ill ive t&e s&ortest take off distan%eC
a) 1ot 1umid day at &i& elevation
)) Fold ,inter day at sea level
%) 1ot summer day at sea level
1"7. -&e o+timum anle of atta%k of an aerofoil is t&e anle at ,&i%&
a) t&e aerofoil +rodu%es ma@imum lift
)) t&e aerofoil +rodu%es zero lift
%) t&e &i&est liftJdra ratio is +rodu%ed
1";. A &i& as+e%t ratio ,in &as a
a) in%reased indu%ed dra
)) de%reased indu%ed dra
%) de%reased skin fri%tion dra
1"=. Qinimum total dra of an air%raft o%%urs
a) at t&e stallin s+eed
)) ,&en +rofile dra e>uals indu%ed dra
%) ,&en indu%ed dra is least
1"?. If t&e ,ei&t of an air%raft is in%reased, t&e indu%ed dra at a iven s+eed
a) ,ill in%rease
)) ,ill de%rease
%) ,ill remain t&e same
1"8. -&e transition +oint on a ,in is t&e +oint ,&ere
a) t&e flo, se+arates from t&e ,in surfa%e
)) t&e )oundary layer flo, %&anes from laminar to tur)ulent
%) t&e flo, divides to +ass a)ove and )elo, t&e ,in
1"B. -&e )oundary layer of a )ody in a movin air stream is
a) a t&in layer of air over t&e surfa%e ,&ere t&e air is stationary
)) a layer of se+arated flo, ,&ere t&e air is tur)ulent
%) a layer of air over t&e surfa%e ,&ere t&e airs+eed is %&anin from free stream s+eed to zero
s+eed
13D. A laminar )oundary layer ,ill +rodu%e
a) more skin fri%tion dra t&an a tur)ulent one
)) less skin fri%tion dra t&an a tur)ulent one
%) t&e same skin fri%tion dra as a tur)ulent one
131. 9onitudinal sta)ility is iven )y
a) t&e fin
)) t&e ,in di&edral
%) t&e &orizontal tail+lane
13". 9ateral sta)ility is iven )y
a) t&e ailerons
)) t&e ,in di&edral
%) t&e &orizontal tail+lane
133. Sta)ility a)out t&e lateral a@is is iven )y
a) ,in di&edral
)) t&e &orizontal tail+lane
%) t&e ailerons
137. S,ee+)a%k of t&e ,ins ,ill
a) in%rease lateral sta)ility
)) de%rease lateral sta)ility
%) not affe%t t&e lateral sta)ility
13;. 5ut%& Loll is
a) a %om)ined rollin and ya,in motion
)) a ty+e of slo, roll
%) +rimarily a +it%&in insta)ility
13=. A &i& ,in +osition ives
a) more lateral sta)ility t&an a lo, ,in
)) less lateral sta)ility t&an a lo, ,in
%) t&e same lateral sta)ility as a lo, ,in
13?. 8n an air%raft in an un:+o,ered steady s+eed des%ent
a) t&e lift e>uals t&e ,ei&t
)) t&e ,ei&t e>uals t&e dra
%) t&e ,ei&t e>uals t&e resultant of t&e lift and dra
138. A&en an air%raft rolls to enter a turn and +o,er is not in%reased
a) t&e lift e>uals t&e ,ei&t
)) t&e lift is reater t&an t&e ,ei&t
%) t&e lift is less t&an t&e ,ei&t
13B. -&e )oundary layer is
a) t&i%kest at t&e leadin ede
)) t&i%kest at t&e trailin ede
%) %onstant t&i%kness from leadin to trailin edes
17D. -&e amount of t&rust +rodu%ed )y a Ket enine or a +ro+eller %an )e %al%ulated usin
a) He,ton0s 1st la,
)) He,ton0s "nd la,
%) He,ton0s 3rd la,
171. An enine ,&i%& +rodu%es an efflu@ of &i& s+eed ,ill )e
a) more effi%ient
)) less effi%ient
%) s+eed of efflu@ &as no affe%t on t&e enine effi%ien%y
17". A&en an air%raft ,it& a F of G for,ard of t&e F of E rolls, t&e nose of t&e air%raft ,ill
a) stay level
)) rise
%) dro+
173. 5ire%tional sta)ility may )e in%reased ,it&
a) +it%& dam+ers
)) &orn )alan%e
%) ya, dam+ers
177. 9ateral sta)ility may )e in%reased ,it&
a) in%reased lateral di&edral
)) in%reased lateral an&edral
%) in%reased lonitudinal di&edral
17;. 9onitudinal sta)ility is in%reased if t&e
a) FE moves for,ard of t&e FG
)) -&rust a%ts on a line )elo, t&e total dra
%) FG is for,ard of t&e FE
17=. Ain loadin is %al%ulated )y ,ei&t
a) divided )y ross ,in area
)) divided )y lift
%) multi+lied )y ross ,in area
17?. Indu%ed dra is
a) inversely +ro+ortional to t&e s>uare of s+eed
)) +ro+ortional to s+eed
%) not&in to do ,it& s+eed
178. In a )ank, t&e ,ei&t is
a) in%reased
)) de%reased
%) t&e same
17B. 9J5 ratio is
a) &i&er at su+ersoni% %ruise s+eed
)) &i&er at su) soni% s+eed
%) t&e same
1;D. -&e +o,er re>uired at lo, altitude for a iven IAS is
a) t&e same as at &i& altitude
)) &i&er
%) lo,er
Mo+ule 8, -1/1 . 20/
1;1. If t&e stall s+eed is ?; knots. A&at is t&e same stall s+eed in m+&C
a) ?; @ D.8?
)) ?; J D.8?
%) ?; J D.8? @ relative density
1;". As t&e anle of atta%k in%reases t&e stanation +oint
a) moves to,ards t&e u++er surfa%e
)) moves to,ards t&e lo,er surfa%e
%) does not move
1;3. -&e term +it%&:u+ is due to
a) %om+ressi)ility effe%t
)) round effe%t
%) lonitudinal insta)ility
1;7. In a steady %lim) at a steady IAS, t&e -AS is
a) more t&an IAS
)) less t&an IAS
%) t&e same
1;;. An unta+ered strai&t ,in ,ill
a) &ave no ya, effe%t in )ankin
)) &ave no %&ane in indu%ed dra in t&e )ank
%) stall at t&e root first
1;=. Ait& t&e ailerons a,ay from t&e neutral, indu%ed dra is
a) un%&aned )ut +rofile dra is &i&er
)) &i&er on t&e lo,er ,in +lus +rofile dra in%reases
%) &i&er on t&e u++er ,in +lus +rofile dra in%reases
1;?. -&e liftJdra ratio is
a) &i&er at ma%& num)ers a)ove su+ersoni%
)) &i&er at su) soni% ma%& num)ers
%) t&e same
1;8. -&e for%e o++osin t&rust is
a) dra
)) lift
%) Aei&t
1;B. 5ire%tional sta)ility is a)out t&e
a) normal a@is
)) lonitudinal a@is
%) lateral a@is
1=D. 9ateral sta)ility is a)out t&e
a) lonitudinal a@is
)) normal a@is
%) verti%al a@is
1=1. All t&e lift %an )e said to a%t t&rou& t&e
a) %entre of +ressure
)) %entre of ravity
%) normal a@is
1=". 9onitudinal sta)ility is +rovided )y t&e
a) &orizontal sta)ilizer
)) verti%al sta)ilizer
%) main+lane
1=3. -&e %on%e+t of t&rust is e@+lained )y
a) He,ton0s 1st la,
)) He,ton0s 3rd la,
%) $ernoulli0s t&eorem
1=7. -&e %am)er of an aerofoil se%tion is
a) t&e %urvature of t&e median line of t&e aerofoil
)) t&e anle of in%iden%e to,ards t&e ti+ of a ,in
%) t&e anle ,&i%& t&e aerofoil makes ,it& t&e relative airflo,
1=;. If t&e air%raft turns and side:sli+s
a) t&e s,ee+)a%k of t&e ,in ,ill %orre%t t&e sidesli+
)) t&e di&edral of t&e ,in ,ill %orre%t t&e sidesli+
%) t&e keel surfa%e ,ill %orre%t t&e sidesli+
1==. Qovement of an air%raft a)out its lateral a@is
a) is +it%&in
)) is rollin
%) is ya,in
1=?. Indu%ed dra
a) is %aused )y skin fri%tion
)) results from distur)ed airflo, in t&e reion of main+lane atta%&ments
%) is asso%iated ,it& t&e lift enerated )y an aerofoil
1=8. A&at is t&e tem+erature in %om+arison to ISA %onditions at 3D,DDDftC
a) :=DIF
)) :;=IF
%) :7;IF
1=B. At ,&at altitude is t&e tro+o+auseC
a) =3,DDD ft.
