Vodafone Law Enforcement Disclosure Report

Law Enforcement
Disclosure Report
Legal Annexe
June 2014
Vodafone
Power to you
2
Vodafone I Law enforcement disclosure: legal annexe
Contents
Law Enforcement Disclosure Report Legal Annexe
Contents
T-Z
Albania 80 Tanzania 83 Turkey 86 UK
P-S
Albania
Albania
68 Portugal
74 South Africa
70 Qatar
76 Spain
71 Romania
K-O
Albania
Albania
51 Kenya
59 Mozambique
54 Lesotho
60 The Netherlands 62 New Zealand
56 Malta
F-J
Albania
Albania
Albania
24 Fiji
34 Ghana
40 India
26 France
36 Greece
43 Ireland
38 Hungary
47 Italy
28 Germany
3 Introduction
A-E
Albania
Albania
5 Albania
16 Czech Republic
8 Australia
19 DR Congo
12 Belgium
21 Egypt
3
Introduction
Vodafone Law Enforcement Disclosure report
Country-by-country legal annexe
TRANSPARENCY AND THE LAW
This annexe to Vodafones Law Enforcement Disclosure report
seeks to highlight some of the most important legal powers
available to government agencies and authorities seeking to
access customer communications across the 29 countries of
operation covered in this report.
Whilst the legal powers summarised here form part of local
legislation in each of those countries and can therefore be
accessed by the public, in practice very few people are aware
of these powers or understand the extent to which they enable
agencies and authorities to compel operators to provide
assistance of this nature.
Creation of this annexe
This annexe has been compiled by our legal counsel in
each of our 29 countries of operation with support from the
international law frm, Hogan Lovells* and their network of
local law frms. It contains advice on the meaning of some
of the most important laws that empower government
agencies and authorities to demand access to customer
communications. We have outlined some of the most common
types of legal powers used to demand assistance from local
licensed operators earlier in our Law Enforcement Disclosure
report. However, we have not covered other areas, such as the
many and varied search and seizure powers, powers to block
or take down content or the restriction of access to services.
Compiling this annexe has proven to be a complex task.
Vodafone counsel and the external law frms supporting us
in this work have had a number of intense debates about
the meaning and interpretation of some of the laws which
govern disclosure of aggregated demand statistics. Laws are
frequently vague or unclear and there is commonly a lack of
judicial guidance in interpreting the law. Precise interpretation
is diffcult, exacerbated further (as we highlight earlier in
this report) by signifcant uncertainty on the part of some
governments themselves, when we have sought guidance.
In this annexe, we focus on the three categories of legal
power which account for the vast majority of all government
agency and authority demands we receive and which are
also of greatest interest in the context of the current public
debate about government surveillance. Those categories
are: lawful interception; access to communications data;
and national security or emergency powers. An explanation
of each of these three categories can be found earlier in
the report. Legal powers under those three categories are
specifcally relevant to our local licensed communications
operator businesses and can usually be found in
telecommunications statutes or in the conditions of the
licence issued by governments to operators.
Our contribution to the debate
We would emphasise that individual countries legislation
will not always fall neatly under one of these three
categories and this annexe therefore should not be read as
a comprehensive guide to all potentially relevant aspects
of the law in any particular country. However, in seeking to
adopt a consistent approach across 29 countries, we hope
that this section of the report will serve as a useful framework
for further analysis in future.
As part of our commitment to ensuring this important debate
is fully informed, we are making this annexe available under a
Creative Commons license and by doing so hope others will
re-use and build upon this material to aid greater transparency
in this area.
*
Vodafone are grateful to Hogan Lovells for its assistance in collating the legal
advice underpinning the law enforcement disclosure report and this the
country-by-country legal annexe. However, in doing so, Hogan Lovells has acted
solely as legal adviser to Vodafone. This report may not be relied upon as legal
advice by any other person, and neither Vodafone nor Hogan Lovells accept any
responsibility or liability (whether arising in tort (including negligence), contract
or otherwise) to any other person in relation to this report or its contents or any
reliance which any other person may place upon it.
Copyright licence
This legal annex is published under Creative Commons license
CC BY-SA 4.0 (2014) by Vodafone Group Plc
Albania
Albania
5 Albania
16 Czech Republic
8 Australia
19 DR Congo
12 Belgium
21 Egypt
F-J K-O P-S T-Z
Countries A-E
A-E Countries
4
Albania
In this report we provide an overview of some of the
legal powers under the law of Albania that government
agencies have to order Vodafones assistance with
conducting real-time interception and the disclosure of
data about Vodafones customers.
PROVISION OF REAL-TIME
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION
ASSISTANCE
The Interception Law
Article 22 of the Law No. 9157, dated 4.12.2003 On
interception of electronic communications, as amended
(the Interception Law) provides that when the Albanian
Intelligence Agency or the relevant Ministry cannot implement
an interception using only their own resources, the Director
of the Albanian Intelligence Agency or the relevant Minister
may request the assistance of any operator of electronic
communications in the Republic of Albania, and the operators
are bound to undertake all necessary steps in relation such
interception.
Under Article 6 of the Interception Law, the relevant
organisations that have the right to require interception
are: the Albanian Intelligence Agency, the intelligence
department/policy of the Ministry of Interior, Ministry of
Finance and Ministry of Justice or any other intelligence/police
service established by law. According to Article 7 - 9 of the
Interception Law, such request is made to the Attorney General
or in his absence to any other prosecutor duly authorised
by the Attorney General who will decide on the approval or
rejection of the request for interception.
Under Article 21 of the Interception Law, operators of
electronic communications, i.e. Vodafone, shall provide
at their own expense the necessary technological
infrastructure, within 180 days from the issue of the request
by the agencies that manage interception systems. The
infrastructure for providing interception capacity shall be
compatible with the equipment of the Central Interception
Point (which is the technical equipment managed by the
offce of the Attorney General that allows or prevents
interception of electronic communications) and the
Interception Sector in the Albanian Intelligence Agency. If
the operators of electronic communications undertake any
technological change or extension in their systems capacity,
they shall cover at their own expense any changes required
1.
to maintain the intercept capability. In cases of changes in
the Central Interception Point which requires changes in the
infrastructure of the operators of electronic communications
systems, the operators are notifed of such changes at least
180 days before such change takes place.
Under Article 22 of the Interception Law, the operators of
electronic communications shall be provided with a copy of
the decision of the Attorney General or any of his authorised
persons deciding on the interception, with restricted content
removed that might impair the intelligence/interception
process. Such decision shall include timeframes allowing
operators of electronic communications to identify numbers,
addresses and other relevant data that need to be identifed for
the interception. When necessary, the decision is accompanied
with an additional document specifying other technical details.
Note that the results of interceptions acquired according to the
Interception Law cannot be presented as evidence in criminal
proceedings, except for data obtained in accordance with
articles 221-226 of the Criminal Procedure Code.
Criminal Procedure Code
Under Article 222 of the Criminal Procedure Code, upon the
prosecutors written application or that of the aggrieved party,
the Court through a Decision may authorise the interception
of communications. The interception is authorised when it is
essential to the continuation of the initiated investigation or
when there is suffcient evidence to support the charges.
The relevant authorities (i.e. Attorney General, relevant
Ministries, Albanian Intelligence Agency etc.) have the
capability to intercept electronic communication without
the knowledge or approval of operators of electronic
communications.
DISCLOSURE OF
COMMUNICATIONS DATA
Electronic Communication Law
Operators of electronic communications have the duty
to disclose to the competent organisations relevant
communications data of their network users pursuant to the
legal request of relevant public organisations made as per
the procedure in accordance with the Law no. 9918, dated
19.05.2008 On electronic communications in the Republic
of Albania (Electronic Communication Law), Criminal
Procedure Code or the Interception Law, as the case may be.
2.
F-J K-O P-S T-Z A-E Countries
5
Article 101(6) of the Electronic Communication Law provides
that the relevant authorities shall be provided with any fles
stored in relation to their users and such fles shall be made
available, in electronic format as well, without any delays to
such authorities as prescribed in the Code of Penal Procedure,
upon their request.
These fles include data in relation to voice communication
and SMS/MMS that make available the following:
a) full identifcation of the subscribers;
b) identifcation of the terminal equipment used in the
communication; and
c) determination of location, data, time, duration and the
outgoing/incoming number, including calls with no
answer.
In cases of Internet communication, the fles shall include:
a) relevant data on the origin/source of communication;
- subscriber/user ID;
- name and address of the registered subscriber/user who
owns the IP address, the identity of the user, or telephone
number used during the communications;
b) relevant data on the identifcation of the destination /
recipient of the communication:
- in cases of internet calls, the subscriber/user ID or the
telephone number of the number called;
- in cases of e-mail or internet calls, the name and address
of the subscriber or user and the user ID of the aimed
recipient of the communication;
c) relevant data for the determination of date, time and
duration of the communication:
- log in/log off date and time;
- IP address, determining also if it is dynamic or static; and
- subscriber/user ID registered for the service of Internet
access.
All such data shall be retained in accordance with the
applicable legislation on data protection in Albania. Operators
of electronic communications have the duty to disclose to
the competent organisations any fles stored in relation to
their users and such fles shall be made available, in electronic
format as well, without any delays to such authorities pursuant
to the legal request of relevant public organisations made
as per the procedure in accordance with the Electronic
Communication Law and Criminal Procedure Code.
It is not legally permitted for operators in Albania to store the
content of communications as only the data provided in Article
101(6) of the Electronic Communication Law are permitted in
the fles stored by the operators. Therefore only this data can
be retrieved by the relevant authorities in Albania.
Data Protection Law
In addition, Article 6(2) of the Law no. 9887, dated 10.08.2008
On Protection of Personal Data as amended (Data
Protection Law) provides that the processing (including
transferring) of personal data in the context of prevention and/
or investigation of criminal acts, for criminal acts against the
public order and other criminal acts, including those in the
feld of national security and defence, are undertaken by the
responsible authorities provided by law.
Under Article 208 of the Criminal Procedure Code, the Judge
or the Prosecutor (as the case may be depending on the stage
of investigation), based on a reasoned decision shall decide on
the seizure of material evidence relating to a criminal act when
this is necessary to the confrmation of evidence. The seizure
is made by the same authority issuing the decision or by any
authorised police offcer.
NATIONAL SECURITY AND
EMERGENCY POWERS
Electronic Communication Law
Article 8 (rr) of the Electronic Communication Law states that
it is one of the duties of the Authority on Postal and Electronic
Communication (the Authority) to undertake any measure
or order in relation to the operators of public electronic
communications to implement their obligations related to the
protection of the interest of the country, of the public order
and during war or extraordinary situations.
Under Article 111 of the Electronic Communication Law,
operators are obliged, with their own networks and services,
to face the state needs in extraordinary situations, and when
requested to serve to the national defence and public order
interests.
The operators providing access to the public electronic
communications networks and providing electronic
communications services available to the public shall develop
and submit to the Authority a plan of measures to ensure
the integrity of the public communications networks and to
ensure access to their public communications services in
extraordinary situations.
The Electronic Communication Law defnes extraordinary
situations as serious damages to the network, natural
disasters, state of emergency or state of war. The Authoritys
orders oblige operators to implement emergency measures
throughout the duration of the extraordinary situation. The
relevant Minister, in cooperation with the other agencies
legally authorised to cope with extraordinary situations and
with the Authority on Postal and Electronic Communication,
propose to the Council of Ministers the measures to be
included in the notices issued to the operators.
3.
F-J K-O P-S T-Z Albania A-E Countries
6
Additionally, under Law No. 8756, dated 26.3.2001 On civil
emergencies, government authorities have the right to use
any private or public means or to cooperate with organisations
related to emergency situations, in order to avoid or limit
consequences from disasters in accordance with the applicable
laws, as long as such circumstances exist. This provision can
be interpreted as to also be extended to a range of actions
towards the network of electronic communication operators in
national security orders or in civil emergencies.
OVERSIGHT OF THE USE
OF POWERS
Under article 222 of the Criminal Procedure Code, upon the
application of the prosecutor or the aggrieved party, the Court
authorises interception through a decision approving the legal
interception, when it is essential to the continuation of the
initiated investigation or when there is suffcient evidence to
support the charges.
When there are reasonable doubts that any delays may impair
the investigations, the prosecutor decides on the interception
and issues an approval and informs the Court immediately,
in any case not later than 24 hours. Within 48 hours from the
decision of the prosecutor, the Court makes an assessment
of the prosecutors decision. If such assessment is not made
within these time limits, the interception cannot continue and
its results cannot be used. The Interception Law also provides
for cases of interceptions authorised through a court decision
always based on the relevant articles of the Criminal Procedure
Code (articles 221-226). Article 212 of the Criminal Procedure
Code provides that the defendant or the person against whom
a seizure is sought or the person who fled the criminal suit are
entitled to appeal against such Decision of the court.
Under Article 23 of the Interception Law, the Attorney General
or the prosecutor duly authorised by him provides for and
communicates to the operator of electronic communications
the decision of the relevant Court on the interception.
Operators of electronic communication are bound in principle
by this duty of technological assistance and capability
adjustment/adaptation related to interception (Article 21 of
the Interception Law) pursuant to a request by the relevant
organisations managing interception systems in accordance
with the Interception Law.
4.
F-J K-O P-S T-Z Albania A-E Countries
7
Australia
In this report we provide an overview of some of the legal
powers under the Commonwealth Law of Australia that
government agencies have to order Vodafones assistance
with conducting real-time interception and the disclosure
of data about Vodafones customers.
Australia is a Federation containing three separate types of
legislation: Commonwealth, State and Territory. This report
focuses on the legal powers available under Commonwealth
Law.
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION
ASSISTANCE
Telecommunications Act 1997
Carriers and carriage service providers (carriers) (such
as Vodafone) have legislative obligations under the
Telecommunications Act 1997 (TA) to provide assistance to
law enforcement agencies and national security agencies with
the interception of individual customer communications (live
communications) where authorised.
Section 313(3) of the TA requires carriers to give the
authorities such help as is reasonably necessary for the
purposes of: (i) enforcing the criminal law and laws imposing
pecuniary penalties; (ii) protecting the public revenue; and
(iii) safeguarding national security. Section 313(7) of the TA
specifes that a reference to giving help under section 313(3)
of the TIA includes the provision of interception services,
including services in executing an interception warrant, and the
providing of relevant information about any communication
that is lawfully accessed under an interception warrant
(sections 313(7)(a) and 313(7)(c)(i) of the TA).
