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=
With estimates of 10% more voltage than the voltage rating
for the transient state, the rms voltage to 242 V (220 +22) and
the peak voltage is thus, calculated as :
V 2 , 342 242 x 2 V
dc
= =
Current rating of single phase uncontrolled rectifier and the
chopper switch is calculated as :
A 68 , 0
220
150
V
P
I
L
ac
= = =
A 51 , 1 9 , 0 / ) 2 x 68 , 0 ( 9 , 0 / ) 2 x I ( I
ac peak
= = =
From the calculation above, the maximum voltage is 342.2 V
and maximum current 1.51 A.
The rating of dump load resistance, R
d
is calculated as:
= = = 36 , 261
150
) 198 (
P
) V (
R
2 2
dc
D
C. Opto-coupler Circuit
The opto-coupler circuit that also functions as a gate driver
using the TLP 250.
Fig.4 Opto-coupler circuit with TLP 250
D. Fuzzy Logic Controller
A fuzzy logic controller consists of four main components as
fuzzification, rule base, inference mechanism and
defuzzification. The fuzzification converts its inputs into
fuzzy values with membership functions in the form of
triangle, trapezoid, bell or other appropriate forms expressed
by the fuzzy linguistic variables. The rule base contains the
experts linguistic descriptions expressed in the form of
logical implications such as IF x is positive THEN y is big.
The inference mechanism evaluates fuzzy information to
activate and apply control rules. The defuzzification that uses
methods such as centre of gravity, maximum and weighted
mean converts the inference mechanism into the crisp values
applied to the actual system.
The proposed schematic of an ELC is shown in Fig. 2.
There are two inputs and one output of the fuzzy controller.
The first input is the error between reference value that is
desired output value and generator output value. The second
input is the derivative of the error. The inputs are given by:
e(k) = r(k) y(k)
e(k) = e(k) e(k-1)
The design of the fuzzy controller depends on information
about the system behavior or experience of a human expert.
The fuzzification stage is determined by the choice of the
range, shape and number of the membership functions. The
input membership functions for the error and the delta error to
the fuzzy controller, the positioning universe was divided into
seven domains which are negative big (NB), negative medium
(NM), negative small (NS), zero (Z), positive small (PS),
positive medium (PM), and positive big (PB). The output
membership functions are chosen to be nonuniformly
distributed seven singletons functions. The output
membership function processed by the fuzzy logic algorithm
produces the PWM singletons taken as output assignments for
the control dump load.
Fig.5 Membership functions of error and the delta error
Fig.6 Membership functions output
The set of rules for fuzzy controller is shown in Table I.
Table I. Fuzzy Associative Memories (FAM)
E. Design of Fuzzy Logic Program
The software used to program ATMega32 microcontroller is
CodeVisionAVR by using C language. The program has
designed based on the flow chart as shown in the figure 7.
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Experimentation has carried out on a three-phase SEIG-ELC
system feeding a single-phase load with ATMega32
microcontroller has been developed and tested in laboratory
under various operating conditions. A single phase 0.18 kW,
220 V, 1.67 A, 4 pole, 50 Hz, 1370 rpm squirrel cage
induction machine is used as a single phase self-excited
induction generator. The SEIG is driven by 220 V, 1.5 kW,
1500 rpm shunt wound DC machine used as a prime mover.
To generate 0.12 kW at 220 V and rated speed, 20F and
10F capacitors of 400 V are connected as C
1
and C
2
across
the delta winding terminals of the SEIG.
Fig. 7 Flow chart of fuzzy logic program
The controller is designed to keep the operating point at
these conditions. The dump load is set as 0.12 kW in order to
consume the entire consumer load when the chopper duty
cycle is 100% i.e., when the consumer load is zero.
First test is experiment open loop transient response of the
generator without load. The results are shown in Fig 8, the
generator is rotated by prime movers with a constant speed
1510 rpm. The second test is still in open loop condition by
giving the load directly to the generator at a certain power
value, with initial voltage generator always at 231 volts.
Fig 8. Open loop transient response of generator
Error
dError
NB NM NS Z PS PM PB
NB PB PB PM PS PS Z NS
NM PB PM PM PS Z NS NM
NS PB PM PS Z Z NS NM
Z PB PM PS Z NS NM NB
PS PM PS Z Z NS NM NB
PM PM PS Z NS NM NM NB
PB PS Z NS NS NM NB NB
Fig 9. Graph of V = f(Pload) direct load open loop
Fig 9 is shows the graph based on the results of experimental
by giving direct loads. Fig 10 is shows the open loop transient
response when a load generator 80 watt (66.66%) is given
directly. The graph and open loop transient response of the
test generator with direct loading shows that the direct voltage
drops quickly when the load is given.
Fig 10. Open loop transient response when a load generator 80
watt (66.66%) is given directly
Closed loop response experiment is conducted to test the
performance of a induction genenerator controlled using
fuzzy logic method based ATMega 32 microcontroller. Closed
loop response testing with different loading conditions, i.e the
direct loading and gradual loading. Set point on a closed loop
testing is 228 volts, 3.63% of the planned reference voltage of
220 volts.
Fig 11. The generator transient response, when tested with a
load of 112 watts (93.3%).
Fig 11 shows the generator transient response, when tested
with a load of 112 watts (93.3%). The generator is only able to
survive on the voltage 228 volts for 4 seconds, after which it
shows an unstable response that resulted in loss of voltage
generator.
The test of load adding gradually has performed in the range
of 0 to 122 watt of power. Fig 12 shows the voltage response
when given a load of 122 watts (101.6%), the settling time is
5.5 seconds with 212 volt voltage value, -7.01% steady state
error, and error -3.63% against the reference voltage.
Fig 12. Close loop transient response of load 122 watt
(101.6%) adding gradually
V. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the design and testing electronic load controller for a
self excited induction generator using fuzzy logic method
based microcontroller has obtained conclusions. When testing
the generator without controller with the single phase loads
directly, the generator is only able to loaded 67 watt with 147
volt terminal voltage and frequency of 42.7 Hz. While with
load gradual, the same generator could only load 67 watt with
167 volt terminal voltage and frequency of 42.9 Hz. The ELC
of self excited induction generator can supply the single phase
resistive loads up to 122 watts or 66.77% of the rating as the
motor, with 3.63% voltage regulation, frequency error of -
2.6% to -3.6%, voltage THD average of 2.28%, and unity
power factor.
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