)) 3=,DDD ft.
%) ;?,DDD ft.
1?D. A&at a++ro@imate +er%entae of o@yen is in t&e atmos+&ereC
a) 1"N
)) "1N
%) ?8N
1?1. A&i%& &as t&e reater densityC
a) Air at lo, altitude
)) Air at &i& altitude
%) It remains %onstant
1?". As air flo,s over t&e u++er %am)ered surfa%e of an aerofoil, ,&at &a++ens to velo%ity
and +ressureC
a) Melo%ity de%reases, +ressure de%reases
)) Melo%ity in%reases, +ressure in%reases
%) Melo%ity in%reases, +ressure de%reases
1?3. A&at is t&e for%e t&at tends to +ull an air%raft do,n to,ards t&e eart&C
a) 5ra
)) -&rust
%) Aei&t
1?7. A&i%& of t&e follo,in a%t in o++osition to for,ard movementC
a) 9ift
)) Gravity
%) 5ra
1?;. -&e anle at ,&i%& t&e %&ord line of t&e aerofoil is +resented to t&e airflo, is kno,n as
a) anle of atta%k
)) anle of in%iden%e
%) resultant
1?=. -&e imainary strai&t line ,&i%& +asses t&rou& an aerofoil se%tion from leadin ede
to trailin ede is %alled
a) %entre of +ressure
)) t&e dire%tion of relative airflo,
%) t&e %&ord line
1??. A&at is t&e anle )et,een t&e %&ord line of t&e ,in, and t&e lonitudinal a@is of t&e
air%raft, kno,n as
a) anle of atta%k
)) anle of in%iden%e
%) anle of di&edral
1?8. An air%raft distur)ed from its normal fli&t +at&, and automati%ally returns to t&at normal
fli&t +at&, ,it&out any a%tion on t&e +art of t&e +ilot is kno,n as
a) air%raft sta)ility
)) air%raft insta)ility
%) air%raft stall
1?B. 5ire%tional %ontrol is +rovided )y
a) &orizontal sta)ilizer
)) rudder
%) elevator
18D. A)out ,&i%& a@is of t&e air%raft does a rollin motion take +la%eC
a) Hormal a@is
)) 9onitudinal a@is
%) 9ateral a@is
181. A&i%& motion &a++ens a)out t&e lateral a@isC
a) Eit%&in
)) 6a,in
%) Lollin
18". Ain ti+ vorti%es %reate a ty+e of dra kno,n as
a) form dra
)) indu%ed dra
%) +rofile dra
183. A&i%& of t&e follo,in des%ri)es t&e TEm+ennaeUC
a) Hose se%tion of an air%raft, in%ludin t&e %o%k+it
)) -ail se%tion of t&e air%raft, in%ludin fin, rudder, tail +lane and elevators
%) -&e ,ins, in%ludin t&e ailerons
187. At ,&at altitude does stratos+&ere %ommen%e a++ro@imatelyC
a) Sea level
)) =3,DDD ft
%) 3=,DDD ft
18;. A&en an air%raft is in strai&t and level un:a%%elerated fli&t, ,&i%& of t&e follo,in is
%orre%tC
a) 9ift and ,ei&t are e>ual, and t&rust and dra are e>ual
)) 9ift reater t&an ,ei&t, and t&rust reater t&an dra
%) 9ift reater t&an ,ei&t, and t&rust is less t&an dra
18=. As t&e anle of atta%k is in%reased (u+ to t&e stall +oint), ,&i%& of t&e follo,in is
%orre%tC
a) Eressure differen%e )et,een to+ and )ottom of t&e ,in in%reases
)) 9ift in%reases
%) $ot& a) and )) are %orre%t
18?. -&e fin ives sta)ility a)out ,&i%& a@isC
a) 9ateral a@is
)) Hormal a@is
%) 9onitudinal a@is
188. A&at is t&e &orizontal movement of t&e nose of t&e air%raft %alledC
a) Lollin movement
)) Eit%&in movement
%) 6a,in movement
18B. A&at ty+e of dra, de+ends on t&e smoot&ness of t&e )ody, and surfa%e area over ,&i%&
t&e air flo,sC
a) Earasite dra
)) <orm dra
%) Skin fri%tion dra
1BD. If t&e nose of t&e air%raft is rotated a)out its lateral a@is, ,&at is its dire%tional
movementC
a) -urnin to t&e left or ri&t
)) Lollin or )ankin to t&e left or ri&t
%) Flim)in or divin
1B1. A&en air flo, velo%ity over an u++er %am)ered surfa%e of an aerofoil de%reases, ,&at
takes +la%eC
a) Eressure in%reases, lift de%reases
)) Eressure in%reases, lift in%reases
%) Eressure de%reases, lift in%reases
1B". A&en an air%raft stalls
a) lift and dra in%rease
)) lift in%reases and dra de%reases
%) lift de%reases and dra in%reases
1B3. Ain loadin is
a) t&e ma@imum all u+ ,ei&t multi+lied )y t&e total ,in area
)) t&e ma@imum all u+ ,ei&t divided )y t&e total ,in area
%) t&e ratio of t&e all u+ ,ei&t of t&e air%raft to its )asi% ,ei&t
1B7. An air%raft ,in ,it& an as+e%t ration of =.1 is +ro+ortional so t&at
a) t&e mean %&ord is si@ times t&e t&i%kness
)) t&e ,in s+an is si@ times t&e mean %&ord
%) t&e ,in area is si@ times t&e s+an
1B;. 4+,ard and out,ard in%lination of a main+lane is termed
a) s,ee+
)) di&edral
%) staer
1B=. -&e fun%tion of an air%raft fin
a) is to +rovide sta)ility a)out t&e normal a@is
)) is to +rovide dire%tional %ontrol
%) is to +rovide strai&t airflo, a%ross t&e rudder
1B?. Qovement of an air%raft a)out its normal a@is
a) is +it%&in
)) is rollin
%) is ya,in
1B8. A +ressure of one atmos+&ere is e>ual to
a) 17.? +si
)) 1DD milli)ar
%) 1 in%& 1.