Section 313(1) of the TA requires a carrier to do its best to
prevent telecommunication networks and facilities from
being used in, or in relation to, the commission of offences
against the laws of the Commonwealth or the States and
Territories. Examples of the kind of help law enforcement
and national security agencies might request under section
313(3) TA include: (i) the provision of interception services; (ii)
information from a carriers information base, such as billing
records and (iii) assistance in tracing a call.
Under Part 16 of the TA a carrier may be required to supply a
carriage service for defence purposes or for the management
of natural disasters.
1.
Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Act 1979
The Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Act 1979
(TIA) gives law enforcement agencies and national security
agencies the power to intercept live communications in
specifed circumstances.
Under Chapter 2, Part 2-2 of the TIA, interception warrants may
be issued in respect of live communications to the Australian
Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) and certain State
and Federal law enforcement agencies. Interception warrants
permit such agencies to intercept telecommunications for
national security, in emergencies and for law enforcement
purposes.
Interception warrants may be issued to ASIO by the Federal
Attorney General under sections 9 and 9A of the TIA for
national security purposes, and by the Director-General of
Security in emergencies under section 10 of the TIA. Under
sections 11A, 11B and 11C of the TIA, telecommunications
service warrants, named person warrants and foreign
communications warrants, for the collection of foreign
intelligence, may be issued to the Director-General of
Security, an offcer of ASIO appointed by the Director-General
of Security and approved offcers and employees of ASIO. A
foreign communications warrant issued under section 11C
may authorise entry on any premises specifed in the warrant
for the purpose of installing, maintaining, using or recovering
any equipment used to intercept foreign communications
(section 11C(1B) of the TIA). Under section 11B(4)(a) a foreign
communications warrant must include a notice addressed
to the carrier who operates the telecommunications
system giving a description identifying the part of the
telecommunications system that is covered by the warrant.
Under section 30 of the TIA the interception of live
communications may occur (without a warrant being issued)
by the police in specifed urgent situations, for example, where
there is risk to loss of life or the infiction of serious personal
injury or where threats to kill or seriously injure another person
have been made. The police are able to request a carrier to
intercept individual communications in these circumstances
(Part 2-3 of Chapter 2 of the TIA).
Interception of live communications may also be authorised
(without a warrant) under section 31A of the TIA by the
Attorney-General to enable security authorities for the purpose
of developing and testing interception capabilities (Part 2-4 of
Chapter 2 of the TIA).
8
Under Chapter 2, Part 2-5 of the TIA interception warrants
may be issued to law enforcement agencies specifed by the
Minister under section 34, such as the Australian Federal Police
(AFP), the Australian Crime Commission, the Independent
Commission Against Corruption and the State Police Forces.
Interception warrants are issued by an eligible judge, namely
a judge of a court created by the Commonwealth Parliament
who has consented to being nominated, or by nominated
members of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT)
(sections 46 and 46A of the TIA). Interception warrants may
only be issued in relation to the investigation of serious
offences as defned in section 5D of the TIA.
Chapter 5 of the TIA imposes obligations on carriers to
ensure that it is possible to execute a warrant issued for
interception purposes, unless an exception has been granted
by the Minister, the Australian Communications and Media
Authority (ACMA) or the Attorney-Generals Department.
Specifc technical capabilities are imposed including, by way
of example, the nomination of delivery points in respect of
a particular kind of telecommunication service of a carrier
(section 188). In practice, when served with a warrant, the
carrier will be required to intercept all traffc transmitted, or
caused to be transmitted to and from the identifer of the
target service used by the interception subject and described
on the face of the warrant. The carrier will also need to deliver
the intercepted communications through an agreed delivery
point from which the intercepting agency may access those
communications.
Under Part 5-3 of Chapter 5 of the TIA, the Minister may
make determinations in relation to interception capabilities
applicable to a specifed kind of telecommunication service
that involves, or will involve, the use of the telecommunication
system. Carriers and nominated carriage service providers
may be required under such determinations to lodge
annual Interception Capabilities Plans (IC plan) with the
Communications Access Co-ordinator of the Attorney-
Generals Department. Part 5-4 specifes the obligations of a
carrier in relation to an IC plan such as the matters to be set
out in an IC plan (section 195(2) and the time for delivering IC
plans (sections 196 and 197).
Under Part 5-5 of Chapter 5 of the TIA, the Communications
Access Co-ordinator may make determinations in relation
to delivery capabilities applicable to specifed kinds of
communication services, and to one or more specifed
interception agencies relating to such matters as the format
in which lawfully intercepted information is to be delivered to
an interception agency, the place and manner in which such
information is to be delivered and any ancillary information
that should accompany that information.
The Australian Security Intelligence Act 1979
The Australian Security Intelligence Act 1979 (ASIO Act)
enables ASIO to use listening devices under warrants issued by
the Minister.
Division 2 of Part 3 of the ASIO Act enables an offcer,
employee or agent of ASIO to use a listening device where
issued with a warrant. A warrant may be issued by the Minister
upon application by the Director-General where a person is
engaged in, or is reasonably suspected by the Director-General
of being engaged in activities prejudicial to security. A warrant
issued under this section must not exceed a period of 6
months and may be revoked by the Minister at any time before
the expiration of the period specifed in the warrant. Where a
listening device is installed in accordance with the warrant,
ASIO may enter any premises for the purpose of recovering a
listening device and may use any force that is necessary and
reasonable to recover the listening device.
The Crimes Act 1914
The Crimes Act 1914 (Cth) (Crimes Act) authorises certain
offcers of the AFP and State and Territory police to obtain
information pursuant to search warrants issued under the
Crimes Act from premises, computers or computer systems
and information in relation to telephone accounts held by a
person.
Section 3LA of the Crimes Act enables a Constable (a member
or special member of the AFP or a member of the police force
or police service of a State or Territory) to apply to a magistrate
for an order requiring a specifed person to provide any
information or assistance that is reasonable and necessary to
enable a Constable to access data held in, or accessible from, a
computer or data storage device.
Under section 3ZQN of the Crimes Act an authorised AFP
offcer may give a person a written notice requiring that
person to produce documents that relate to serious terrorism
offences.
Under section 3ZQO of the Crimes Act an authorised AFP
offcer may apply to a Judge of the Federal Circuit Court of
Australia for a notice requiring a person to disclose documents
relating to serious offences. Such documents may relate to
a telephone account held by a specifed person and details
relating to the account, such as the details in respect of calls
made to or from the relevant telephone number.
DISCLOSURE OF
COMMUNICATIONS DATA
Carriers have legislative obligations under the TA to provide
assistance to law enforcement and national security agencies
which includes an obligation to disclose information where
authorised.
2.
F-J K-O P-S T-Z Australia A-E Countries
9
Under section 284 of the TA disclosure of information to the
ACMA, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission
(ACCC), the Telecommunications Ombudsman or the
Telecommunications Universal Services Agency is permitted
where the information may assist those agencies to carry out
their functions.
Sections 279 and 280 of the TA permit the disclosure of
information if the information is used in the performance of
a persons duties as an employee of a carrier or where the
disclosure is authorised under a warrant and by law.
Section 313(7) of the TA specifes that a reference to giving
help under section 313 of the Act includes giving effect to
a stored communications warrant and to providing relevant
information about any communication that is lawfully
accessed under a stored communications warrant (sections
313(7)(b) and 313(7)(c)(ii)).
Chapter 4 of the TIA specifes the circumstances in which
information may be voluntarily disclosed to government
and law enforcement agencies and the conditions by which
authorisations can be issued requiring the disclosure of
information.
Sections 174 and 175 of the TIA provide for the disclosure of
information to ASIO. Information may be disclosed voluntarily
if it is in connection with the performance of ASIOs functions.
Information may otherwise be disclosed pursuant to an
authorisation issued by the Director General of Secretary,
the Deputy Director of Secretary or a specifed offcer or
employee of ASIO. Authorisations may be in respect of existing
information or prospective information (specifed information
or documents that come into existence during the period for
which the authorisation is in force).
Sections 177 to 180 of the TIA specify the circumstances in
which disclosure of information or a document may be made
to an enforcement agency. Voluntary disclosure of information
may occur if the disclosure is reasonably necessary for the
enforcement of the criminal law. Disclosure of information
may also occur pursuant to authorisations issued by an
authorised offcer of an enforcement agency for the purpose
of: (i) the enforcement of the criminal law; (ii) the location of
missing persons; and (iii) the enforcement of a law imposing a
pecuniary penalty and for the protection of the public revenue.
Sections 180A to 180E of the TIA specify the circumstances
in which disclosure of specifed information or specifed
documents may be made to an offcer of the AFP, or authorised
by an authorised offcer of the AFP, for the enforcement of the
criminal law of a foreign country.
The TIA enables ASIO and specifed government agencies
to access stored communications pursuant to a stored
communication warrant issued under the TIA for the purpose
of national security and law enforcement.
Under Parts 3-2 and 3-3 of Chapter 3 of the TIA, stored
communication warrants for law enforcement purposes
may be issued to enforcement agencies for the purpose of
investigating serious offences and serious contraventions.
Enforcement agencies mean criminal law enforcement
agencies, civil penalty enforcement agencies (agencies
responsible for administrating a law imposing a pecuniary
penalty) and public revenue agencies (agencies responsible for
administration of a law relating to the protection of the public
revenue) (section 282 of the TA). Such agencies include but are
not limited to agencies such as the ACCC, Australian Customs
Services, the Australian Tax Offce, the Australian Securities and
Investments Commission (ASIC) and similar State and Territory
agencies. ASIO can access stored communications using its
existing interception warrants (section 109 of the TIA).
Stored communication warrants can be issued by
eligible judges and nominated AAT members in relation
to the investigation of serious contraventions. Serious
contraventions, by way of example, include an offence under
a law of the Commonwealth, a State or a Territory that is
punishable by imprisonment for a maximum period of at least
3 years. Stored communication warrants may also be issued
as part of a statutory civil proceedings which would render the
person of interest to a pecuniary penalty.
The Crimes Act
Under the Crimes Act an authorised AFP offcer may access
metadata or stored communications pursuant to a search
warrant.
The Australian Security Intelligence Act 1979
Under section 25A of the ASIO Act a stored communication
may be accessed under a computer access warrant issued to
ASIO. Additionally, a stored communication can be accessed by
ASIO if the access results from, or is incidental to, action taken
by an offcer of ASIO, in the lawful performance of his or her
duties, for the purpose of: (i) discovering whether a listening
device is being used at, or in relation to, a particular place; or (ii)
determining the location of a listening device.
EMERGENCY POWERS
The TA enables the Secretary of the Defence Department of
the Chief of Defence Force to require the supply of a carriage
service for defence purposes or for the management of natural
disasters.
Under section 335 of the TA a Defence authority may give a
carriage service provider a written notice requiring the provider
to supply a specifed carriage service for the use of the Defence
Department or the Defence Force. If a requirement is in force,
the provider must supply the carriage service in accordance
with the requirement and on such terms and conditions as are
3.
10
agreed between the provider and the Defence authority or,
failing agreement, determined by an arbitrator appointed by
the parties.
Division 4 of Part 16 of the TA provides that a carrier licence
condition may include a designated disaster plan for coping
with disasters and/or civil emergencies prepared by the
Commonwealth, a State or a Territory.
OVERSIGHT OF THE
USE OF POWERS
The TIA Act contains a number of safeguards and controls
in relation to interception as well as a number of reporting
requirements. These requirements are designed to ensure that
appropriate levels of accountability exist.
Under the TIA, records relating to interception warrants and
the use, decimation and destruction of intercepted information
must be maintained by law enforcement authorities. The
Commonwealth Ombudsman is required to inspect certain
reports (such as those maintained by the AFP) and report to
the Attorney-General who must table in Parliament each year a
report containing specifed information (Part 2-7 of Chapter 2
of the TIA).
Part 2-10 of Chapter 2 of the TIA provides that a person
who was a party to a communication, or on whose behalf a
communication was made, can apply for a civil remedy to
the Federal Court of Australia or a court of a State or Territory
if that communication was intercepted in contravention of
the Act. Section 7(1) of the TIA prohibits the interception
of a communication passing over a telecommunication
system except in specifed circumstances, for example where
conducted under a warrant or by an offcer of ASIO.
Division 6 of Part 4-1 of Chapter 4 of the TIA creates offences
for certain disclosures and uses of information and documents.
By way of example, it is an offence to disclose information
concerning whether an authorisation has been sought and
the making of an authorisation unless disclosure is reasonably
necessary to enable law enforcement agencies to enforce the
criminal law.
Section 186 of the TIA requires an enforcement agency to give
the Minister a written report, no later than 3 months after 30
June, of all authorisations issued under Chapter 4 of the TIA in
the preceding fnancial year. The Minister must then cause a
copy of that report to be tabled before Parliament.
Part 3-7 of Chapter 3 of the TIA provides that an aggrieved
person can apply for a civil remedy to the Federal Court of
Australia or a court of a State or Territory in relation to an
accessed communication, if information relating to it is
disclosed in contravention of section 108 of the TIA.
The same reporting requirements are placed on enforcement
agencies and the Minister in respect of stored communication
warrants as in relation to interception warrants (Part 3-6 of
Chapter 3 of the TIA).
Section 314 of the TA provides that, when providing help to
an offcer or authority of the Commonwealth, a State or a
Territory under section 313(3), a party (carrier) must comply
with the requirement to help on such terms and conditions as
are agreed between the party and relevant agency or, failing
agreement, as determined by an arbitrator appointed by the
parties. Where the parties fail to agree on the appointment of
an arbitrator, the ACMA is to appoint the arbitrator.
Judicial Review
Judicial review of government decision-making by a court is
available under sections 39B(1) and 39B(1A) of the Judiciary
Act 1903 (Cth) and section 75(v) of the Constitution. For
example, in relation to the decision by a government offcer to
issue a warrant.
Section 39B(1) confers jurisdiction on the Federal Court with
respect to any matter in which a writ of mandamus (that
is, an order requiring a public offcial to perform a duty or
exercise a statutory discretionary power), certiorari (that is,
an order quashing an act) or prohibition (that is, an order
preventing someone from performing a specifed act) or an
injunction (a Court order requiring a person to do, or refrain
from doing, a certain thing) is sought against an offcer/s of the
Commonwealth.
Section 39B(1A) provides that the Federal Courts original
jurisdiction also includes jurisdiction in any matter arising
under any laws made by the Parliament (other than a criminal
matter).
Under section 75(v) of the Constitution, the High Court has
original jurisdiction in all matters in which a writ of mandamus
or prohibition or an injunction is sought against an offcer of
the Commonwealth.
Judicial review does not concern itself with the merits of a
decision, but considers whether a decision-maker has made
their decision within the limits of the powers conferred by
statute, the Constitution and the common law. So, when
reviewing a decision to issue an interception warrant, the court
will examine the legislation under which access to the data
was granted and whether the requirements for granting access
were met.
4.
11
Belgium
powers under the law of the Belgium that government
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION
ASSISTANCE
Code of Criminal Procedure
The Code of Criminal Procedure provides for the possibility
to impose measures with a view to intercepting a persons
communications following a warrant by the examining
magistrate (juge dinstruction/onderzoeksrechter).
This warrant also needs to be communicated to the
public prosecutor.
A warrant is an order coming from the examining magistrate in
which s/he imposes special investigation measures, including
interception measures. This order needs to explain why such
measure are needed and under which circumstances they will
be used.
Article 90ter of the Code of Criminal Procedure grants
the examining magistrate, under specifed circumstances
and for specifc cases, the power to issue real-time
interception measures.
Article 90quater, 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure states
that the warrant issued by the examining magistrate and
authorising the interception measure needs to contain: (i) the
indications and the concrete facts proper to the case justifying
the interception measure(s), (ii) the reasons for which the
measure is necessary to reveal the truth, (iii) the person, means
of communication/telecommunications and/or the place
of surveillance, (iv) the period during which the surveillance
can be executed (no longer than one month starting from
the decision ordering the measure); and (v) the name of the
criminal police offcer that has been designated to execute
the measure.
Article 90quater, 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure states
that if the interception measure implicates some kind of
processing of a communications network the operator of
this network or provider of a telecommunications service
(electronic communications operator) needs to cooperate, if
the examining magistrate requests so.
The Royal Decree of the 9th January 2003
The Royal Decree of 9 January 2003 on the modalities for the
legal cooperation duty in the case of legal action relating
to electronic communications lays down the details of this
cooperation duty. Article 6 of the Royal Decree deals with the
ability for electronic communication operators to assist in real-
time interception operations.
The Royal Decree on legal cooperation duty following legal
actions lays down that every electronic communications
operator needs to designate one or more persons being
charged with the cooperation duty (i.e. the duty to cooperate
with the prosecution and investigation authorities with a
view to tracking down/identifying/intercepting certain data).
These persons form the so-called Coordination Cell Justice.
Electronic communications operators can decide to form a
shared Coordination Cell. This Cell takes the measures which
are necessary for interception of private communications or
telecommunications following receipt of the warrant of the
examining magistrate.
The Intelligence and Safety Services Act 1998
The Intelligence and Safety Services Act of 30 November 1998
lays down that intelligence and safety services are allowed to
intercept a persons communications, if national security is at
stake. This interception can only be executed after a written
request of the Director-General of the State Security (the
Director-General).
A real-time interception is a so-called exceptional method
for collecting data. These exceptional methods need to
be authorised by the Director-General. With regards to the
exceptional methods, article 18/10 of the Intelligence and
Safety Services Act of 30 November 1998 describes the
authorisation to be granted by the Director-General prior
to the execution of the interception measures. Before this
authorisation becomes fnal, it has to be made subject to
the advice of the Administrative Commission supervising the
specifc and exceptional methods for collecting data by the
intelligence and safety services. The Commission examines
in its advice whether the relevant legislation and general
principles of subsidiarity and proportionality have been
respected. If the advice is negative, the interception measure
cannot be executed.
The authorisation needs to be written and contain:
(i) a description of the exceptional threats justifying the
interception, (ii) reasons why the interception is necessary,
(iii) persons or entities whose communications are being
1.
12
intercepted, (iv) the technical means used to intercept,
(v) the period of interception; and (vi) names of the
intelligence offcers involved in the operation.
With regards to an interception measure (in addition to
the article 18/10-authorisation), article 18/17, 1 of the
Intelligence and Safety Services Act of 30 November 1998
lays down that the intelligence services can intercept a
persons communications. 3 lays down that electronic
communications operators are required to cooperate with the
intelligence services if the interception requires processing by
an electronic communications network.
As mentioned above, the Director-General needs to draft
a written request to the relevant operator in order for the
latter to cooperate. This request contains the advice of the
Commission on the general authorisation to use interception
measures (as laid down in Article 18/10).
The Royal Decree 2010
The Royal Decree of 15 October 2010 on specifc rules
for the legal cooperation duty in case of actions of the
intelligence services regarding electronic communications
lays down the details of this cooperation duty. Every electronic
communications operator needs to designate one or more
persons being charged with the cooperation duty (i.e. the duty
to cooperate with the intelligence services authorities with a
view to tracking down/identifying/intercepting certain data).
These persons form the so-called Coordination Cell Justice.
Electronic communications operators can decide to form a
shared Coordination Cell. This Cell takes the measures which
are necessary for interception of private communications
or telecommunications following receipt of the written
and reasoned decision of the Director-General of the
intelligence service.
The Electronic Communications Act 2005
Article125, 2 of the, the Electronic Communications Act of
13 June 2005 (relating to interception demands coming from
authorities competent for prosecution and investigation of
criminal offences and/or the intelligence service), states that
the King determines the modalities for the means to be put
in place with a view of identifying, tracking down, localising,
getting aware of and intercepting electronic communications.
These modalities have been determined in the Royal Decree
of 15 October 2010 mentioned above.
Article 127, 1, 2 of the Electronic Communications Act lays
down the technical and administrative measures electronic
communications operators need to take with a view of being
able to identify, track down, intercept and become aware of
private communications (upon demand of the competent
authorities and/or the intelligence service). If the operator
does not take such measures (i.e. internal procedures for
dealing with these requests), it is not allowed to offer the
electronic communication service in respect of which these
measure(s) have not been taken.
DISCLOSURE OF
COMMUNICATIONS DATA
The Electronic Communications Act of 13 June 2005
This Act contains provisions on the duty of electronic
communications operators to provide metadata upon demand
of the competent prosecution/investigation authorities (see
below Criminal Procedure Code) and of the intelligence
services (see below Intelligence and Safety Services Act of
30 November 1998).
Article 122, 2 of the Electronic Communications Act of
13 June 2005 lays down that electronic communications
operators may be required not to remove or to anonymise their
traffc data relating to subscribers or end users, if authorities
prosecuting criminal offences or the intelligence services
require them to do so.
Article 125, 2 states that the King determines the modalities
on the means to be put in place with a view to identifying,
tracking down, localising, getting aware of and intercepting
electronic communications.
Article 127, 2, 1 lays down the technical and administrative
measures electronic communications operators need to take
with a view to being able to identify, track down and intercept,
private communications. If they do not take such measures
(i.e. internal procedures for dealing with these requests),
they are not allowed to offer the electronic communication
services for which these measure(s) have not been taken. The
modalities for these measures have been determined in the
Royal Decree on legal cooperation duty following legal actions,
mentioned below.
The Royal Decrees of 2003 and 2010
Article 6, 1, 1 of the Royal Decree on legal cooperation duty
following legal actions, as well as art. 8, 1, 1 of the Royal
Decree on cooperation duty following intelligence service
actions, specify that the content of communications may be
transmitted to the authorities prosecuting and investigating
criminal offences as well as the intelligence services.
The requirements of the Electronic Communications Act
as described above should also be borne in mind when
considering the following criminal procedures and intelligence
services-related procedures.
The Criminal Procedure Code
There are specifc authorisations and notifcations required for
investigation measures set out under Criminal Procedure Code:
Art. 46 bis: Following a reasoned written decision from the
public prosecutor, an electronic communications operator
may be required to provide data allowing a subscriber/user
of an electronic communications service or an electronic
communications service to be identifed.
2.
F-J K-O P-S T-Z Belgium A-E Countries
13
Art. 88 bis: Following a reasoned court order from the
examining magistrate, he or she may require an electronic
communications operator to provide data allowing
identifcation and location of a subscriber or an electronic
communications service.
For every means of telecommunication used and that
is subject to a court order, the day, hour, duration and
location of the call are recorded in an offcial report
(proces-verbaal/procs-verbal).
The Intelligence and Safety Services Act of
30 November 1998
Collection of identifcation and localisation data relating to
a subscriber or end-user is classifed as a specifc method of
investigation (whereas interception measures are considered
to be exceptional methods).
Article 18/3 of the Intelligence and Safety Services Act of 30
November 1998 lays down that the disclosure of identifcation
and localisation data can only be executed after a written and
reasoned decision of the Director-General and after notifcation
of this decision to the Administrative Commission supervising
the specifc and exceptional methods for collecting data by the
intelligence and safety services.
Articles 18/7, 1 of the Intelligence and Safety Services
Act of 30 November 1998 lays down that the electronic
communications operators have to provide data allowing
the identifcation of a subscriber or user of an electronic
communications service as well as the communication
of their invoices (the Director-General needs to address a
written decision to the operators with a view of obtaining
their cooperation, on top of the art. 18/3-decision).
Article 18/8, 1 of the Intelligence and Safety Services
Act of 30 November 1998 lays down that the electronic
communications operators have to provide data allowing the
tracking of call identifcation data and locating the origin or
the destination of the means of electronic communication.
The Royal Decree on cooperation duty following intelligence
service actions, mentioned above, lays down the details of
these requirements, i.e. this communication of data needs to
be done by the Coordination Cell of Justice.
EMERGENCY POWERS
Electronic Communications Act 2005
Under Article 4 of the Electronic Communications Act, the
King can fully or partially prohibit the provision of electronic
communication services in the interest of public security (after
consultation within the Council of Ministers).
Civil Contingences Act 2007
Under the Civil Contingencies Act of 15 May 2007, the
government is given broad powers for a limited period of time
during civil emergencies, which could in theory extend to
a range of actions in relation to Vodafones network and/or
customers communications data in Belgium.
For instance, Article 181 of the Civil Contingencies Act lays
down that the Ministers competent for internal affairs or
their delegates may seize everyone and/or everything in the
framework of interventions for missions of civil contingency
(rescue missions, etc.), if there are no public services available.
In theory, this could also include the communications data
and/or network of Vodafone.
OF POWERS
With regards to the interception measures ordered by
the examining magistrate pursuant to the Criminal Code
Procedure, the person whose communications have been
intercepted can argue that the interception was illegal. He
can do this before a pre-trial chamber (Chambre du conseil/
Raadkamer), during the pre-sentence stage (before the
case is treated on the merits). He can also do this during the
treatment of the case on the merits before the Criminal
Court, before the Court of Appeal or eventually before the
Court of Cassation.
With regards to the interception executed by the intelligence
and safety services act of 30 November 1998, there is
administrative oversight. Article 18/10, 6 of the Intelligence
and Safety Services Act of 30 November 1998 outlines that, at
any time, the members of the Commission can exercise control
on the legality of the measures (including the principles of
proportionality and subsidiarity). In order to exercise this
control, they can go to places where the intercepted data are
received or registered. They can request all useful documents
and they can interrogate members of the intelligence services.
If the Commission concludes that the threat(s) present at the
origin of the interception measure no longer exist(s) or that the
measure is no longer useful, it ends the interception measure
(or suspends it in case of illegalities).
If the Commission concludes that the data are being obtained
under illegal conditions, they are kept under the supervision
of the Commission (after advice of another Commission, i.e.
the Commission on the protection of the privacy (Privacy
Commission)). The Commission prohibits the use of the
illegally obtained data and suspends the measure if it is still
in place.
3.
4.
14
Pursuant to Article 43/2 of the Intelligence and Safety Services
Act of 30 November 1998 the so-called Vast Comit I/Comit
Permanent R (Vast Comit I) is charged with the a posteriori
control on the interception measures (i.e. the legality and the
respect for the principles of proportionality and subsidiarity of
the decisions in order to execute the interception measures
and of the methods used). If the Vast Comit I concludes that
the measure is illegal, it orders all data obtained through the
measure to be destroyed and prohibits any exploitation of
these data. There is no appeal possible against the decisions of
the Vast Comit I.
Regarding the disclosure of communications data, pursuant
to the Criminal Code Procedure, the persons whose
communications data have been disclosed can argue that
disclosure was illegal. He can do this before the pre-trial
chamber (Chambre du conseil/Raadkamer), during the
pre-sentence stage (before the case is treated on the merits).
He can also do this during the treatment of the case on the
merits, before the Criminal Court, before the Court of Appeal
or, eventually, before the Court of Cassation.
With regards to the disclosure of metadata executed by the
Intelligence and Safety Services act of 30 November 1998,
there is administrative oversight. Pursuant to article 18/3, 2
at the end of every month, a list of executed measures (among
which the disclosure measures) is sent to the Commission.
At any time the members of the Commission can exercise
control on the lawfulness of the measures (including the
principles of proportionality and subsidiarity). In order to
exercise this control, they can go to those places where the
disclosed data are received or registered. They can request all
useful documents and they can interrogate members of the
intelligence service. If the Commission concludes that the data
is being obtained under unlawful conditions, such data may
be kept under the supervision of the Commission after taking
advice from the Commission on the Protection of Privacy
(Privacy Commission)). The Commission prohibits the use of
the illegally obtained data and suspends the measures if they
still are in place.
Under the Electronic Communications Act 2005, any Royal
Decree can be challenged before the Council of State.
The Council of State can then decide to confrm or repeal the
Royal Decree.
There is no judicial oversight of the use of powers under the
Civil Contingences Act 2007.