1BB. -&e milli)ar is a unit of
a) atmos+&eri% tem+erature
)) +ressure altitude
%) )arometri% +ressure
"DD. Ait& an in%rease in altitude under I.S.A. %onditions t&e tem+erature in t&e tro+os+&ere
a) in%reases
)) de%reases
%) remains %onstant
"D1. A&i%& of t&e follo,in for%es a%t on an air%raft in level fli&tC
a) 9ift, t&rust, and ,ei&t
)) 9ift, t&rust, ,ei&t, and dra
%) 9ift, dra, t&rust
"D". A&en an air%raft is )anked, t&e &orizontal %om+onent of t&e lift
a) ,ill tend to make t&e air%raft follo, a %ir%ular +at&
)) ,ill o++ose t&e tenden%y of t&e air%raft to follo, a %ir%ular +at&
%) ,ill o++ose t&e ,ei&t t&us re>uirin more total lift in t&e turn
"D3. If, after a distur)an%e, an aero+lane initially returns to its e>uili)rium state
a) it &as neutral sta)ility
)) it &as stati% sta)ility and may )e dynami%ally sta)le
%) it is neutrally unsta)le
"D7. Sta)ility of an air%raft is
a) t&e tenden%y of t&e air%raft to return to its oriinal trimmed +osition after &avin )een
dis+la%ed
)) t&e a)ility of t&e air%raft to rotate a)out an a@is
%) t&e tenden%y of t&e air%raft to stall at lo, airs+eeds
"D;. Ait& referen%e to altimeters S<E is
a) settin aerodrome atmos+&eri% +ressure so t&at an altimeter reads zero on landin and take
off
)) >uite fine e>ui+ment
%) t&e manufa%turers reistered name
Mo+ule 8, -202 . 2/0
"D=. 4nder t&e IFA8 TSU %ode t&ere are ,&i%& t&ree settinsC
a) S<E, SH1, SHE
)) SE<, SH1, SEH
%) SE, SH, SSE
"D?. Ain loadin is
a) GL8SS AEIG1- divided )y GL8SS AIHG ALEA
)) AIHG ALEA @ AIHG F18L5
%) t&e ultimate tensile strent& of t&e ,in
"D8. -&e t&ree a@es %on%erned ,it& sta)ility of an air%raft &ave
a) normal a@is t&rou& F of G. 9ateral a@is : ,in ti+ to ,in ti+. 9onitudinal a@is : nose to
tail )ut not t&rou& F of G
)) lonitudinal, lateral and normal a@is all +assin t&rou& air%raft %entre of ravity
%) lonitudinal a@is nose to tail, lateral a@is at furt&est s+an +oint, normal a@is t&rou& %entre
of +ressure
"DB. A )arometer indi%ates
a) +ressure
)) density
%) tem+erature
"1D. If an air%raft returns to a +osition of e>uili)rium it is said to )e
a) neatively sta)le
)) neutrally sta)le
%) +ositively sta)le
"11. -&e +endulum effe%t on a &i& ,in air%raft
a) in%reases lateral sta)ility
)) de%reases lateral sta)ility
%) &as no effe%t on lateral sta)ility
"1". -&e amount of ,ater va+our %a+a%ity in t&e air (&umidity &oldin %a+a%ity of t&e air) is
a) reater on a %older day, and lo,er on a &otter day
)) reater on a &otter day and lo,er on a %older day
%) doesnVt &ave a sinifi%ant differen%e
"13. Aei&t is e>ual to
a) volume @ ravity
)) mass @ a%%eleration
%) mass @ ravity
"17. Indu%ed dra
a) in%reases ,it& an in%rease in s+eed
)) redu%es ,it& an in%rease in anle of atta%k
%) in%reases ,it& in%rease in air%raft ,ei&t
"1;. Airflo, over t&e u++er surfa%e of t&e ,in enerally
a) flo,s to,ards t&e root
)) flo,s to,ards t&e ti+
%) flo,s strai&t from leadin ede to trailin ede
"1=. Ait& an in%rease in as+e%t ratio for a iven IAS, indu%ed dra ,ill
a) remain %onstant
)) in%rease
%) redu%e
"1?. Ait& in%reasin altitude t&e anle at ,&i%& a ,in ,ill stall
a) remains t&e same
)) redu%es
%) in%reases
"18. If t&e density of t&e air is in%reased, t&e lift ,ill
a) in%rease
)) de%rease
%) remain t&e same
"1B. All t&e fa%tors t&at affe%t t&e lift +rodu%ed )y an aerofoil are
a) anle of atta%k, air density, velo%ity, ,in area
)) anle of atta%k, air tem+erature, velo%ity, ,in area
%) anle of atta%k, velo%ity, ,in area, aerofoil s&a+e, air density
""D. A ,in se%tion suita)le for &i& s+eed ,ould )e
a) t&i%k ,it& &i& %am)er
)) t&in ,it& &i& %am)er
%) t&in ,it& little or no %am)er
""1. -&e indu%ed dra of an air%raft
a) in%reases ,it& in%reasin s+eed
)) in%reases if as+e%t ratio is in%reased
%) de%reases ,it& in%reasin s+eed
""". As t&e s+eed of an air%raft in%reases t&e +rofile dra
a) in%reases
)) de%reases
%) de%reases at first t&en in%rease
""3. -&e stanation +oint on an aerofoil is t&e +oint ,&ere
a) t&e su%tion +ressure rea%&es a ma@imum
)) t&e )oundary layer %&anes from laminar to tur)ulent
%) t&e airflo, is )rou&t %om+letely to rest
""7. After a distur)an%e in +it%&, an air%raft %ontinues to os%illate at %onstant am+litude. It is
a) lonitudinally unsta)le
)) lonitudinally neutrally sta)le
%) laterally unsta)le
"";. 8n an air%raft ,it& an all:movin tail+lane nose u+ +it%& is %aused )y
a) in%reasin tail+lane in%iden%e
)) de%reasin tail+lane in%iden%e
%) u+ movement of t&e trim ta)
""=. -&e stallin of an aerofoil is affe%ted )y t&e
a) airs+eed
)) anle of atta%k
%) transition s+eed
""?. A&at ives t&e air%raft dire%tional sta)ilityC
a) Merti%al sta)iliser
)) 1orizontal sta)iliser
%) Elevators
""8. -&e most fuel effi%ient of t&e follo,in ty+es of enine is t&e
a) ro%ket
)) tur)o:Ket enine
%) tur)o:fan enine
""B. -&e >uietest of t&e follo,in ty+es of enine is t&e
a) ro%ket
)) tur)o:Ket enine
%) tur)o:fan enine
"3D. <or,ard motion of a lider is +rovided )y
a) t&e enine
)) t&e ,ei&t
%) t&e dra
"31. Erofile dra %onsists of ,&at dra ty+esC
a) <orm, skin fri%tion and interferen%e
)) <orm, indu%ed and skin fri%tion
%) <orm, indu%ed and interferen%e
"3". An air%raft in strai&t and level fli&t is su)Ke%t to
a) zero load fa%tor
)) a load fa%tor of 1
%) a load fa%tor of R
"33. As+e%t ratio is iven )y t&e formula
a) Qean F&ord
S+an
)) S+an"
Area
%) S+an" .
Qean F&ord
"37. 8n a &i& ,in air%raft in a turn
a) t&e u+ oin ,in loses lift ,&i%& &as a de:sta)ilizin effe%t
)) t&e do,n oin ,in ains lift %ausin a sta)ilizin effe%t
%) t&e do,n oin ,in loses lift %ausin a de:sta)ilizin effe%t
"3;. A&i%& %ondition is t&e a%tual amount of ,ater va+our in a mi@ture of air and ,aterC
a) Lelative &umidity
)) 5e, +oint
%) A)solute &umidity
"3=. An as+e%t ratio of 8 means
a) t&e s+an is 8 times t&e mean %&ord
)) t&e mean %&ord is 8 times t&e s+an
%) t&e area is 8 times t&e s+an
"3?. In a turn, if your %entrifual for%e is reater t&an t&e &orizontal %om+onent of lift
a) 6ou are sli++in
)) 6ou are skiddin
%) 6ou are in a %oordinated turn
"38. A&i%& ,ill ,ei& t&e leastC
a) B8 +arts of dry air and " +arts of ,ater va+our
)) 3; +arts of dry air and =; +arts of ,ater va+our
%) ;D +arts of dry air and ;D +arts of ,ater va+our
"3B. A &i& as+e%t ratio ,in
a) is stiffer t&an a lo, as+e%t ratio ,in
)) &as less indu%ed dra t&an a lo, as+e%t ratio ,in
%) &as a &i&er stall anle t&an a lo, as+e%t ratio ,in
"7D. -&e t&rust line of an enine may )e set sli&tly to t&e ri&t on air%raft manufa%ture to
a) %ountera%t t&e turnin tenden%y due to +ro+eller tor>ue
)) assist in a %lim)in turn
%) +revent &orizontal os%illation
"71. Indu%ed do,n,as&
a) redu%es t&e effe%tive anle of atta%k of t&e ,in
)) in%reases t&e effe%tive anle of atta%k of t&e ,in
%) &as no effe%t on t&e anle of atta%k of t&e ,in
"7". 5urin a turn, t&e stallin anle
a) in%reases
)) de%reases
%) remains t&e same
"73. A&i%& is t&e ratio of t&e ,ater va+our a%tually +resent in t&e atmos+&ere to t&e amount
t&at ,ould )e +resent if t&e air ,ere saturated at t&e +revailin tem+erature and +ressureC
a) A)solute &umidity
)) Lelative &umidity
%) 5e, +oint
"77. A strai&t re%tanular ,in, ,it&out any t,ist, ,ill
a) &ave reater anle of atta%k at t&e ti+
)) &ave t&e same anle of atta%k at all +oints alon t&e s+an
%) &ave less anle of atta%k at t&e ti+
"7;. Given " ,ins, t&e first ,it& a s+an of 1"m and a %&ord of " m. -&e se%ond &as a s+an of
=m and a %&ord of 1m. 1o, do t&eir As+e%t Latios %om+areC
a) -&e first is &i&er
)) -&e se%ond is &i&er
%) -&ey are t&e same
"7=. -&e F of G moves in fli&t. -&e most likely %ause of t&is is
a) movement of +asseners
)) movement of %aro
%) %onsum+tion of fuel and oils
"7?. -&e s+eed of sound in t&e atmos+&ere
a) varies a%%ordin to t&e fre>uen%y of t&e sound
)) %&anes ,it& a %&ane in tem+erature
%) %&anes ,it& a %&ane in +ressure
"78. A strai&t re%tanular ,in, ,it&out any t,ist, ,ill
a) stall first at t&e ti+
)) stall first at t&e root
%) stall e>ually alon t&e s+an of t&e ,in
"7B. A&at is sea level +ressureC
a) 1D13." m)
)) 1D1".3 m)
%) 1D3"." m)
";D. A&i%& atmos+&eri% %onditions ,ill %ause t&e true landin s+eed of an air%raft to )e t&e
reatestC
a) 9o, tem+erature ,it& lo, &umidity
)) 1i& tem+erature ,it& lo, &umidity
%) 1i& tem+erature ,it& &i& &umidity
Mo+ule 8, -2/1 . 21/
";1. In fli&t if your air%raft nose ets an u+,ard ust of ,ind, ,&at %&ara%teristi% ,ill &ave
t&e reatest effe%t to %ountera%t itC
a) 1orizontal sta)iliser and fuselae lent&
)) Ain S,ee+
%) Eosition of t&e %entre of +ressure relative to t&e %entre of ravity
";". A&en t&e ,ei&t of an air%raft in%reases, t&e minimum dra s+eed
a) de%reases
)) in%reases
%) remains t&e same
";3. A&i%& statement %on%ernin &eat andJor tem+erature is trueC
a) -&ere is an inverse relations&i+ )et,een tem+erature and &eat.