15
Czech Republic
legal powers under the law of the Czech Republic that
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION
ASSISTANCE
Electronic Communications Act
Section 97(1) of Act No. 127/2005 Coll. on Electronic
Communications (the Electronic Communications
Act) states that a network provider is obliged on request
to set up and secure an interface to enable the following
authorities to carry out surveillance and recording of end
telecommunication devices:
(a) the Police of the Czech Republic for the purposes set out
in Section 88 of the Act No. 141/1961 Coll., the Criminal
Procedure Code (the Criminal Procedure Code);
(b) the Security Information Service (in Czech: Bezpenostn
informan sluba) for the purposes set out in Sections
6-8a of the Act No. 154/1994 Coll., on the Security
Information Service (the Security Information Service
Act);
(c) the Military Intelligence (in Czech: Vojensk
zpravodajstv) for the purposes set out in Section 9-10 of
the Act No. 289/2005 Coll., on Military Intelligence (the
Military Intelligence Act).
There is no obligation imposed on the providers to directly
intercept the communications.
The above authorities must evidence their authorisation to
conduct the surveillance and recording by presenting a written
request to the service provider which: (i) includes the fle
number under which the court decision is administered by the
respective authority; and (ii) is signed by the person liable for
the conduct of surveillance and recording at the respective
authority. If the request is made by the Police of the Czech
Republic, it must include the fle number under which the
subjects consent to surveillance is administered (if applicable).
The technical requirements for connecting with end
telecommunication devices are prescribed by the Decree No.
336/2005 Coll (the Information Decree). This sets out the
1.
form and extent of information provided from the database of
the publicly-available telephone service subscribers and on the
technical and operating conditions and connection points of
the message interception and recording terminal equipment.
Under Section 88 of the Criminal Procedure Code, the Police
of the Czech Republic may only conduct surveillance and
recording on the basis of an order for the surveillance and
recording of a telecommunication operation. This order is
issued by the competent chairman of the senate or a judge
provided that the following conditions are met:
(a) a criminal proceeding is underway for one of the crimes
listed in the Criminal Procedure Code;
(b) it can be reasonably presumed that the surveillance and
recording will obtain important facts for the criminal
proceedings; and
(c) this aim cannot be achieved by different means, or would
be substantially more diffcult to achieve by different
means.
The above order (which is a special type of judicial decision)
must be issued by: (i) the chairman of the senate of the
competent court; or (ii) the judge of the competent court
within the preparatory proceedings, on the basis of a motion
from the state prosecutor.
For certain crimes listed in the Criminal Procedure Code,
surveillance and recording can be conducted without such an
order, provided that the user of the respective device consents
to the surveillance.
Security Information Service Act
The authorisation of the Security Information Service to
request that an interface be set up and/or secured is regulated
by Section 8a of the Security Information Service Act.
Under Section 9(1) of the Security Information Service Act, the
Security Information Service may only conduct surveillance
and recording: (i) with the prior written approval of the
chairman of the senate of the competent high court; and (ii)
provided that the discovery or documentation of activities by
any other means would be ineffective, substantially diffcult or
impossible.
Military Intelligence Act
The authorisation of Military Intelligence to request that an
interface be set up and/or secured is regulated by Section 9(5)
of the Military Intelligence Act.
16
Under Section 9(1) of the Military Intelligence Act, the Military
Intelligence may only conduct surveillance and recording: (i)
with the prior written approval of the chairman of the senate of
the competent high court; and (ii) provided that the discovery
or documentation of activities by any other means would be
ineffective, substantially diffcult or impossible.
DISCLOSURE OF
COMMUNICATIONS DATA
Under Sec. 97(3) of the Electronic Communications Act, a
legal entity providing a public communications network or a
publicly available electronic communications service (such
as Vodafone) is obliged to store traffc and location data for
a period of 6 months and is obliged to disclose such data
(including metadata) to the following authorities on request:
(a) the police taking part in criminal proceedings, for the
purposes and under the conditions prescribed by Sec. 88a
of the Criminal Procedure Code;
(b) the police of the Czech Republic for the purposes listed in
the Electronic Communications Act (such as preventing
terrorism) and under the conditions prescribed by Sec.
66(3) of the Act No. 273/2008 Coll., on the Police of the
Czech Republic (the Police Act);
(c) the Security Information Service for the purposes and
under the conditions prescribed by Sec. 8a of the Security
Information Service Act;
(d) the Military Intelligence for the purposes and under the
conditions prescribed by Sec. 9 of the Military Intelligence
Act; and
(e) the Czech National Bank for the purposes and under the
conditions prescribed by Sec. 8 of the Act No. 15/1998
Coll, on Supervision over the Capital Market (the
Supervision Act).
The traffc and location data (including metadata) shall
be provided to the authorities listed above in the manner
described in particular by Sec. 3 of the Decree No. 357/2012
Coll, on the preservation, transfer and deletion of traffc and
location data). In relation to the form and extent of the data,
Sec. 97 of the Electronic Communications Act prescribes
further conditions for the request of the traffc and location
data, including the prior written approval of the chairman of
the senate of the competent high court.
Under Sec. 88a of the Criminal Procedure Code, the police of
the Czech Republic may only request traffc and location data
on the basis of an order for the provision of such data. This
order is issued by the competent chairman of the senate or a
judge provided that the following conditions are met:
(a) a criminal proceeding is underway for one of the crimes
listed in the Criminal Procedure Code; and
(b) this aim cannot be achieved by different means, or would
be substantially more diffcult to achieve by different
means.
The above order (which is a special type of judicial decision)
must be issued by: (i) the chairman of the senate of the
competent court; or (ii) the judge of the competent court
within the preparatory proceedings, on the basis of a motion
from the state prosecutor.
The traffc and location data can be requested without such an
order, provided that the user of the respective device consents
to the provision of the data.
The government and law enforcement agencies in the
Czech Republic do not appear to have any specifc powers in
order to compel Vodafone to disclose the content of stored
communications.
Under Sec. 97(5) of the Electronic Communications Act, a
provider of a publicly-available telephone service is obliged
to provide the Police of the Czech Republic and the General
Inspection of the Security Force on request with information
from its database of participants, to the extent and in the form
prescribed by the Information Decree.
EMERGENCY POWERS
Under Sec. 99 of the Electronic Communications Act, a
legal entity providing a public communications network or a
publicly-available electronic communications service (such
as Vodafone) must provide priority access to the network for
emergency communication participants (i.e. Ministries and
other authorities) on the basis of a request from the Ministry
of the Interior. The provider is entitled to restrict or interrupt
the provision of publicly-available telephone services for
this purpose. The provider is obliged to inform the Czech
Telecommunication Offce of the restriction or interruption.
The restriction or interruption must not last any longer than
necessary, and access to the emergency numbers must be
maintained.
Police Act
The authorisation of the police of the Czech Republic and
the General Inspection of the Security Forces is regulated by
Sec. 35(3) of the Act No. 341/2011 Coll., on the General
Inspection of the Security Forces and Sec. 66(2) of the
Police Act.
Under Sec. 39(11) of the Police Act, the police force has
the right to interfere with the operation of electronic
communication devices, the network and the provision of
electronic communications services in the event of a threat
3.
F-J K-O P-S T-Z
2.
Czech Republic A-E Countries
17
to human lives, health or property with a value exceeding CZK
5 million. This typically includes situations where there is a
threat of terrorism.
The police are obliged to inform the integrated rescue system
information point, the Czech Telecommunication Offce, and
to the necessary extent, the operator (provided that informing
the operator will not jeopardise the police forces fulflment of
its duties).
Act No. 222/1999
Act No. 222/1999 Coll, on Securing the Defence of the Czech
Republic imposes further duties on legal entities and natural
persons which can be requested by the Ministry of Defence
and further authorities in order to ensure national security.
However, this Act does not regulate any specifc duties from
communication service providers.
The request is fled through the competent contact points of
the Police of the Czech Republic.
Act No. 239/2000
Moreover, under Sec. 18 of the Act No. 239/2000 Coll., on
the Integrated Rescue System, providers of communication
services are obliged to cooperate with the Ministry of the
Interior on the preparation and resolution of emergency
communications and European unifed emergency numbers.
Crisis Management Act
The Act No. 240/2000 Coll, on Crisis Management (the Crisis
Management Act) imposes further duties on legal entities
and people conducting business in case of emergency. In
particular, these subjects are obliged to cooperate on request
in the preparation of the emergency plan (i.e. a plan which
includes a list of emergency measures and procedures for
emergency situations) and fulfl the duties prescribed in it.
Moreover, legal entities and people can also be required to
perform duties above and beyond the duties prescribed by the
emergency plan. The Crisis Management Act does not regulate
any specifc duties from communication service providers.
A legal entity providing a public communications network or
a publicly-available electronic communication service has a
statutory obligation to provide the above assistance.
OF POWERS
Under Sec. 88(3) of the Criminal Procedure Code, the police
of the Czech Republic must continuously evaluate whether
the issuance of the surveillance and recording order is still
justifed. If the grounds no longer exist, the police are obliged
to immediately cease surveillance and recording, and notify
the chairman of the senate or the competent judge who
issued the order. Moreover, the state prosecutor may supervise
the activities of the police of the Czech Republic (including
surveillance and recording).
Security Information Services Act
Under Sec. 11 of the Security Information Service Act, the
competent judge is authorised to request information from the
Security Information Service for the purpose of considering
whether the use of surveillance and recording is still justifed.
The judge will cancel the approval if he/she concludes that
this is not the case.
Military Intelligence Act
Under Sec. 11 of the Military Intelligence Act, the competent
judge is authorised to request information from the Military
Intelligence for the purpose of considering whether the use
of surveillance and recording is still justifed. The judge will
cancel the approval if he/she concludes that this is not the
case.
In addition, the activities of all of the authorities listed in this
report are supervised by special supervision bodies comprising
members of the Chamber of Deputies.
4.
F-J K-O P-S T-Z Czech Republic A-E Countries
18
Democratic Republic
of Congo
powers under the law of Democratic Republic of Congo
(DRC) that government agencies have to order Vodafones
assistance with conducting real-time interception and the
disclosure of data about Vodafones customers.
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION
ASSISTANCE
Framework Law No. 013-2002 of 16 October 2002 on tel-
ecommunications
Articles 54(a) and 55 of the Framework Law No. 013-2002
of 16 October 2002 on telecommunications in the DRC
(Framework Law) provides for the interception of
communications in two scenarios: frstly in the context of
judicial cases where an authorisation has been granted by
the Attorney General of the Republic (Attorney General);
and secondly interceptions authorised by the Minister of
the Interior in relation to national security, protection of the
essential elements of the scientifc, economic and cultural
potential of the country, or the prevention of crime and
organised crime.
Article 54(a) of the Framework Law prohibits the interception,
phone-tapping, recording, transcription and disclosure of
correspondence issued by telecommunications without
prior permission of the Attorney General. Article 55 of the
Framework Law stipulates that for the purpose of providing
evidence in a court of law, it is necessary for the Attorney
General to order the interception, recording and transcription
of correspondence transmitted through telecommunications.
Article 59 of the Framework Law requires that interceptions
authorised by the Minister of the Interior must have a purpose
to: (i) seek information relating to national security; (ii) protect
the essential elements of the cultural, scientifc or economic
potential of DRC; or (iii) prevent crime and organized crime.
1.
DISCLOSURE OF
COMMUNICATIONS DATA
Article 13 of the Standard Licence for provision of mobile
communications services based on GSM technology provides
that each Telecommunication Company shall submit on a
monthly basis to the Authority for Regulation information
concerning the following:
the number of subscribers at the end of each month;
the average call time;
the total number of billing items;
the number of calls from mobile telephones to fxed-line
telephones, and from fxed-line telephones to mobile
telephones;
the disconnection rate;
the BSC-number dynamics;
the quantity and RF channel number via BTS; and
the BTS number dynamics.
The Framework Law
Article 52 of the Framework Law provides that the secrecy
of correspondence transmitted through communications
is guaranteed by law in the DRC. The confdentiality of
correspondence can only be lifted in cases where it is strictly in
the public interest as provided by the law.
Article 53 of the Framework Law reinforces this by stating
that the public operator of telecommunications and other
telecommunications service providers and members of
their staff are required to respect the secrecy of customers
communications.
Article 4 of Law No. 014-2002 creating the Regulatory
Authority for Post and Telecommunications of the Congo,
(ARPTC Law) states that the Regulatory Authority can
conduct site visits, conduct investigations and studies, and
collect all the necessary data required for this purpose.
2.
19
EMERGENCY POWERS
The Framework Law gives the government powers to
requisition telecommunications facilities for reasons of public
security.
Paragraph 3 of Article 46 of the Framework Law stipulates
that any employees of telecommunications facilities that are
requisitioned may be required to provide their services to the
competent authority.
For the purpose of public security or defence of the
national territory or in the interest of the public service of
telecommunications, the State may prohibit all or part of
the use of telecommunications during a period that it may
determine.
If Article 46 is not complied with, then the Decree Law No
1-61 of 25 February 1961 can be applied. Article 4 of Decree-
Law No. 1-6l of 25 February 1961 establishing measures of
state security, right of search, detention and surveillance
(Decree Law on the National Security) specifes that any
violence or act likely to prevent or impede the search pursuant
to the provisions of the Decree shall constitute a presumption
of guilt.
These powers are reserved for use in exceptional
circumstances, such as emergencies.
OF POWERS
This authorisation of the Attorney General applies for
a maximum period of six months unless renewed. The
authorising decision for interception by the Attorney General
should include the reasoning for use of interception, the
offence leading to the use of the interception and its duration
(Article 56 of the Framework Law).
This authorization of the Minister of the Interior shall be given
in writing and by justifable decision. The authorization must be
proposed by the Minister of Defence and security or proposed
by the Head of the Intelligence services (Article 60 of the
Framework Law).
Any breach of Article 52 of the Framework Law constitutes an
offence in respect to Criminal Code in DRC.
3.
4.
F-J K-O P-S T-Z Democratic Republic of Congo A-E Countries
20
Egypt
powers under the laws of Egypt that government agencies
have to order Vodafones assistance with conducting
real-time interception and the disclosure of data about
Vodafones customers.
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION
ASSISTANCE
Constitution of Egypt
Article 57 and 58 of the Constitution of Egypt explicitly protect
the privacy of communications, prohibiting their surveillance
except with a reasoned court order for a specifc time, in
accordance with the law.
The Egyptian Criminal Code (Law 58 of 1937) and the
Criminal Procedures Code (Law 150 of 1950)
According to the Egyptian Criminal Code (Law 58 of 1937) and
the Criminal Procedures Code (Law 150 of 1950), a prosecutor
or investigative judge may issue a warrant authorizing the
interception and recording of individual communications when
investigating a possible crime.
Under Article 95 of the Criminal Procedures Code, reasoned
warrants from a prosecutor or investigative judge can be
issued where they assist in the investigation of any felony or
misdemeanor attracting a sentence of over three months,
for no more than 30 days and can be renewed once; or by a
direct order from an authorized member of the armed forces or
security agencies. There are no explicit regulations regarding
the latter.
The Communications Law (Law 10 of 2003)
The Communications Law (Law 10 of 2003) regulates the
communications industry, including law enforcement agencies
access to communications and communication infrastructure.
It is generally illegal under criminal law to intercept or record
private communications except pursuant to a judicial warrant,
but the Communications Law allows broad latitude to the
armed forces and security agencies to obtain information
pursuant to national security concerns, which are not defned.
Article 64 of the Communications Law stipulates that telecom
companies must ensure that their communications networks
allow the Armed Forces and the various national security
agencies to exercise their authorities under the law.
Article 67 of the Communications Law stipulates that all
telecommunications operators and providers shall be subject
to the direct administration of competent authorities, and their
employees to being summoned, during any circumstances
relating to national security. Failure to respond to such
summons attracts criminal penalties including imprisonment.
National security is defned at the discretion of the authorities.
There is no directly applicable text in the law, but in accordance
with Articles 64 and 67 of the Communications Law the armed
forces and national security agencies have broad latitude
to intercept communications with or without an operators
control or oversight
DISCLOSURE OF
COMMUNICATIONS DATA
The Egyptian Criminal Procedures Code (Law 150 of 1950)
The Egyptian Criminal Procedures Code gives law enforcement
agencies the legal authority to require the disclosure of
communications data. Under Article 95 of the Criminal
Procedures Code, reasoned warrants from a prosecutor or
investigative judge can be issued where they assist in the
investigation of any felony or misdemeanor attracting a
sentence of over three months, for no more than 30 days and
can be renewed once; or the instrument may be a direct order
from an authorized member of the armed forces or security
agencies. There are no explicit regulations regarding the latter.
EMERGENCY POWERS
Except as already outlined above, law enforcement agencies and
intelligence agencies do not have any other legal authority to
invoke special powers in relation to access to communication
service providers customer data and/or network on the grounds
of national security or a state of emergency.
1.
2.
3.
21
OF POWERS
Applications made pursuant to the Egyptian Criminal Code
(Law 58 of 1937) and the Criminal Procedures Code (Law 150
of 1950) requires a warrant to be issued by a judge. When
making an application to the court, the standard is that the
court should be satisfed that the warrant is needed for a
serious effort to be made investigating the crime in question.
Anyone claiming violation of privacy or illegal wiretapping
can bring a can bring a civil suit for damages or fle charges for
the use of illegal wiretaps, or seek to have illegally obtained
evidence dismissed.
Generally, the armed forces and national security agencies
are largely exempt from any control or oversight by the
communications regulator, the National Telecommunications
Regulatory Authority.
4.
F-J K-O P-S T-Z Egypt A-E Countries
22
23
Countries F-J
Albania
Albania
Albania
24 Fiji
34 Ghana
40 India
26 France
36 Greece
43 Ireland
38 Hungary
47 Italy
28 Germany
F-J A-E K-O P-S T-Z Countries
Fiji
powers under the law of Fiji that government agencies
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION
ASSISTANCE
Telecommunications Promulgation 2008
Under s.73(2) of the Telecommunications Promulgation 2008,
mobile network operators must give offcers and authorities
of the government such help as is reasonably necessary for
the purposes of enforcing criminal law and enforcing laws
imposing pecuniary penalties, protecting public revenue and
safeguarding national security. S.73(3) further states that
mobile network operators will not be liable for an action or
other proceedings for damages, if such act was committed in
good faith (in accordance with s.73(2). The provisions of s.73(4)
also provide identical indemnities to any director, offcer,
employee or agent of the mobile network operator.
In Fiji, there appear to be no specifc laws that grant
government law enforcement agencies the authority to
have direct access into a mobile network operators network
without the operational control or oversight of the mobile
network operator.
DISCLOSURE OF
COMMUNICATIONS DATA
Telecommunications Promulgation 2008
Government agencies and law enforcement authorities
may possess the legal powers under s.73 (2) of the
Telecommunications Promulgation 2008 (Promulgation) to
compel mobile network operators to disclose metadata.
Compulsory Registration of Customers for Telephone
Services Decree 2010
The Compulsory Registration of Customers for Telephone
Services Decree 2010 requires all providers of public mobile
and fxed line telephone communications services (including
any mobile virtual network operators) to obtain (and possibly
retain for the period of 6 years) customer information.
Under s. 13 (1) of the Compulsory Registration of Customers
for Telephone Services Decree 2010, a magistrate or justice
of the peace (on reasonable suspicion or inquiry) may issue
a warrant authorising a police offcer to obtain customer
registration details connected to one or more telephone
numbers if the magistrate or justice of the peace thinks such
information is necessary for investigations relating to prank
calls to national emergency telephone numbers and also
for investigations under the Crimes Decree 2009 relating to
treason, offences against the government, offences against
public order, offences against international order, offences
against the person and threat of injury to a person employed in
the public service.
Criminal Procedure Decree 2009
S.98(1) of the Criminal Procedure Decree 2009 permits a
magistrate or justice of the peace (where proved in fact or on
reasonable suspicion) to authorise a police offcer or other
person named in a search warrant to search any building,
ship, carriage, box, receptacle or place named or described
in a warrant. S. 98(2) permits the offcer or any other person
named in the warrant to seize the item and take it to the court
issuing the warrant or some other court to be dealt with by the
relevant law. In such instances the warrants may require the
seizure of all electronic devices and any storage devices if such
items are used or are reasonably believed to have been used in
the commission of an offence.
Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption
The Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption
Promulgation 2007 establishes the Fiji Independent
Commission Against Corruption which is the body primarily
responsible for investigating and prosecuting corruption in
government and the public sector.
Under s. 10B of the Fiji Independent Commission Against
Corruption Promulgation 2007, a magistrate who is satisfed
on information on oath that in any premises or place where
there is evidence of a commission of an offence the offcer
assisting the magistrate may enter upon and search the place
or premises and seize any items which the offcer believes may
contain evidence of any offence.
1.
2.
24
EMERGENCY POWERS
Except as already outlined this this report, the government
does not have any other legal authority to invoke special
powers in relation to access to a mobile network
operators customer data and/or network on the grounds
of national security.
If a state of emergency is declared by the President under
the Emergency Powers Act 1998, the President may on
advice of the Cabinet make regulations affecting access to
communications and/or networks.
Fiji has enacted a new Constitution in 2013. Under s.154
of the Constitution it is the Prime Minister, on advice of
the Commissioner of Police and Commander of the Fiji
Military Forces, who can declare a State of Emergency.
The Constitution provisions therefore impliedly repeal the
Emergency Powers Act.
OF POWERS
If a mobile network operator is required to provide assistance
under the Telecommunications Promulgation 2008, it does on
the basis that it neither profts from, nor bears the costs of, giving
that help. Assistance is provided subject to terms and conditions
agreed by the mobile network operator and the government;
if no agreement is reached, these will be determined by an
arbitrator appointed by the Telecommunications Authority of Fiji
under s 74 of the Promulgation.
3.
4.
25
Fiji F-J A-E K-O P-S T-Z Countries
France
powers under the law of the France that government
INTERCEPTION ASSISTANCE
French Criminal Procedure Code
The French Criminal procedure code (hereinafter the
CPP) provides that, for the investigation of felonies and
misdemeanours, if the penalty incurred is at least two years
imprisonment, the investigating judge (juge dinstruction) may
authorise the implementation of the interception, recording
and transcription of telecommunication correspondence where
necessary to conduct the investigation. According to article 100
of the CPP, the judges decision must be in writing and issued for
maximum period of 4 months (renewable once under the same
conditions of form and duration).
Article 706-95 of the CPP provides that, as part of
investigations relating to organised crime and delinquency,
public prosecutors may request from the judge in
charge of liberties and custody (the juge des liberts
et de la detention) an authorisation to implement the
interception, recording or transcription of correspondence
by telecommunications in accordance with the provisions
of Articles 100 ff. of the CPP as mentioned above. The
interception may only be ordered for a maximum period of
ffteen days, renewable once under the same conditions of
form and duration. The judges decision must be in writing,
setting out the justifcation and granted for a maximum period
of one month (renewable once under the same conditions of
form and duration).
The CPP provides that, further to the judges order, the
judge or the police offcer appointed by the judge or the
public prosecutor may issue a judicial order requiring the
telecommunications operator to provide assistance in
implementing the interception system.
Under the CPP, interceptions can extend to data stored
outside France.
Customs Code
Article 65 of the Customs Code provides that, as part of French
customs investigations, the French customs agents may
request from telecommunications operators and electronic
communication service providers all connection data which
the latter retain and process.
French Code of Post and Electronic Communications
Article 98-7-III of the French Code of Post and Electronic
Communications (hereinafter the CPCE) also provides
that electronic networks operators are under the obligation
to implement the necessary measures to allow the
implementation of interception capabilities as provided for
under French legislation.
DISCLOSURE OF
COMMUNICATIONS DATA
French Code of Post and Electronic Communications
The CPCE requires, under article L34-1-III, that electronic
communication service providers retain connection data,
mainly for the needs of the research, establishment and
sanction of criminal offences for a period of up to one year.
Article L32-1-II of the CPCE specifes that electronic
communications service providers are required to implement
the relevant internal procedures to answer the requests
received from public authorities regarding user data. The same
applies to access providers.
French Criminal Procedure Code
For requests outside the scope of national security,
the competent authorities will be required to issue a
formal request (rquisition judiciaire) to the electronic
communications service provider. The competent authority
to issue the request will depend on the exact nature of the
investigation conducted:
Requests made in the context of an investigation in hot
pursuit (investigations made in hot pursuit are defned
by the CPP as investigations conducted when an offense
is being committed or has just been committed as well as
when very shortly after the act, the suspect is designated
or followed by public clamor or is found with objects or
presents traces or clues leading to believe that he/she
participated to the offense) can be issued by the public
prosecutor in charge of the investigation or by a judicial
police offcer (article 60-1 of the CPP).
Requests made in the context of a preliminary
investigation can only be issued by either the public
prosecutor in charge of the investigation or by a judicial
police offcer (article 77-1-1 of the CPP).
1.
2.
26
Requests made in the context of an investigation
conducted by an investigation judge may be issued by the
judge himself or by a judicial police offcer duly appointed
by the judge (Article 99-3 of the CPP).
Customs Code
Requests made in the context of an investigation conducted
by the French customs (Article 65 of the Customs code).
EMERGENCY POWERS
Code of National Security
Article L 244-2 of the CNS provides that the competent
authorities can request from electronic communications
network operators that they provide all necessary information
relating to the implementation or exploitation of authorised
interceptions.
Article L244-3 of the Code of National Security (in French the
Code de la Scurit Intrieure, created on 12 March 2012 by
gathering a number of existing laws, hereinafter the CNS)
expressly provides that the Ministry in charge of electronic
communications must ensure that electronic communication
network operators and other electronic communication
service providers implement all necessary measures to comply
with the obligations imposed as per the provisions of the CNS
and of the Code of Criminal Procedure (the CPP).
Communications data may be required based on a standard
request issued by intelligence agents sent to the relevant
service provider. The request must in most cases have
been authorised by the Prime Minister after a written and
justifed request sent by the Ministry of Homeland Security
or by the Ministry of Defence or of the Ministry of Economy.
Prime Minister authorisation is not necessary for access to
documents and information necessary to conduct general
surveillance of radio transmissions.
In addition, on 18 December 2013, the French parliament
adopted a new law on military spending for the period of 2014
to 2019 in which modifcations to the CNS were adopted.
Among these, certain provisions have been added to the rules
relating to government access to metadata which will come
into force as of 1 January 2015.
According to future Articles 246-1 through to 246-5 of the
CNS, duly appointed agents of the Ministries of Homeland
Security, of Defence and of Economy will be entitled to
request access to identifcation information from electronic
communication services providers and internet service
providers if justifed by the purposes which may justify the
authorisation of security interceptions by the Prime Minister.
Agents of the intelligence services may request from all
operators of electronic communications that they provide
any information or documents processed or retained by
their networks or electronic communications services.
Such request is made further to a written authorisation issued
by the Prime Minister which is valid during 30 days.
In addition, these provisions will also allow agents to request
disclosure of the data in real time. The provision is intended,
among other things, to permit intelligence agencies to have
access to location data in real time.
OF POWERS
Under Article 100 of the CPP, interceptions are conducted
under the authority and supervision of the investigating judge.
The same article expressly provides that the decision does
not bear the status of a judicial decision and is therefore not
subject to appeal before any judge.
Under Article 706-95 of the CPP, interceptions are conducted
under the authority and supervision of the judge in charge
of liberties and custody. Data subjects are not necessarily
informed of the interceptions. Here too, the decision does
not bear the status of a judicial decision and is not subject
to appeal.
For requests for disclosure of communications data issued in
investigations in hot pursuit or in preliminary investigations,
the validity of the request may be challenged before the
investigations appeal court. The decision itself of issuing a
request may not be challenged but its validity (e.g. if it was not
issued by a duly empowered police offcer) may be.
For requests issued by an investigation judge, the decision
to issue a request may be submitted to appeal by the
investigations appeals court.
Requests by the French customs are not subject to
judicial oversight.
Interceptions authorised by the Prime Minister on the basis
of the CNS are subject to review by the Commission for the
Control of Security Interceptions (hereinafter the CCSI)
which only has a consultative role and whose intervention
only occurs after the decision of the Prime Minister. The Prime
Minister is required to send his or her decision to the President
of the CCSI within 2 days of the decision. If the President of
the CCSI considers that the legal grounds of the decision are
challengeable, he or she calls for a meeting of the CCSI which
must issue its position within 7 days of receipt of the decision
by its president. If it considers that the interception has been
authorised in violation of the relevant legal provisions, the CCSI
issues a recommendation to the Prime Minister, to the Minister
who requested the interception and to the Minister in charge
of Electronic Communications. The Prime Minister is not
bound by the recommendation but is required to immediately
advise the CCSI of the measures undertaken further to the
recommendation. The CNCIS is informed afterwards but has no
power to cancel or modify the request.