)) -em+erature is a measure of t&e kineti% enery of t&e mole%ules of any su)stan%e.
%) -em+erature is a measure of t&e +otential enery of t&e mole%ules of any su)stan%e.
";7. -o %orre%t 5ut%& roll you must dam+ os%illation around.
a) -&e verti%al a@is
)) -&e lateral a@is
%) -&e lonitudinal a@is
";;. A&en an air%raft e@+erien%es indu%ed dra
a) air flo,s under t&e ,in s+an,ise to,ards t&e ti+ and on to+ of t&e ,in s+an,ise to,ards
t&e root
)) air flo,s under t&e ,in s+an,ise to,ards t&e root and on to+ of t&e ,in s+an,ise
to,ards t&e ti+
%) Heit&er a) or )) sin%e indu%ed dra does not %ause s+an,ise flo,
";=. A&at is a)solute &umidityC
a) -&e tem+erature to ,&i%& &umid air must )e %ooled at %onstant +ressure to )e%ome
saturated.
)) -&e a%tual amount of t&e ,ater va+our in a mi@ture of air and ,ater
%) -&e ratio of t&e ,ater va+our a%tually +resent in t&e atmos+&ere to t&e amount t&at ,ould
)e +resent if t&e air ,ere saturated at t&e +revailin tem+erature and +ressure
";?. If t&e load fa%tor on an air%raft is ", t&e stall s+eed is
a) in%reased
)) de%reased
%) stays t&e same
";8. An elevator trim ta) is used to
a) +revent t&e %ontrol surfa%e from stallin t&e airflo,
)) redu%e %ontrol %olumn for%es on t&e +ilot
%) %ountera%t +ro+eller tor>ue
";B. 8n a +o,er %urve ra+& t&e interse%tion of availa)le +o,er and re>uired +o,er aainst
s+eed ives t&e
a) most effi%ient %ruise s+eed
)) minimum dra s+eed
%) t&e air%raftVs ma@imum s+eed
"=D. An aero+lane ,in is desined to +rodu%e lift resultin from relatively
a) +ositive air +ressure )elo, and a)ove t&e ,inVs surfa%e
)) neative air +ressure )elo, t&e ,inVs surfa%e and +ositive air +ressure a)ove t&e ,inVs
surfa%e
%) +ositive air +ressure )elo, t&e ,inVs surfa%e and neative air +ressure a)ove t&e ,inVs
surfa%e
"=1. As+e%t ratio of a ,in is defined as t&e ratio of t&e
a) ,ins+an to t&e ,in root
)) s>uare of t&e %&ord to t&e ,ins+an
%) ,ins+an to t&e mean %&ord
"=". A&i%& of t&e follo,in is trueC
a) 9ift a%ts at ri&t anles to t&e ,in %&ord line and ,ei&t a%ts verti%ally do,n
)) 9ift a%ts at ri&t anles to t&e relative airflo, and ,ei&t a%ts verti%ally do,n
%) 9ift a%ts at ri&t anles to t&e relative airflo, and ,ei&t a%ts at ri&t anles to t&e air%raft
%entre line
"=3. -&e tem+erature to ,&i%& &umid air must )e %ooled at %onstant +ressure to )e%ome
saturated is %alled
a) de, +oint
)) a)solute &umidity
%) relative &umidity
"=7. -&e airflo, over t&e u++er surfa%e of a %am)ered ,in
a) in%reases in velo%ity and +ressure
)) in%reases in velo%ity and redu%es in +ressure
%) redu%es in velo%ity and in%reases in +ressure
"=;. A&i%& ty+e of fla+ in%reases t&e area of t&e ,inC
a) Elain <la+
)) <o,ler <la+
%) All fla+s
"==. If all, or a sinifi%ant +art of a stall stri+ is missin on an aero+lane ,in, a likely result
,ill )e
a) in%reased lift in t&e area of installation on t&e o++osite ,in at &i& anles of atta%k
)) asymmetri%al aileron %ontrol at lo, anles of atta%k
%) asymmetri%al aileron %ontrol at or near stall anles of atta%k
"=?. Ait& in%reased s+eed in level fli&t
a) indu%ed dra in%reases
)) +rofile dra in%reases
%) +rofile dra remains %onstant
"=8. 5e+loyment of fla+s ,ill result in
a) a de%rease in stall anle
)) an in%rease in stall anle
%) a de%rease in anle of atta%k
"=B. An aero+lane ,in is desined to +rodu%e lift resultin from relatively
a) +ositive air +ressure )elo, and a)ove t&e ,inVs surfa%e.
)) neative air +ressure )elo, t&e ,inVs surfa%e and +ositive air +ressure a)ove t&e ,inVs
surfa%e.
%) +ositive air +ressure )elo, t&e ,inVs surfa%e and neative air +ressure a)ove t&e ,inVs
surfa%e.
"?D. -&e anle of atta%k of an aerofoil se%tion is t&e anle )et,een t&e
a) %&ord line and t&e relative airflo,
)) underside of t&e ,in surfa%e and t&e mean airflo,
%) %&ord line and t&e %entre line of t&e fuselae
"?1. A s,e+t ,in tends to stall first at t&e
a) root
)) ti+
%) %entre se%tion
"?". 2rueer <la+s are normally fitted to
a) t&e trailin ede of t&e ,ins
)) t&e ti+s of t&e ,ins
%) t&e leadin ede of t&e ,ins
"?3. Given an air%raft ,it& +ositive di&edral in a left turn, ,&at ,in ,ill &ave t&e )ier
anle of atta%kC
a) 9eft
)) Li&t
%) Heit&er
"?7. -&e trailin vorte@ on a +ointed ,in (ta+er ratio O D) is
a) at t&e root
)) at t&e ti+
%) e>ually all alon t&e ,in s+an
"?;. A &i& ,in air%raft ,ill )e more
a) laterally sta)le t&an a lo, ,in air%raft
)) lonitudinally sta)le t&an a lo, ,in air%raft
%) dire%tionally sta)le t&an a lo, ,in air%raft
"?=. A ,in ,it& a very &i& as+e%t ratio (in %om+arison ,it& a lo, as+e%t ratio ,in) ,ill
&ave
a) in%reased dra at &i& anles of atta%k
)) a &i& stall s+eed
%) +oor %ontrol >ualities at lo, airs+eeds
"??. -&e lift %urve for a delta ,in is
a) more stee+ t&an t&at of a &i& as+e%t ratio ,in
)) less stee+ t&an t&at of a &i& as+e%t ratio ,in
%) t&e same as t&at of a &i& as+e%t ratio ,in
"?8. After an air%raft &as )een distur)ed from its strai&t and level fli&t, it returns to its
oriinal attitude ,it& a small amount of de%reasin os%illation. -&e air%raft is
a) stati%ally sta)le )ut dynami%ally unsta)le
)) stati%ally unsta)le )ut dynami%ally sta)le
%) stati%ally sta)le and dynami%ally sta)le
"?B. An in%rease in t&e s+eed at ,&i%& an aerofoil +asses t&rou& t&e air in%reases lift )e%ause
a) t&e in%reased s+eed of t&e airflo, %reates a reater +ressure differential )et,een t&e u++er
and lo,er surfa%es.
)) t&e in%reased s+eed of t&e airflo, %reates a lesser +ressure differential )et,een t&e u++er
and lo,er surfa%es.
%) t&e in%reased velo%ity of t&e relative ,ind in%reases t&e anle of atta%k.
"8D. A delta ,in &as
a) a &i&er stall anle t&an a strai&t ,in
)) a lo,er stall anle t&an a strai&t ,in
%) t&e same stall anle t&an a strai&t ,in
"81. -&e 9iftJ5ra ratio of a ,in at t&e stallin anle is
a) of a neative value
)) lo,
%) &i&
"8". -&e airflo, over t&e u++er surfa%e of a %am)ered ,in
a) in%reases in velo%ity and +ressure
)) in%reases in velo%ity and redu%es in +ressure
%) redu%es in velo%ity and in%reases in +ressure
"83. -&e s+eed of air over a s,e+t ,in t&at %ontri)utes to t&e lift is
a) less t&an t&e air%raft s+eed
)) more t&an t&e air%raft s+eed
%) t&e same as t&e air%raft s+eed
"87. <or a iven anle of atta%k indu%ed dra is
a) reater on a &i& as+e%t ratio ,in
)) reater to,ards t&e ,in root
%) reater on a lo, as+e%t ratio ,in
"8;. In strai&t and level fli&t, t&e anle of atta%k of a s,e+t ,in is
a) t&e same as t&e air%raft anle to t&e &orizontal
)) more t&an t&e air%raft anle to t&e &orizontal
%) less t&an t&e air%raft anle to t&e &orizontal
"8=. Indu%ed dra
a) is never e>ual to t&e +rofile dra
)) is e>ual to t&e +rofile dra at t&e stallin s+eed
%) is e>ual to t&e +rofile dra at Mmd
"8?. A delta ,in air%raft flyin at t&e same s+eed (su)soni%) and anle of atta%k as a s,e+t
,in air%raft of similar ,in area ,ill +rodu%e
a) t&e same lift
)) more lift
%) less lift
"88. -&e stanation +oint is
a) stati% +ressure +lus dynami% +ressure
)) stati% +ressure minus dynami% +ressure
%) dynami% +ressure only
"8B. 8n a s,e+t ,in air%raft, due to t&e adverse +ressure radient, t&e )oundary layer on t&e
u++er surfa%e of t&e ,in tends to flo,
a) dire%tly from leadin ede to trailin ede
)) to,ards t&e ti+
%) to,ards t&e root
"BD. Ait& in%reased s+eed in level fli&t
a) indu%ed dra in%reases
)) +rofile dra in%reases
%) +rofile dra remains %onstant
"B1. If a s,e+t ,in stalls at t&e ti+s first, t&e air%raft ,ill
a) +it%& nose u+
)) +it%& nose do,n
%) roll
"B". -&e t&i%knessJ%&ord ratio of t&e ,in is also kno,n as
a) as+e%t ratio
)) mean %&ord ratio
%) fineness ratio
"B3. <le@ure of a rear,ard s,e+t ,in ,ill
a) in%rease t&e lift and &en%e in%rease t&e fle@ure
)) de%rease t&e lift and &en%e de%rease t&e fle@ure
%) in%rease t&e lift and &en%e de%rease t&e fle@ure
"B7. A 1i& As+e%t Latio ,in is a ,in ,it&
a) lon s+an, lon %&ord
)) lon s+an, s&ort %&ord
%) s&ort s+an, lon %&ord
"B;. Stall %ommen%in at t&e root is +referred )e%ause
a) t&e ailerons )e%ome ineffe%tive
)) it +rovides t&e +ilot ,it& a ,arnin of %om+lete loss of lift
%) it ,ill %ause t&e air%raft to +it%& nose u+
Mo+ule 8, -212 . 3/0
"B=. An air%raft flyin in Tround effe%tU ,ill +rodu%e
a) more lift t&an a similar air%raft outside of round effe%t
)) less lift t&an a similar air%raft outside of round effe%t
%) t&e same lift as a similar air%raft outside of round effe%t
"B?. If t&e anle of atta%k of a ,in is in%reased in fli&t, t&e
a) F of E ,ill move for,ard
)) F of G ,ill move aft
%) F of E ,ill move aft
"B8. -&e Lams 1orn Morte@ on a for,ard s,e+t ,in ,ill )e
a) t&e same as a rear,ard s,e+t ,in
)) more t&an a rear,ard s,e+t ,in
%) less t&an a rear,ard s,e+t ,in
"BB. A&en maintainin level fli&t an in%rease in s+eed ,ill
a) %ause t&e F of E to move aft
)) %ause t&e F of E to move for,ard
%) &ave no affe%t on t&e +osition of t&e F of E
3DD. <or a %am)ered ,in se%tion t&e zero lift anle of atta%k ,ill )e
a) zero
)) 7 derees
%) neative
3D1. 5ensity %&anes ,it& altitude at a rate
a) of "kJm3 +er 1DDDft
)) ,&i%& %&anes ,it& altitude
%) ,&i%& is %onstant until 11km
3D". Airflo, at su)soni% s+eed is taken to )e
a) %om+ressi)le
)) in%om+ressi)le
%) eit&er a or ) de+endin on altitude
3D3. $ernoulliVs e>uation s&o,s t&at
a) at %onstant velo%ity t&e kineti% enery of t&e air %&anes ,it& a %&ane of &ei&t
)) ,it& a %&ane in s+eed at %onstant &ei&t )ot& kineti% and +otential eneries %&ane
%) ,it& a %&ane in velo%ity at %onstant &ei&t t&e stati% +ressure ,ill %&ane
3D7. If fluid flo, t&rou& a venturi is said to )e in%om+ressi)le, t&e s+eed of t&e flo,
in%reases at t&e t&roat to
a) maintain a %onstant volume flo, rate
)) allo, for a redu%tion in stati% +ressure
%) allo, for an in%rease in stati% +ressure
3D;. -o +rodu%e lift, an aerofoil must )e
a) asymmetri%al
)) symmetri%al
%) eit&er a or ) a)ove
3D=. 9ift is de+endent on
a) t&e area of t&e ,in, t&e density of t&e fluid medium, and t&e s>uare of t&e velo%ity
)) t&e net area of t&e ,in ,t&e density of t&e fluid medium and t&e velo%ity
%) t&e frontal area of t&e ,in, t&e density of t&e fluid medium and t&e velo%ity
3D?. -&e ma@imum liftJdra ratio of a ,in o%%urs
a) at t&e anle of atta%k ,&ere t&e ,in develo+s its ma@imum lift
)) durin take off
%) at an anle )elo, ,&i%& t&e ,in develo+s ma@ lift
3D8. A ,in develo+s 1D,DDDH of lift at 1DDknots. Assumin t&e ,in remains at t&e same
anle of atta%k and remains at t&e same altitude, &o, mu%& lift ,ill it develo+ at 3DDknotsC
a) BDD,DDD H
)) BD,DDD H
%) 3D,DDD H
3DB. -&e anle of atta%k is
a) related to anle of in%iden%e
)) al,ays ke+t )elo, 1; derees
%) not related to t&e anle of in%iden%e
31D. -&e differen%e )et,een t&e mean %am)er line and t&e %&ord line of an aerofoil is
a) one is al,ays strai&t and t&e ot&er may )e strai&t
)) neit&er are strai&t
%) t&ey )ot& may )e %urved
311. If t&e F of G is %al%ulated after loadin as ,it&in limits for take off
a) no furt&er %al%ulation is re>uired
)) a furt&er %al%ulation is re>uired +rior to landin to allo, for fuel and oil %onsum+tion
%) a furt&er %al%ulation is re>uired +rior to landin to allo, for fla+ de+loyment
31". A stalled aerofoil &as a liftJdra ratio
a) more t&an t&e liftJdra ratio +rior to stall
)) zero
%) less t&an t&e liftJdra ratio +rior to stall
313. At lo, for,ard s+eed
a) in%reased do,n,as& redu%es tail+lane effe%tiveness
)) in%reased do,n,as& in%reases tail+lane effe%tiveness
%) e@%essive rudder movement may %ause fin to stall
317. 1eli%o+ter rotor )lades %reate lift )y
a) %reatin lo, +ressure a)ove t&e )lades
)) +us&in t&e air do,n
%) ,orkin like a s%re,
31;. 8n some modern air%raft a stall ,arnin ,ill automati%ally
a) in%rease t&rust
)) e@tend out)oard slats
%) %ause a +it%& nose do,n movement
31=. A)ove =;,8DD ft tem+erature
a) remains %onstant u+ to 11;,DDDft
)) de%reases )y 1.B8IF u+ to 11;DDDft
%) in%reases )y D.3D3IF u+ to 11;DDDft