3.
4.
27
France F-J A-E K-O P-S T-Z Countries
Germany
legal powers under the law of Germany that government
conducting real-time interception and disclosure of data
about Vodafones customers.
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION
ASSISTANCE
The German Telecommunication Act
(Telekommunikationsgesetz)
The German Telecommunication Act (TKG) requires
certain operators of telecommunication systems used
to provide telecommunication services to the public to
maintain technical and organizational capabilities to execute
interception measures provided for by law (Sec. 110 TKG).
Sec. 110 TKG requires operators of telecommunication
systems used to provide telecommunication services to
the public (as further specifed in Sec. 3 TKG) to maintain
the technical facilities, and to make the organisational
arrangements, to execute telecommunication interception
measures expressly provided for by law. This includes the
obligation to maintain interception capabilities to execute
any interception order without delay (including, in particular,
handing over a copy of the requested communication).
More detailed requirements and specifcations, including
required technical and organizational standards, are set
forth in the Telecommunications Interception Ordinance
(Telekommunikations-berwachungsverordnung TKV)
and the corresponding Technical Directive issued thereunder
(Technische Richtlinie zur Umsetzung gesetzlicher
Manahmen zur berwachung der Telekommunikation und
zum Auskunftsersuchen fr Verkehrsdaten TR-TKV).
There are a number of legal statutes that can serve as a legal
basis to request the implementation of interception measures,
as for instance, StPO, G10, ZFdG, BKAG and the Police Acts of
the federal states as detailed below.
Code of Criminal Procedure (StPO)
The measures pursuant to Sec. 100a Strafprozessordnung
(StPO) require a prior court order following an application
by the public prosecutors offce (or, in relation to tax offences,
the tax authority); yet, in pressing circumstances, the public
prosecutors offce may also issue an order, which must be
confrmed by the court within three working days in order not
to become ineffective (Sec. 100b(1) StPO).
An order may only be granted in cases where certain facts give
rise to the suspicion that a serious criminal offence referred to
in Sec. 100a(2) StPO has been committed (or, in cases where
there is criminal liability for an attempt, there was an attempt
to commit such an offence, or such offence had been prepared
by committing a criminal offence), and the offence is one
of particular gravity in the individual case as well, and other
means of establishing the facts or determining the accused
persons whereabouts would be signifcantly more diffcult or
even futile (Sec. 100a(1) StPO).
The measures may only be directed against the accused
person or against persons in respect of whom it may be
assumed, on the basis of certain facts, that they are receiving
or transmitting messages intended for, or stemming from,
the accused person, or that the accused person is using their
telephone connection (Sec. 100a(3) StPO).
All persons providing, or contributing to the provision of,
telecommunications services on a commercial basis are
required to assist the public prosecutors offce (and certain
offcials working in the police force or, in relation to tax
offences, the tax authority) to implement the necessary
measures required for the interception/recording of the
communication and to provide all necessary information
without delay (Sec. 100b(3) StPO). The measures to be taken
are further specifed by Sec. 110 TKG and the TKV/TR-TKV.
Article 10 Act (Artikel 10-Gesetz-G10)
An order under Sec. 3 G10 may be granted where actual
facts give rise to the suspicion that a serious criminal offence
directed against the free democratic basic order or the
existence or safety of the Federal Republic of Germany or its
federal states (as listed in Sec. 3(1) G10) will be, is being, or
has been committed, or a person is part of a group having the
purpose of committing such crimes, and the investigation of
the facts by other means would be signifcantly more diffcult
or even futile.
Measures may be directed against the suspect or a third person
who, on the basis of certain facts, is reasonably suspected of
receiving or forwarding messages intended for, or stemming
from, the suspect (Sec. 3(2) G10; individual interception).
An order under Sec. 5 (for bundled telecommunications) or
Sec. 8 G10 may be granted where the intercepted information
is necessary in order to prevent the danger of an armed attack
1.
28
or terrorist attacks on Germany, international drug traffcking,
money laundering, or similar crimes with impact on German
territory (as listed in Sec. 5(1) G10) or to prevent the danger to
the life or physical integrity of a person abroad, if such danger
directly affects German interests (Sec. 8 G10).
The interception measures under Sec. 5 and 8 G10 are not
directed at a specifc individual. Rather, certain geographic
regions are defned as intelligence areas (Aufklrungsgebiete),
allowing the Federal Intelligence Service to monitor the
communication in this area by using certain suitable search
terms (Sec. 5(2) and 8(3) G10; strategic interception).
The telecommunication service provider must allow
the Intelligence Service to install the relevant technical
capabilities on its premises and must grant access to the
relevant employees of the Federal Intelligence Service as well
as the G10 Commission (Sec. 110(1) No. 5 TKG and Sec. 27
TKV). The measures to be taken are further specifed by the
TKV/TR-TKV.
However, these technical capabilities do not constitute
interception capabilities in the direct sense of the term.
Rather, the interception itself still has to be performed by the
telecommunication provider which then (electronically) hands
over a so-called interception copy (berwachungskopie)
of the communication to the equipment of the Federal
Intelligence Service. The communication is fltered by this
equipment with the help of pre-defned search terms and
the irrelevant part of the interception copy has to be deleted
before the relevant part is passed on to the Federal
Intelligence Service.
All persons providing, or contributing to the provision
of, telecommunications services on a commercial basis
are required to implement the measures to enable the
interception/recording of the communication (Sec. 2(1) G10).
The measures to be taken are further specifed by Sec. 110
TKG and the TKV/TR-TKV.
Customs Investigations Services Act (ZFdG)
Similar rules as under Sec. 100a and 100b StPO apply under
Sec. 23a and 23b of the ZFdG (which follow the structure and
principles of the StPO).
Federal Criminal Police Offce Act (BKAG)
Interception orders under Sec. 20l BKAG are granted via court
order upon request by the President of Federal Criminal Police
Offce (Sec. 20l(3) BKAG). Under pressing circumstances, the
President of the Federal Criminal Police Offce himself can
grant the order but has to obtain judicial approval.
Pursuant to Sec. 20l(1) BKAG, interception orders may be
granted in case of imminent danger to the existence or safety
of the Federal Republic of Germany or to the life, physical
integrity or freedom of a person or to objects of substantial
value if it lies in the public interest to preserve such objects,
or for the purpose of fending off terrorist attacks if there is no
other suitable way to prevent such dangers.
All persons providing, or contributing to, the provision of,
telecommunications services are required to assist the Federal
Criminal Police Offce to implement the necessary measures
required for the interception/recording of the communication
and to provide all necessary information without delay (Sec.
20l(5) BKAG). The measures to be taken are further specifed
by Sec. 110 TKG and the TKV/TR-TKV.
Police Acts of the federal states
Every German federal state has its own Police Act. These Acts
in most cases also set forth similar powers for the State Police
Offces as the BKAG does for the Federal Criminal Police Offce,
as necessary in order to prevent an imminent danger to the life
or physical integrity of a person or in similar precarious situations
(see, e.g., Sec. 34a, 34b of the Bavarian Police Act BayPAG). The
measures to be taken by the operators of telecommunication
systems in assistance of the interception under these state laws are
again further specifed by Sec. 110 TKG and the TKV/ TR-TKV.
In Germany, there appears to be no specifc laws that grant
government and law enforcement agencies with the legal
powers to mandate direct access into a telecommunication
service providers network without the operational control or
oversight of the telecommunication service provider.
DISCLOSURE OF
COMMUNICATIONS DATA
The German Telecommunication Act
(Telekommunikationsgesetz)
The German Telecommunications Act (TKG) requires
any person providing, or contributing to the provision of,
telecommunication services on a commercial basis to provide
certain subscriber, line identifcation and other data upon
manual information requests from a range of law enforcement
agencies, foreign and domestic intelligence services, and other
public authorities, where such requests can be based on a legal
statutory authorization (Sec. 113 TKG).
In addition, Section 112 TKG requires certain providers of
publicly available telecommunication services to store certain
subscriber, line identifcation and other data in customer data
fles to answer automated information requests (handled
through the Federal Network Agency Bundesnetzagentur
BnetzA) by courts and a range of public authorities.
Code of Criminal Procedure
The Strafprozessordawng (StPO) further gives the public
prosecutors offce (and, in relation to tax offences, the tax
authority) the power to acquire certain traffc data relating to
customer communications (Sec. 100g StPO). Similar powers
as under Sec. 100g StPO are granted to the Customs Criminal
Investigation Offcer under Sec. 23g ZFdG, Federal Criminal
Police Offce under Sec. 20m BKAG, to the Federal Offce for
the Protection of the Constitution under Sec. 8a BVerfSchG, to
the Military Counterintelligence Service under Sec. 4a MADG
and the Federal Intelligence Service under Sec. 2a BNDG.
2.
29
Germany F-J A-E K-O P-S T-Z Countries
In addition, certain metadata relating to the circumstances
of the communication can be obtained by law enforcement
agencies, intelligence agencies and other public authorities
entitled under the respective legislative instruments, as
part of the interception measures ordered according to Sec.
100a StPO, Sec. 20l BKAG, Sec. 3 G10, Sec. 23a ZFdG and the
respective provisions in the Police Acts of the federal states
(see Sec. 5 and 7 TKV). Similar principles apply to measures
under Sec. 5 and 8 G10 (Sec. 2(1) G10).
Subscriber Data, Line Identifcation and Other Data
Sec. 113 TKG requires any person providing, or contributing to
the provision of, telecommunication services on a commercial
basis to provide certain subscriber, line identifcation and
other data (specifed in Sec. 95 and 111 TKG) to certain
public authorities listed in Sec. 113(3) TKG (law enforcement
agencies, foreign and domestic intelligence services and other
public authorities), as far as necessary for the prosecution
of criminal or administrative offences, for averting danger to
public safety or order, and/or for the discharge of the legal
functions of such agencies.
The request must be made in text form (except in pressing
circumstances) and be based on an express legal authorization.
Respective authorizations (which may stipulate further
requirements) are, for example, set out in Sec. 100j StPO, Sec. 7
and 15 ZFdG, Sec. 7, 20b and 22 BKAG, Sec. 22a BPolG, Sec. 8d
BVerfSchG, Sec. 4b MADG and Sec. 2b BNDG.
Sec. 100j StPO gives the public prosecutors offce (and,
in relation to tax offences, the tax authority) the power to
request, as part of its criminal investigative powers, certain
subscriber, line identifcation and other data, including access
control codes, (Sec. 95 and 111 TKG), where the requested
information is necessary to establish the facts or determine
the whereabouts of the accused person. Where the information
request is directed to obtain access control codes a prior
court order following an application by the public prosecutors
offce is required; yet, in pressing circumstances, the public
prosecutors offce (or certain offcials assisting the prosecutor)
may also issue an order, which needs to be confrmed by
the court without delay. A prior order is not required where
the person affected by the request already has or must have
knowledge of the request for information or if the use of the
data has already been permitted by a court decision.
Similar principles as under Sec. 100j StPO apply for information
requests under the other instruments according to Sec. 7
and 15 ZFdG, Sec. 7, 20b and 22 BKAG, Sec. 22a BPolG, Sec.
8d BVerfSchG, Sec. 4b MADG and Sec. 2b BNDG, as far as
the request is necessary for the fulflment of the respective
purposes (e.g., customs control, the prevention of dangers
against the free democratic basic order, terrorist attacks or
espionage affairs).
Sec. 112 TKG requires any provider of publicly available
telecommunication services (that in providing commercial
telecommunication services allocates telephone numbers
or other line identifcations or provides telecommunication
connections for telephone numbers or other line
identifcations allocated by others) to store certain subscriber,
line identifcation and other data (specifed in Sec. 111(1) and
(2) TKG) in customer data fles. These data fles must be made
available to the BNetzA by means of an automated procedure
as necessary for the prosecution of administrative offences
under the TKG or the Act against unfair competition (Gesetz
gegen unlauteren Wettbewerb UWG) and for answering
information requests by certain public authorities (listed in Sec.
112(2) TKG). Sec. 112(5) TKG requires the telecommunication
services provider to make the technical arrangements in its
area of responsibility as required for handling the automated
information requests.
The public authorities may only request information from the
customer data fles, as far as such information is necessary for
the discharge of their legal functions (as specifed by different
legal statutes, such as the StPO, BKAG, ZFdG, BNDG, MADG,
BVerfSchG, Federal and State Acts on the Protection of the
Constitution and Police Acts on federal and state level). The
information request by such public authorities must be made
by means of an automated procedure to the Federal Network
Agency which will retrieve and forward such information.
Traffc Data
Sec. 100g StPO gives the public prosecutors offce (and,
in relation to tax offences, the tax authority) the power
to obtain traffc data, also without the knowledge of the
person concerned.
The measures pursuant to Sec. 100g StPO require a prior
court order following an application by the public prosecutors
offce (or, in relation to tax offences, the tax authority); yet, in
pressing circumstances, the public prosecutors offce may also
issue an order, which must be confrmed by the court within
three working days in order not to become ineffective (Sec.
100g(2) and 100b(1) StPO).
An order may only be granted where certain facts give rise to
the suspicion that a person has either committed a criminal
offence of substantial signifcance in the individual case
as well (or, in cases where there is criminal liability for an
attempt, there was an attempt to commit such an offence,
or such offence had been prepared by committing a criminal
offence), or has committed a criminal offence by means of
telecommunication, and access to the data is necessary
to establish the facts or determine the accused persons
whereabouts (and further requirements are met).
The measures may be directed only against the accused
person or against persons in respect of whom it may be
assumed, on the basis of certain facts, that they are receiving
or transmitting messages intended for, or transmitted by,
the accused person, or that the accused person is using their
telephone connection (Sec. 100g(2) and 100a(3) StPO).
30
All persons providing, or contributing to the provision of,
telecommunications services on a commercial basis are
required to assist the public prosecutors offce (and certain
the offcials working in the police force or, in relation to tax
offences, the tax authority) and to provide all necessary
information without delay (Sec. 100g(2) and 100b(3) StPO).