31?. At sea level, ISA atmos+&eri% +ressure is
a) 17.? ESI
)) 17.? 2+a
%) 1D $ar
318. -&e s+an,ise %om+onent of t&e airflo, is
a) reater at &i&er s+eeds
)) less at &i&er s+eeds
%) unaffe%ted )y s+eed
31B. A ,in fen%e
a) in%reases lateral %ontrol
)) a%ts as a lift dum+in devi%e
%) redu%es s+an,ise flo, on a s,e+t ,in t&us redu%in indu%ed dra
3"D. -&e &i&est liftJdra ratio is reatest at
a) lo, altitudes
)) t&e +oint Kust )efore t&e stallin anle
%) t&e o+timum anle of atta%k
3"1. Ait& all %onditions remainin t&e same, if t&e air%raft s+eed is &alved, )y ,&at fa%tor is
t&e lift redu%edC
a) 1alf
)) $y a fa%tor of 7
%) Lemains t&e same
3"". -&e )oundary layer over an aerofoil is
a) a layer of air %lose to t&e aerofoil t&at is stationary
)) a layer of air %lose to t&e aerofoil ,&i%& is movin at a velo%ity less t&an free stream air
%) a layer of tur)ulent air %lose to t&e aerofoil ,&i%& is movin at a velo%ity less t&an free
stream air
3"3. 8n a s,e+t ,in air%raft, t&e fineness ratio of an aerofoil is
a) &i&est at t&e root
)) &i&est at t&e ti+
%) e>ual t&rou&out t&e s+an
3"7. IAS for a stall ,ill
a) in%rease ,it& altitude
)) de%rease ,it& altitude
%) rou&ly remain t&e same for all altitude
3";. If t&e radius of a turn is redu%ed t&e load fa%tor ,ill
a) in%rease
)) de%rease
%) remain t&e same
3"=. Streamlinin ,ill redu%e
a) form dra
)) indu%ed dra
%) skin fri%tion dra
3"?. If an air%raft &as a ross ,ei&t of 3DDD k and is t&en su)Ke%ted to a total ,ei&t of
=DDD k t&e load fa%tor ,ill )e
a) "G
)) 3G
%) BG
3"8. A %onstant rate of %lim) is determined )y
a) ,ei&t
)) ,ind s+eed
%) e@%ess enine +o,er
3"B. I%e formed on t&e leadin ede ,ill %ause t&e air%raft to
a) stall at t&e same stall s+eed and AoA
)) stall at a lo,er s+eed
%) stall at a &i&er s+eed
33D. Ait& an air%raft in )ank, t&e u++er ,in +rodu%es more dra. -o %om+ensate
a) t&e rudder is o+erated
)) ,&en )ank anle is a%&ieved t&en t&e ailerons are o+erated in t&e o++osite dire%tion to
%ause t&e o++osite effe%t
%) anle of atta%k is in%reased
331. If )ot& ,ins lose lift t&e air%raft
a) +it%&es nose u+
)) +it%&es nose do,n
%) lides on a &orizontal +lane
33". 4nder ,&at %onditions ,ill an air%raft %reate )est liftC
a) Fold dry day at "DD ft
)) 1ot dam+ day at 1"DD ft
%) Fold ,et day at 1"DD ft
333. If t&ere ,ere an in%rease of density, ,&at effe%t ,ould t&ere )e in aerodynami%
dam+eninC
a) Hone
)) 5e%reased
%) In%reased
337. As Qa%& num)er in%reases, ,&at is t&e effe%t on )oundary layerC
a) $e%omes more tur)ulent
)) $e%omes less tur)ulent
%) 5e%reases in t&i%kness
33;. A&en a slat is retra%ted it moves
a) to,ards t&e u++er leadin ede of t&e ,in
)) to,ards t&e lo,er leadin ede of t&e ,in
%) to,ards t&e %entre of t&e leadin ede of t&e ,in
33=. In a turn t&e u+:oin ,in %auses a
a) de:sta)ilisin effe%t due to in%reased AoA
)) de:sta)ilisin effe%t due to de%reased AoA
%) sta)ilisin effe%t due to de%reased AoA
33?. -&e stanation +oint %onsists of
a) dynami% and stati% air +ressure
)) stati% air +ressure
%) dynami% air +ressure
338. 5urin a lide t&e follo,in for%es a%t on an air%raft
a) lift, ,ei&t, t&rust
)) lift, dra, ,ei&t
%) lift and ,ei&t only
33B. 6a,in is a rotation around
a) t&e normal a@is o)tained )y t&e elevator
)) t&e lateral a@is o)tained )y t&e rudder
%) t&e normal a@is o)tained )y t&e rudder
37D. If an aileron is moved do,n,ard
a) t&e stallin anle of t&at ,in is in%reased
)) t&e stallin anle of t&at ,in is de%reased
%) t&e stallin anle is not affe%ted )ut t&e stallin s+eed is de%reased
371. If t&e ,in loadin of an air%raft ,ere redu%ed t&e stallin s+eed ,ould
a) in%rease
)) de%rease
%) not )e affe%ted
37". 5ensity %&anes ,it& altitude at a rate
a) of " kJm3 +er 1DDDft
)) ,&i%& %&anes ,it& altitude
%) ,&i%& is %onstant until 11DDDm
373. -&e lift on a ,in is in%reased ,it&
a) an in%rease in +ressure
)) an in%rease in &umidity
%) an in%rease in tem+erature
377. An air%raft enterin a level turn ,ill re>uire more lift
a) only if t&ere is an in%rease in s+eed
)) only if t&ere is an in%rease in anle of atta%k
%) in all %ases
37;. 9ateral sta)ility is redu%ed )y in%reasin
a) an&edral
)) di&edral
%) s,ee+)a%k
37=. Eullin t&e %ontrol %olumn and rotatin to t&e left %auses
a) elevator do,n, left aileron do,n
)) elevator u+, left aileron u+
%) elevator do,n, left aileron u+
37?. Azimut& sta)ility is de+endent on
a) di&edral
)) tail+lane
%) keel and fin
378. If t&e air%raft is sli++in in turn
a) t&e )ank anle is too reat
)) t&e )ank anle is too small
%) t&e nose of t&e air%raft is too lo,
37B. In normal fli&t %onditions, an in%rease in air%raft s+eed
a) %auses t&e nose of t&e air%raft to dro+
)) %auses t&e nose of t&e air%raft to lift
%) t&e nose remains in t&e same +osition
3;D. An air%raft sidesli+s. A&at &el+s to restore t&e air%raftC
a) <in ives rollin movement
)) 5i&edral %auses t&e air%raft to roll strai&t and t&e fin in%reases t&e ya, rate
%) -ail+lane
Mo+ule 8, -3/1 . 400
3;1. <or an air%raft %lim)in at a %onstant IAS t&e Qa%& num)er ,ill
a) in%rease
)) de%rease
%) remain %onstant
3;". -&e airflo, )e&ind a normal s&o%k,ave ,ill
a) al,ays )e su)soni% and in t&e same dire%tion as t&e oriinal airflo,
)) al,ays )e su+ersoni% and in t&e same dire%tion as t&e oriinal airflo,
%) al,ays )e su)soni% and defle%ted from t&e dire%tion of t&e oriinal airflo,
3;3. S,ee+)a%k of t&e ,ins ,ill
a) not affe%t lateral sta)ility
)) in%rease lateral sta)ility at &i& s+eeds only
%) in%rease lateral sta)ility at all s+eeds
3;7. Ait& t&e fla+s lo,ered, t&e stallin s+eed ,ill
a) in%rease
)) de%rease
%) remain t&e same
3;;. A&en flyin %lose to t&e stall s+eed a +ilot a++lies left rudder t&e air%raft ,ill
a) +it%& nose u+
)) roll to t&e left
%) stall t&e left ,in
3;=. A&en an air%raft is in a )ank, t&e u++er ,in +rodu%es more dra. -o %om+ensate
a) t&e rudder is o+erated
)) ,&en )ank anle is a%&ieved t&en t&e ailerons are o+erated in t&e o++osite dire%tion to
%ause t&e o++osite effe%t
%) anle of atta%k is in%reased (+it%& u+)
3;?. A&en fla+s are do,n it ,ill
a) in%rease AoA and in%rease slo, s+eed sta)ility
)) de%rease AoA and de%rease slo, s+eed sta)ility
%) t&e AoA remains t&e same on )ot& ,ins
3;8. If you &ave an air%raft t&at is more laterally sta)le t&en dire%tionally sta)le it ,ill tend to.