Similar principles as under Sec. 100g StPO apply for
information requests under
Sec. 23g ZFdG and Sec. 20m BKAG, and
Sec. 8a BVerfSchG, Sec. 4a MADG and Sec. 2a BNDG
(though only an order by the Ministry of the Interior
is required).
In addition, traffc data can be obtained by law enforcement
agencies, intelligence agencies and other public authorities
entitled under the respective legislative instruments, as
part of the interception measures ordered according to Sec.
100a StPO, Sec. 20l BKAG, Sec. 3 G10, Sec. 23a ZFdG and the
respective provisions in the Police Acts of the federal states
(see Sec. 5 and 7 TKV). Similar principles apply to measures
under Sec. 5 and 8 G10 (Sec. 2(1) G10). The StPO gives
courts and public prosecutors (and certain offcials assisting
the prosecutors offce and, in relation to tax offences, the
tax authority) the power to request, as part of their criminal
investigative powers, the disclosure and, as necessary, the
seizure of stored customer communications (Sec. 94 et.
seqq. 98 StPO). This applies to emails on the providers
mail server and likely also applies to voicemails and similar
communications stored by the provider.
Only where the content of customer communications is yet to
be considered part of an on-going telecommunication process,
then the content of the communication may only be accessed
by means of an interception order according to Sec. 100a
and 100b StPO. This also comprises communications that are
placed in or retrieved from a storage facility which is assigned
to the primary identifcation that is to be intercepted (Sec. 5(1)
No. 3 TKV).
The request for disclosure under Sec. 94 and 95 StPO does
not require a prior judicial order. Where the request is not
complied with, the public prosecutors offce (or, in relation to
tax offences, the tax authority) may initiate the formal seizure
of the stored communication according to Sec. 94 ff., 98 StPO.
The seizure of stored communications requires a prior court
order; yet, in exigent circumstances, the public prosecutors
offce (or certain offcials assisting the prosecutors offce)
may also issue an order. An offcial who has seized the
communication without prior court order must apply for a
court confrmation within three days if neither the person
concerned nor a relative was present at the time of seizing the
information (or such persons have declared their objection).
The person concerned by the seizure may request a court
decision at any time (Sec. 98 StPO).
The order may be granted where there is suffcient
probability of a suspicion of a criminal offence and the stored
communication may be of importance as evidence for the
criminal investigation (subject to a strict proportionality test
and a balancing of all the interests involved).
EMERGENCY POWERS
Except as already outlined above, the German government
does not have the legal authority to invoke special powers
in relation to access to a communication service providers
customer data and/or network on the grounds of
national security.
German government agencies do not have special powers that
can be invoked in time of national crisis or emergency.
OF POWERS
Code of Criminal Procedure (StPO)
As well as what is set out above, according to Sec. 101 StPO,
the participants in the telecommunication under surveillance
must be notifed of any interception measures, including
their option to obtain subsequent court relief, unless there
are overriding conficting interests of an affected person.
Notifcation must take place as soon as it can be effected
without endangering the purpose of the investigation or the
life, the physical integrity and/or personal liberty of a person,
or signifcant assets. For up to two weeks following their
notifcation, the participants may apply to the competent court
for a review of the lawfulness of the measure, as well as of the
manner and means of its implementation. The participants
may fle a complaint against the courts decision.
There is a dispute if and to what extent the operator of a
telecommunication system is entitled to fle a complaint
(according to Sec. 98(2) or 304(2) StPO) against an
interception order issued under Sec. 100a StPO, though it
is recognized that there is no legal obligation to verify or
challenge the lawfulness of an interception order.
Article 10 Act
There is no ex-ante judicial control for measures under
the Article 10 Act, i.e. no court order or warrant is required.
However, the interception measures pursuant to Sec. 3, 5 and
8 G10 require a written order by the Ministry of the Interior (or
the relevant highest state authority) following an application
by one of the public authorities authorised under the
respective provision.
In addition, the so-called G10 Commission may at any time
examine following a complaint or also of its own volition
the admissibility and necessity of the ordered measures.
3.
4.
31
There are no legal remedies available for a person concerned
by an interception measure under Sec. 3 G10 as long as such
measure is not yet communicated to the person (Sec. 13
G10). After this communication, the person concerned can
challenge the interception order before the administrative
courts. A communication to the concerned person shall be
made after the measure has been completed, unless such
communication may endanger the purpose of the interception
measure or may cause overall harm for the well-being of the
federation or its states.
Customs Investigations Services Act (ZFdG)
For measures under the ZFdG, similar principles as for
measures under Sec. 100a and 100b StPO apply (see, in
particular, Section 23c ZFdG).
Federal Criminal Police Offce Act (BKAG)
The measures pursuant to Sec. 20l BKAG require a prior court
order following an application by the President of Federal
Criminal Police Offce; yet, in pressing circumstances, the
President of Federal Criminal Police Offce may also issue
an order, which must be confrmed by the court within
three working days in order not to become ineffective
(Sec. 20l(3) BKAG).
According to Sec. 20w BKAG, the participants in the
communication under surveillance must be notifed of any
interception measures, including their option to obtain
subsequent court relief, unless there are overriding conficting
interests of an affected person. Notifcation must take place
as soon as it can be effected without endangering the purpose
of the investigation or the life, the physical integrity and/
or personal liberty of a person, or signifcant assets. The
participants may fle a complaint against the courts decision.
Police Acts of the federal states
Similar rules as under the BKAG apply under the Police Acts
of the federal states (though details may differ from state
to state).
Subscriber Data, Line Identifcation and Other Data
For manual information requests under Sec. 113 TKG, the
judicial oversight and legal remedies depend on the specifc
different legal statutes granting the authorizations for the
information requests.
For information requests pursuant to Sec. 100j StPO, no
prior court order is required, except where the information
request is directed to obtain access control codes (following
an application by the public prosecutors offce or, in relation
to tax offences, the tax authority); in exigent circumstances,
the public prosecutors offce (or certain offcials assisting the
prosecutor or, in relation to tax offences, the tax authority)
may also issue such order, which then needs to be confrmed
by the court without delay. A prior order is not required where
the person affected by the request already has or must have
knowledge of the request for information or if the use of the
data has already been permitted by a court decision.
The person concerned must be notifed of the information
request only in certain cases (relating to data enabling
access to terminal devices and requests based on the use of
IP-addresses), and only if there are no overriding conficting
interests of an affected person. (Sec. 100j(4) StPO). The
notifcation must take place as soon as it can be effected
without endangering the purpose of the information request.
The person concerned may challenge the lawfulness of the
measure in front of the courts.
Similar rules as under Sec. 100j StPO apply for information
requests under Sec. 20b BKAG (which follows the same
structure and principles).
For information requests under Sec. 8d BVerfSchG, Sec. 4b
MADG and Sec. 2b BNDG, no prior court order is required.
However, where the information request is directed to obtain
access control codes, a prior order by the Ministry of the
Interior is necessary (following an application by the respective
responsible authority).
For automated information requests under Sec. 112 TKG, the
judicial oversight and legal remedies depend on the specifc
different legal statutes defning the legal functions and powers
of the public authorities.
Traffc Data
As well as set above, according to Sec. 101 StPO, the
participants in the telecommunication concerned by the
measure surveillance must be notifed of any disclosure of
their traffc data, including their option to obtain subsequent
court relief, unless there are overriding conficting interests
of an affected person. Notifcation must take place as soon
as it can be effected without endangering the purpose of the
investigation or the life, the physical integrity and/or personal
liberty of a person, or signifcant assets. For up to two weeks
following their notifcation, the participants may apply to the
competent court for a review of the lawfulness of the measure,
as well as of the manner and means of its implementation. The
participants may fle a complaint against the courts decision.
There is a dispute if and to what extent the telecommunication
service provider is entitled to fle a complaint (according to
Sec. 98(2) or 304(2) StPO), though it is recognized that there
is no legal obligation to verify or challenge the lawfulness of
a request.
Similar principles as under Sec. 100g StPO apply for
information requests under Sec. 23g ZFdG and Sec. 20m BKAG.
For information requests under Sec. 8a BVerfSchG, Sec. 4a
MADG and Sec. 2a BNDG, no prior court order is required.
However, a prior order by the Ministry of the Interior is
necessary (following an application by the respective
responsible authority).
With regard to information requests that are ancillary to
interception measures according to Sec. 100a StPO, Sec.
20l BKAG, Sec. 3, 5 and 8 G10, Sec. 23a ZFdG, the respective
32
judicial oversight procedures for these interception measures
extend to the information requests.
The request for disclosure does not require a prior judicial
order but may be challenged by the person concerned before
the courts.
The seizure of stored communications requires a prior court
order; yet, in pressing circumstances, the public prosecutors
offce (or certain offcials assisting the prosecutors offce or,
in relation to tax offences, the tax authority) may also issue
an order.
An offcial who has seized the communication without prior
court order must apply for a court confrmation within three
days if neither the person concerned nor a relative was present
at the time of seizing the information (or such persons have
declared their objection). The person concerned by the seizure
may request a court decision at any time.
A seizure order by a court may be challenged by the person
concerned by fling a complaint.
Germany
33
Ghana
powers under the law of Ghana that government agencies
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION
ASSISTANCE
The Electronic Communications Act 2008 (Act 775)
(the ECA)
Under section 100 of the ECA, the President may by executive
instrument make written requests and issue orders to
operators or providers of electronic communications networks
or services requiring them to intercept communications,
provide any user information or otherwise in aid of law
enforcement or national security.
Anti-Terrorism Act 2008
Pursuant to the Anti-Terrorism Act, 2008 (Act 762) a senior
police offcer (not below the rank of an Assistant Commissioner
of Police) with the written consent of the Attorney-General
and Minister of Justice (AG) may apply to a court for an order
to require Vodafone to intercept customer communications
for the purpose of obtaining evidence of commission of an
offence under the Anti-Terrorism Act.
DISCLOSURE OF
COMMUNICATIONS DATA
(the ECA)
The ECA gives the power to the National Communication
Authority (NCA) and certain public authorities to obtain the
metadata relating to customer communications such as traffc
data, service use information and subscriber information.
Under section 4 (2) (a) of the ECA, telecommunications
providers have an obligation to provide information required
by the NCA for regulatory and statistical purposes. Section
8 (2) authorises the NCA to request the disclosure of lists of
subscribers, including directory access databases. Section 68
of the ECA empowers the NCA to request information from
service providers concerning the communications network, the
use of spectrum granted and the use of the communications
network or service.
Regulation 103 of the Electronic Communications
Regulations, 2011 (L.I. 1991)
Regulation 103 of the Electronic Communications Regulations,
2011 (L.I. 1991) also requires telecommunications providers to
submit to the verifcation of electronic communications traffc
by the NCA.
The Electronic Transactions Act, 2008 (Act 772)
(the ETA)
Under section 101 of the ETA, the government or a law
enforcement agency may apply to a court for an order for the
disclosure of customers communications that are in transit
or held in electronic storage in an electronic communications
system by a communication service provider.
EMERGENCY POWERS
(the ECA)
Under the ECA, during a state of emergency, communication
service providers are required to give priority to requests and
orders for the transmission of voice or data that the President
considers necessary in the interests of national security
and defence.
Section 99 of the ECA provides that where a state of
emergency is declared under the Constitution or any other
law, Vodafone will be required to give priority to requests and
orders for the transmission of voice or data that the President
considers necessary in the interests of national security
and defence.
Section 99 (6) gives power to the President to assume direct
control of electronic communications services and issue
operation regulations in the event of a declaration of war.
OF POWERS
Regarding applications made pursuant to the Anti-Terrorism
Act 2008, a senior police offer will frst require the written
consent of the Attorney General before making an application
to court and seeking judicial approval.
1.
2.
3.
4.
34
Applications made under section 101 of the Electronic
Transactions Act, 2008 (Act 772) by the government or law
enforcement agency must frst apply to the court and seek
judicial approval before an order is granted relating to the
disclosure of customers communications that are in transit
or held in electronic storage in an electronic communications
system by a communication service provider. The court shall
not make the order unless it is satisfed that the disclosure is
relevant and necessary for investigative purposes or is in the
interest of national security.
There is no judicial oversight or approval of the use of powers
under The Electronic Communications Act 2008 (Act 775)
(the ECA).
Ghana
35
Greece
powers under the law of Greece that government agencies
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION
ASSISTANCE
According to Article 19(1) of the Greek Constitution, the
confdentiality of communications is absolutely inviolable;
however, there are conditions under which a judicial authority
is not bound by such confdentiality where national security or
particularly serious crimes are involved.
Law 2225/1994 was adopted on the basis of Article 19(1) of
the Greek Constitution and sets out the procedure that judicial
or other public authorities should follow when requesting the
withdrawal of confdentiality. An application for the withdrawal
of confdentiality (which would allow for the interception of
individual customer communications) can only be made for
reasons of national security (Article 3) or for the purposes of
identifying certain criminal offences (Article 4). Withdrawal
of confdentiality is also permitted in order to investigate the
crimes listed in Article 253A of the Hellenic Criminal
Procedure Code.
The Hellenic Authority for Communications Security and
Privacy (ADAE) has issued guidelines on the measures that
service providers, such as Vodafone, should have in place in
order to ensure that confdentiality is protected during the
real-time interception of communications (Decisions 52/2009
and 53/2009).
For the withdrawal of confdentiality, an order is issued by
the competent judicial authority on the basis of Article 5
of Law 2225/1994. The order includes information on the
public authority, public prosecutor or investigator requesting
the withdrawal, the purpose of the withdrawal, the means of
communication which form the object of the withdrawal and,
in the case of criminal offences being investigated, the name
of the person against whom the withdrawal is directed as well
as his or her residential address.
Article 5(4) of Law 2225/1994 provides that an excerpt
of the order, containing its operative part, is delivered to
the Chairman, Board of Directors, General Manager or
representative of the company concerned. According to Article
6(1) of Presidential Decree 47/2005, when a competent
authority seeks the execution of an order, a service provider
is obliged to activate the equipment and software required
for the withdrawal of confdentiality within three hours from
notifcation of the order, regardless of when the order was
actually served and, in cases of urgency, which have to be
specifcally mentioned, as early as possible. Article 7(2) of
Presidential Decree 47/2005 specifes that the execution of an
order for the withdrawal of confdentiality is performed by the
competent authority in cooperation with the service provider.