a) skid
)) sli+
%) )ank
3;B. 8n a very &ot day ,it& am)ient tem+erature &i&er t&an ISA, your +ressure altitude is
"D,DDDft. 1o, mu%& ,ill t&e density altitude )eC
a) reater t&an "DDDDft
)) less t&an "DDDDft
%) t&e same
3=D. -&e atmos+&eri% zone ,&ere t&e tem+erature remains fairly %onstant is %alled t&e
a) Stratos+&ere
)) -ro+os+&ere
%) Ionos+&ere
3=1. Indu%ed dra %an )e redu%ed )y t&e use of
a) streamlinin
)) &i& as+e%t ratio ,ins
%) fairins at Kun%tions )et,een fuselae and ,ins
3=". Interferen%e dra %an )e redu%ed )y t&e use of
a) streamlinin
)) &i& as+e%t ratio ,ins
%) fairins at Kun%tions )et,een fuselae and ,ins
3=3. A %entre of ravity +osition %lose to it0s aft limit ,ill %ause t&e air%raft to
a) +it%& nose u+ and de%rease it0s lonitudinal sta)ility
)) +it%& nose do,n and in%rease it0s lonitudinal sta)ility
%) +it%& nose u+ and in%rease it0s lonitudinal sta)ility
3=7. -&e result of an air%raft flyin into a rainstorm of su+er %ooled rain dro+lets ,ould )e an
a%%retion of
a) rime i%e
)) &oar i%e
%) laze i%e
3=;. I%e a%%retion on an air%raft in fli&t t&at is o+a>ue, rou&, ,it& lo, s&ear strent& is
a) rime i%e
)) &oar i%e
%) laze i%e
3==. In a steady %lim)
a) t&rust is reater t&an dra
)) t&rust is e>ual to dra
%) t&rust is less t&an dra
3=?. 8n a slender delta ,in at lo, s+eed t&e lifeJdra ratio is
a) redu%ed
)) in%reased
%) %onstant
3=8. A &i& ,ined air%raft in a turn re>uires returnin to level fli&t.
a) 9ift must de%rease on t&e u++er ,in
)) 9ift must in%rease on t&e u++er ,in
%) 9ift must de%rease on t&e lo,er ,in
3=B. A&at &a++ens to t&e load fa%tor as you de%rease t&e turn radiusC
a) 9oad fa%tor in%reases
)) 9oad fa%tor de%reases
%) 9oad fa%tor remains %onstant
3?D. A &i& ,in air%raft in a )anked turn in%reases its anle of )ank ,it&out in%reasin its
anle of atta%k. -&e air%raft ,ill
a) side sli+
)) side sli+ ,it& a loss of altitude
%) %ome out of t&e turn early
3?1. If t&e am)ient tem+erature at sea level de%reases, t&e o+erational %eilin &ei&t of t&e
air%raft
a) in%reases
)) de%reases
%) stays t&e same
3?". A s&ar+ly s,e+t ,in ,ill +romote
a) e@%essive lateral insta)ility
)) e@%essive lateral sta)ility
%) e@%essive lonitudinal sta)ility
3?3. A&i%& %ontrol surfa%es +rovide dire%tional and +it%& %ontrolC
a) Elevons
)) Luddervators
%) -ailerons
3?7. A&i%& %ontrol surfa%es +rovide lateral %ontrol, also lonitudinal %ontrol and sta)ilityC
a) <la++erons
)) Luddervators
%) -ailerons
3?;. Hame t&e four fundamentals involved in manoeuvrin t&e air%raft.
a) Air%raft +o,er, +it%&, )ank and trim.
)) Strai&t and level fli&t, turn and %lim) and des%ent.
%) -ake off, slo, fli&t and stalls.
3?=. 4nder t&e %ateory system t&e desin load fa%tor for an air+lane in t&e normal %ateory
is
a) 7.7
)) 3.8
%) ;.?
3??. <or a iven )ank anle t&e load fa%tor im+osed on )ot& t&e aero+lane and +ilot in a %o:
ordinated %onstant altitude turn
a) is %onstant
)) is dire%tly related to air+lanes ross ,ei&t
%) is varied ,it& t&e ratio of turn
3?8. -&e deree of aero+lane ,in loadin durin level %oordinated turn in smoot& air
de+ends u+on
a) anle of )ank
)) rate of turn
%) density altitude
3?B. -&e +rimary +ur+ose of ,in s+oilers is to
a) de%rease lift of t&e ,in )y distur)in t&e airflo,
)) de%rease landin s+eed
%) in%rease dra
38D. Ain fla+ is a
a) +rimary %ontrol surfa%e
)) se%ondary %ontrol surfa%e
%) &i& lift devi%e
381. Glidin anle is t&e anle )et,een
a) round and t&e lide +at&
)) air%raft and fli&t +at&
%) air%raft and airflo,
38". <rise ailerons are used to minimise
a) ivin sta)ility
)) lateral sta)ility
%) adverse ya,
383. 5urin stee+ dive, t&e load fa%tor ,ill )e
a) zero
)) "
%) :1
387. A&i%& statement is true reardin F of G lo%ation and draC
a) If loaded ,it& F of G aft, )ut ,it&in limits, t&e aero+lane ,ill %ruise at a slo,er airs+eed
)e%ause of in%reased dra.
)) If loaded ,it& F of G for,ard t&e air%raft ,ill %ruise at a faster s+eed )e%ause of redu%ed
dra.
%) If loaded ,it& F of G aft )ut ,it&in limit, t&e air%raft ,ill %ruise at faster airs+eed )e%ause
of redu%ed air dra.
38;. Ero+eller Solidity %an )e in%reased )y
a) in%reasin t&e )lade anle
)) in%reasin t&e num)er of )lades
%) de%reasin t&e lent& of t&e )lades
38=. In a steady %lim) at %onstant indi%ated airs+eed, true airs+eed ,ill
a) de%rease
)) in%rease
%) remain %onstant
38?. 5ensity %&anes ,it& altitude at a rate
a) of " kJm3 +er 1DDDft
)) ,&i%& %&anes ,it& altitude
%) ,&i%& is %onstant until 11km
388. In t&e ISA t&e &ei&t of t&e tro+o+ause is
a) 11,DDD metres
)) 11,DDD feet
%) 3=,DDD metres
38B. 9ift is enerated )y a ,in
a) e>ually on t&e to+ and )ottom surfa%es
)) mostly on t&e to+ surfa%e
%) mostly on t&e )ottom surfa%e
3BD. 9ift is de+endent on
a) t&e area of t&e ,in, t&e density of t&e fluid medium and t&e s>uare of t&e velo%ity
)) t&e net area of t&e ,in, t&e density of t&e fluid medium and t&e velo%ity
%) t&e frontal area of t&e ,in, t&e density of t&e fluid medium and t&e velo%ity
3B1. In t&e ISA t&e sea level +ressure is taken to )e
a) 1D13." m)
)) 17 ESI
%) 1.D13 m)
3B". -o +rodu%e lift an aerofoil must )e
a) asymmetri%al
)) symmetri%al
%) eit&er (a) or ())
3B3. If fluid flo, t&rou& a venturi is said to )e in%om+ressi)le, t&e s+eed of t&e flo,
in%reases at t&e t&roat to
a) maintain a %onstant volume flo, rate
)) allo, for a redu%tion in stati% +ressure
%) allo, for an in%rease in stati% +ressure
3B7. $ernoulliVs e>uation s&o,s t&at
a) at %onstant velo%ity t&e total enery of t&e air %&anes ,it& a %&ane in &ei&t
)) ,it& a %&ane in s+eed at %onstant &ei&t )ot& kineti% and +otential eneries %&ane
%) ,it& a %&ane in velo%ity at %onstant &ei&t t&e stati% +ressure ,ill %&ane
3B;. Airflo, at su):soni% s+eed is taken to )e
a) %om+ressi)le
)) in%om+ressi)le
%) eit&er (a) or ()) de+endin on altitude
3B=. In t&e ISA t&e tem+erature la+se rate ,it& altitude is taken to )e.
a) non linear
)) de+endent on +ressure and density %&anes
%) linear
3B?. A ,in develo+s 1D,DDD H of lift at 1DD 2nots. Assumin t&e ,in remains at t&e same
anle of atta%k : &o, mu%& lift ,ill it develo+ at 3DD 2notsC
a) BDD,DDD 2nots
)) BD,DDD 2nots
%) 3D,DDD 2nots
3B8. Ait& an air%raft in a BD deree )anked turn, &oldin t&e lonitudinal a@is of t&e air%raft
level
a) altitude %an )e maintained
)) altitude %annot )e maintained
%) t&e +ilot uses t&e elevators to maintain &ei&t
3BB. 5urin a %orre%tly e@e%uted turn
a) t&e lift ve%tor is &eld %onstant to e>ual t&e ,ei&t ve%tor
)) t&e lift ve%tor must )e in%reased
%) t&e %entrifual for%e must )e reater t&an t&e %entri+etal for%e
7DD. -&e lo,erin of a fla+ ,ill
a) affe%t t&e mean %am)er line
)) not affe%t t&e mean %am)er line
%) affe%t t&e %&ord line of t&e aerofoil
7D1. -&e total dra of an air%raft
a) in%reases ,it& t&e s>uare of s+eed
)) in%reases ,it& s+eed
%) %&anes ,it& s+eed
7D". Eut in se>uen%e from t&e round
a) tro+os+&ere, tro+o+ause, stratos+&ere
)) tro+o+ause, stratos+&ere, tro+os+&ere
%) tro+os+&ere, tro+o+ause, stratos+&ere
7D3. If, after a distur)an%e, an aero+lane initially returns to its e>uili)rium state
a) it &as neutral sta)ility
)) it is neutrally unsta)le
%) it &as stati% sta)ility and may )e dynami%ally sta)le
7D7. A sti%k s&aker is intended to %ome into o+eration
a) at t&e a%tual moment of air%raft stall
)) +rior to t&e a%tual moment of air%raft stall
%) immediately after t&e air%raft is stalled
7D;. WWWWWW anle of atta%k is kno,n as o+timum anle of atta%k
a) 1D to 1" derees
)) 3 to 7 derees
%) ; to ? derees
7D=. -rue stallin s+eed of an air%raft in%reases ,it& altitude
a) )e%ause redu%ed tem+erature %auses %om+ressi)ility effe%t
)) )e%ause air density is redu%ed
%) )e%ause &umidity is in%reased and t&is in%reases dra
7D?. 6a, dam+ers are desined to
a) +revent 5ut%& roll
)) assist t&e +ilot to move t&e rudder
%) redu%e t&e effe%t of %ra))in due to %ross ,inds
7D8. -u%k under o%%urs ,&en
a) a s&o%k stall o%%urs on t&e out)oard +ortion of t&e s,e+t ,in
)) a s&o%k stall ,arnin o%%urs on t&e in)oard +osition of a strai&t ,in
%) t&e air%raft rea%&es Q%rit
7DB. Indu%ed dra is WWWWWWWWWW at root
a) reatest
)) lo,est
%) neutral
71D. Erofile dra is WWWWWWWWW to s+eed
a) neutral
)) inversely +ro+ortional
%) +ro+ortional
1 ) 7B a B? ) 17; % 1B3 ) "71 a
" a ;D a B8 a 17= a 1B7 ) "7" %
3 a ;1 % BB a 17? a 1B; ) "73 )
7 ) ;" a 1DD ) 178 a 1B= a "77 %
; ) ;3 a 1D1 a 17B ) 1B? % "7; %
= ) ;7 a 1D" a 1;D % 1B8 a "7= %
? % ;; % 1D3 % 1;1 ) 1BB % "7? )
8 a ;= ) 1D7 % 1;" ) "DD ) "78 )
B % ;? ) 1D; a 1;3 % "D1 ) "7B a
1D % ;8 a 1D= ) 1;7 a "D" a ";D %
11 % ;B ) 1D? ) 1;; % "D3 ) ";1 a
1" % =D a 1D8 ) 1;= % "D7 a ";" )
13 % =1 a 1DB a 1;? ) "D; a ";3 )
17 a =" a 11D ) 1;8 a "D= a ";7 a
1; a =3 a 111 a 1;B a "D? a ";; a
1= ) =7 ) 11" a 1=D a "D8 ) ";= )
1? a =; % 113 ) 1=1 a "DB a ";? a
18 ) == % 117 a 1=" a "1D % ";8 )
1B % =? a 11; % 1=3 ) "11 a ";B a
"D a =8 a 11= ) 1=7 a "1" ) "=D %
"1 a =B a 11? % 1=; ) "13 % "=1 %
"" a ?D ) 118 ) 1== a "17 % "=" )
"3 a ?1 % 11B ) 1=? % "1; a "=3 a
"7 a ?" ) 1"D % 1=8 % "1= % "=7 )
"; a ?3 % 1"1 ) 1=B ) "1? a "=; )
"= ) ?7 % 1"" a 1?D ) "18 a "== %
"? % ?; ) 1"3 ) 1?1 a "1B % "=? )
"8 % ?= ) 1"7 % 1?" % ""D % "=8 a
"B a ?? ) 1"; ) 1?3 % ""1 % "=B %
3D a ?8 a 1"= ) 1?7 % """ a "?D a
31 ) ?B ) 1"? a 1?; a ""3 % "?1 )
3" ) 8D ) 1"8 ) 1?= % ""7 ) "?" %
33 ) 81 % 1"B % 1?? ) ""; ) "?3 a
37 a 8" ) 13D ) 1?8 a ""= ) "?7 a
3; a 83 a 131 % 1?B ) ""? a "?; a
3= ) 87 a 13" ) 18D ) ""8 % "?= )
3? ) 8; ) 133 ) 181 a ""B % "?? )
38 ) 8= a 137 a 18" ) "3D ) "?8 %
3B % 8? ) 13; a 183 ) "31 a "?B a
7D % 88 % 13= a 187 % "3" ) "8D a
71 % 8B ) 13? % 18; a "33 ) "81 )
7" % BD a 138 % 18= % "37 ) "8" )
73 % B1 % 13B ) 18? ) "3; % "83 a
77 a B" ) 17D ) 188 % "3= a "87 %
7; a B3 % 171 ) 18B % "3? ) "8; %
7= % B7 a 17" % 1BD % "38 ) "8= %
7? a B; a 173 % 1B1 a "3B ) "8? %
78 a B= % 177 a 1B" % "7D a "88 a
"8B ) 33? a 38; ) 733 781 ;"B
"BD ) 338 ) 38= ) 737 78" ;3D
"B1 a 33B % 38? ) 73; 783 ;31
"B" % 37D ) 388 a 73= 787 ;3"
"B3 ) 371 ) 38B ) 73? 78; ;33
"B7 ) 37" ) 3BD a 738 78= ;37
"B; ) 373 a 3B1 a 73B 78? ;3;
"B= a 377 % 3B" % 77D 788 ;3=
"B? a 37; a 3B3 a 771 78B ;3?
"B8 % 37= ) 3B7 a 77" 7BD ;38
"BB a 37? % 3B; ) 773 7B1 ;3B
3DD % 378 a 3B= % 777 7B" ;7D
3D1 ) 37B ) 3B? ) 77; 7B3 ;71
3D" ) 3;D ) 3B8 ) 77= 7B7 ;7"
3D3 % 3;1 a 3BB ) 77? 7B; ;73
3D7 a 3;" a 7DD a 778 7B= ;77
3D; % 3;3 % 7D1 % 77B 7B? ;7;
3D= a 3;7 ) 7D" a 7;D 7B8 ;7=
3D? % 3;; % 7D3 % 7;1 7BB ;7?
3D8 ) 3;= a 7D7 ) 7;" ;DD ;78
3DB % 3;? ) 7D; ) 7;3 ;D1 ;7B
31D a 3;8 a 7D= ) 7;7 ;D" ;;D
311 ) 3;B a 7D? a 7;; ;D3 ;;1
31" % 3=D a 7D8 % 7;= ;D7 ;;"
313 ) 3=1 ) 7DB a 7;? ;D; ;;3
317 a 3=" % 71D % 7;8 ;D= ;;7
31; % 3=3 a 711 7;B ;D? ;;;
31= % 3=7 a 71" 7=D ;D8 ;;=
31? a 3=; a 713 7=1 ;DB ;;?
318 ) 3== a 717 7=" ;1D ;;8
31B % 3=? a 71; 7=3 ;11 ;;B
3"D % 3=8 a 71= 7=7 ;1" ;=D
3"1 ) 3=B a 71? 7=; ;13 ;=1
3"" ) 3?D ) 718 7== ;17 ;="
3"3 ) 3?1 a 71B 7=? ;1; ;=3
3"7 % 3?" ) 7"D 7=8 ;1= ;=7
3"; a 3?3 ) 7"1 7=B ;1? ;=;
3"= a 3?7 % 7"" 7?D ;18 ;==
3"? a 3?; a 7"3 7?1 ;1B ;=?
3"8 % 3?= ) 7"7 7?" ;"D ;=8
3"B % 3?? a 7"; 7?3 ;"1 ;=B
33D a 3?8 a 7"= 7?7 ;"" ;?D
331 a 3?B a 7"? 7?; ;"3 ;?1
33" a 38D % 7"8 7?= ;"7 ;?"
333 % 381 a 7"B 7?? ;"; ;?3
337 a 38" % 73D 7?8 ;"= ;?7
33; a 383 a 731 7?B ;"? ;?;
33= % 387 % 73" 78D ;"8 ;?=