In the event of war, mobilisation due to external threats or
an immediate threat to national security as well as an armed
coup to overturn democracy, under Article 48 of the Greek
Constitution, the Greek Parliament has the power, following
the governments recommendation, to implement special
measures. It is possible that such measures could include
direct access to a service providers network to enable
interception, although this is not expressly mentioned. The
validity of these measures is limited to a period 15 days;
however, this term may be extended fortnightly by separate
decisions of the Greek Parliament.
The decision of the Greek Parliament to adopt special
measures in this situation is taken in one sitting by a three-
ffths majority of the total number of members. In deciding
to extend their duration, a majority of members must vote in
favour in one sitting.
DISCLOSURE OF
COMMUNICATIONS DATA
Article 4 of Presidential Decree 47/2005 lists the specifc
communications data that a service provider may be required
to disclose and this includes the content of customer
communications and metadata, depending on the type of
communication involved.
Article 5(4) of Law 2225/1994 provides that an excerpt
of the order, containing its operative part, is delivered to
the Chairman, Board of Directors, General Manager; or
representative of the company concerned.
According to Article 7(2) of Presidential Decree 47/2005, the
execution of an order for the withdrawal of confdentiality is
performed by the competent authority in cooperation with the
service provider.
36
1.
2.
EMERGENCY POWERS
There are no additional powers, other than those set out above.
OF POWERS
Following the execution of an order, one or more reports
are prepared by the service provider that was involved in the
withdrawal of confdentiality and these are submitted to the
judicial authority that issued the order as well as to ADAE and
the applicant authority (see Article 5(5) of Law 2225/1994).
Confdentiality cannot be withdrawn for a period of time that
exceeds two months, unless extensions are granted by the
competent judicial authorities. However, such extensions
may not exceed, in total, a period of 10 months. The judicial
authority that ordered the withdrawal of confdentiality may
order its removal even before expiry of the time period set, if
the purpose of the measure has been fulflled or the reasons
for its implementation no longer exist.
37
3.
4.
Greece F-J A-E K-O P-S T-Z Countries
Hungary
legal powers under the law of Hungary that government
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION
ASSISTANCE
National Security Service Act
Act CXXV of 1995 on the National Security Services (the
National Security Service Act); Act XXXIV of 1994 on the
police (the Act on Police); and Act XIX of 1998 on Criminal
Proceedings (the Criminal Proceedings Act) give the
competent court and in the case of the intelligence agencies
under the National Security Service Act, the Minister of
Justice, the power to authorise the interception of a persons
communications following an application made by the
relevant intelligence agency or law enforcement
agency (LEA).
Under section 92(1) of Act C of 2003 on Electronic
Communications (the Electronic Communications Act),
electronic communications service providers in Hungary
are required to cooperate with organisations authorised to
conduct covert investigations and to use their facilities in their
electronic communications systems so as not to prevent or
block covert investigations, e.g. interceptions.
In addition under section 92(2) of the Electronic
Communications Act, at the written request of the National
Security Services, electronic communications service providers
are required to conclude an operational agreement with the
National Security Services within 60 days concerning the
application of the means and methods of covert investigation
operations.
Criminal Proceeding Act
Under section 202(6) of the Criminal Proceedings Act,
interception by LEAs may only be conducted if obtaining
evidence by other means reasonably appears to be unlikely to
succeed or would involve unreasonable diffculties, and there
is probable cause to believe that evidence can be obtained by
the interception.
Under section 71 of the Act on Police and s.203 of the Criminal
Proceedings Act, the competent court can issue an order
for interception. Under sections 57-58 of National Security
Services Act, the competent court or the Minister of Justice,
can issue an order for interception.
Government Decree on Cooperation
The Electronic Communications Act and Government decree
No. 180/2004 on the rules of cooperation between electronic
communication service providers and authorities authorised
for secret data collection (the Government Decree on
Cooperation) requires electronic communications service
providers to cooperate with LEAs and intelligence agencies
in relation to covert investigations and the set-up and
maintenance of interception equipment.
Under section 3(a) of the Government Decree on Cooperation,
electronic communications service providers, must ensure,
among other things, that all conditions necessary for the
implementation of tools in relation to covert investigation
operations are provided; e.g. a lockup room where the
necessary equipment can be placed and non-stop technical
assistance, if required.
Under section 3(3) and section 6(3) of the Government
Decree on Cooperation, LEAs and intelligence agencies can
implement technical devices so that they have direct access to
the networks of electronic communications service providers,
without the personal assistance of the employees of the
service providers.
DISCLOSURE OF
COMMUNICATIONS DATA
Electronic Communication Act
Under section 157(10) of the Electronic Communications
Act intelligence agencies, courts and a range of other public
authorities have the power to acquire the metadata relating
to customer communications including, among others,
traffc data, IMEI number, service use information, subscriber
information, but not the content of the communications.
Under section 92(2) of the Electronic Communications Act,
electronic communications service providers may be required
to disclose the content of stored customer communications
(e.g. voicemail) (if available). Electronic communications
service providers cannot be required to store the content of
customer communications.
1.
2.
38
Act on the Police
Under section 68 of the Act on the Police, if a request is made
by the police in relation to serious crimes (as set out under
section 68 of the Act on the Police), the supply of data cannot
be refused.
National Securities Act
Under section 11(5) of the National Securities Services Act, the
competent minister investigates complaints made in relation
to the activities of the intelligence agencies.
In addition, lawful process and transfer of personal data is
also monitored by the National Authority for Data Protection
and Freedom of Information, the president of whom hears
and investigates complaints about any alleged misuse of
personal data.
EMERGENCY POWERS
Except as already outlined in this report, government agencies
do not have any other legal authority to invoke special powers in
relation to access to communication service providers customer
data and/or networks on the grounds of national security.
for the protection of human lives, health, physical integrity, or
for the protection of the environment, public safety and public
policy, or for the prevention of dangers exposing signifcant
threats to a broad range of users, or that directly jeopardize the
operations of other service providers and users, a resolution
may be adopted on the prohibition of the provision of any
service or the use of radio frequencies.
the National Media and Infocommunications Authority (the
Authority) may pass a resolution on the prohibition of the
provision of any service or the use of radio frequencies.
OVERSIGHT OF USE OF
THE POWERS
No appeal can be submitted against the relevant resolution
of the Authority in relation to the prohibition of the provision
of any service or the use of radio frequencies. However,
judicial review of the resolution can be requested from the
competent court.
Interception is subject to the prior, or in urgent cases the
subsequent, approval of the court/minister. No appeal can
be submitted against an order of the court/minister unless
the interception resolution is in relation to an ongoing
investigation under the Criminal Proceedings Act.
3.
4.
39
Hungary F-J A-E K-O P-S T-Z Countries
India
powers under the law of India that government agencies
Background
Indian Telegraph Act 1885 (ITA)
This is the parent legislation governing telecommunications
in India and the government grants the following licenses to
service providers in accordance with the provisions of this Act:
Unifed Access Service License (UASL)
This is the license governing access service in India.
Internet Service Provider (ISP) License
This is the license governing internet access service in India.
Unifed License (UL)
The Department of Telecommunications in 2013 issued the
Unifed License which is an umbrella license encompassing all
services such as access, internet, national long distance and
international long distance. This implies that a service provider
can provide all services under a single license. Current UASL
and ISP licensees will have to migrate to the Unifed Licence
Regime on expiry of their existing licenses. For the purposes
of this report, we have relied upon the UASL and ISP licenses,
highlighting differences in the UL where applicable.
Information Technology Laws
The laws generally governing communications over the
Internet are as follows:
(a) Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act)
This is the parent legislation governing information technology
in India. It empowers the government to undertake various
forms of electronic surveillance and censorship in accordance
with procedures prescribed in the following rules:
(b) IT (Procedure and Safeguards for Interception,
Monitoring and Decryption of Information) Rules,
2009 (Interception Rules)
These Rules specify the procedure the government
must follow to intercept, monitor and decrypt electronic
information stored, generated, transmitted or received in
any computer resource.
(c) IT (Procedure and Safeguards for Monitoring and
Collecting Traffc Data or Information) Rules, 2009
(Traffc Data Rules)
These Rules specify the procedure the government must
follow to monitor and collect traffc data or information for the
purposes of cyber security.
(d) IT (Procedure and Safeguards for Blocking for
Access of Information by Public) Rules, 2009
(Blocking Rules)
These Rules specify the procedure the government must
follow to order the blocking of IP addresses.
(e) IT (Intermediaries Guidelines) Rules, 2011
These Rules specify the obligations of intermediaries to take
down content under specifed circumstances.
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
This is the principal law governing criminal procedure in India,
and which authorises courts and law enforcement agencies to
demand the production of documents or other information in
the course of an investigation.
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION
ASSISTANCE
Legislation
Under Section 5(2) of the ITA read with Rule 419- A (I) of
the Indian Telegraph Rules, 1951 (ITR), either the Secretary
to the Ministry of Home Affairs (in case of the central
government) or the Secretary to the Home Department (in
case of the state government) or a person above the rank of
Joint Secretary (in unavoidable circumstances) authorised
by the respective government, during a public emergency
or in the interests of public safety, may issue a written order
directing an interception, if the offcial in question believes
that it is necessary to do so in the: (a) interest of sovereignty
and integrity of India; (b) the security of the State; (c) friendly
relations with foreign states; (d) public order; or (e) the
prevention of incitement of offences.
In case of an emergency, the prior approval of the government
offcials referred to above may be dispensed with. In such a
case, the interception or monitoring will have to be carried
out by an offcer not below the level of the Inspector General
of Police.
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40
Section 69 of the IT Act permits authorised government
offcials to intercept or monitor information transmitted,
generated, received or stored in any computer. Accordingly,
the service provider is required to extend all technical facilities,
equipment and technical assistance to the authorised
government offcials to intercept the information and to
provide information stored in the computer. The Interception
Rules lay down the procedure to be followed by the
government to authorise such interception or monitoring.
Under Section 69 of the IT Act read with Rule 3 of the
Interception Rules, either the Secretary to the Ministry of
Home Affairs (in case of the central government) or the
Secretary to the Home Department (in case of the state
government) or a person above the rank of Joint Secretary
authorised by the respective government (in unavoidable
circumstances), may issue an order for the interception of
any electronic information transmitted, stored or generated
over any computer, if the offcial in question believes that it
is necessary to do so in: (a) the interest of sovereignty and
integrity of India; (b) the security of the State; (c) friendly
relations with foreign states; (d) public order; or (e) the
prevention of incitement of offences.
The UASL and the ISP License require the licensee to
implement the necessary facilities and equipment for
interception purposes in terms of the following provisions:
1) Clause 41.20 (xvi) of the UASL and Clause 34. 28 (xvi)
of the ISP License require the licensee to provide the
necessary hardware/software in their equipment to enable
the government to enable interception and monitoring
from a centralised location.
2) Under Clause 34.4 and Clause 41.7 of the ISP License the
licensee is required to install the equipment that may be
prescribed by the government for monitoring purposes.
3) As per Clause 34.28(xiv) of the ISP License and Clause
41.20 (xiv) of the UASL, in case of remote access of
information, the licensee is required to install suitable
technical devices enabling the creation of a mirror image
of the remote access information for monitoring purposes.
4) Clause 41.10 of the UASL License requires the licensee
to install the necessary hardware/software to enable the
government to monitor simultaneous calls.
Under Rule 13 read with Rule 19 of the Interception Rules,
once the interception order has been issued as per Rule 3 of
the Interception Rules, an offcer not below the rank of the
Additional Superintendent of Police shall make a written
request to the intermediary to provide all facilities and the
necessary equipment for the interception of the information.
Section 2(w) of the IT Act defnes intermediary to include
telecom service providers, network service providers and
internet service providers.
Licenses
The UASL is entered into between a telecom service provider
and the Department of Telecommunication (DoT) for the
provision of telecommunication services. The ISP License is
entered into between an internet service provider and the DoT
for the provision of internet services. Under both the UASL
and the ISP License, licensees are bound to take all steps and
provide all facilities to enable the government to carry out
interception of communications. Clause 42.2 of the UASL
and Clause 35.5 of the ISP License provide that the licensee
is required to provide the necessary interception facilities as
required under Section 5 of the ITA.
Clause 41.10 of the UASL and Clause 34.6 of the ISP license
provide that designated government offcials shall have the
right to monitor the telecommunication traffc at
any technically feasible point. The licensee is required
to make arrangements for simultaneous monitoring by
the government.
Clause 34.8 of the ISP License, requires each ISP to maintain a
log of all connected users and the service that they are using.
The ISP is also required to maintain every outward login. The
logs and the copies of all the packets originating from the
Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) of the ISP must be
available in real time to the government.
DISCLOSURE OF
COMMUNICATIONS DATA
Legislation
The Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) empowers a court
or police offcer in charge of a police station to seek the
production of any any document or other thing if the offcer
believes that the document is necessary for the purposes of
any investigation.
provide information stored in the computer.
Licenses
Under the UASL and the ISP License Agreement, the licensee
is required to provide access to all call data records as well any
other electronic communication. Under Clause 41.10 of the
UASL, the licensee is required to provide the call data records
of all the calls handled by the licensee as and when required by
the government.
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India F-J A-E K-O P-S T-Z Countries
With respect to the ISP License Agreement, Clause
33.4 requires the licensee to provide the government
with the required tracing facilities to trace messages or
communications, when such information is required for
investigation of a crime or for national security purposes.
Section 91 of the CrPC permits a court or offcer in charge of a
police station to issue a summons or written order respectively,
requiring the production of any document or other thing
necessary or desirable for the purposes of any investigation,
inquiry, trial or proceeding
provide information stored in the computer.
Interception has been defned under Rule 2(l) of the
Interception Rules to include the acquisition of the contents
of any information through any means in so far as it enables
the content of the information to be made available to a
person other than the intended recipient.
EMERGENCY POWERS
Legislation
Under Section 5(1) of the ITA, if there is a public emergency or
in the interest of public safety, the government believes it is
necessary, the government has the power to temporarily take
possession of the telegraph established and maintained or
worked on by any person authorised under the ITA.
Licenses
The government has the following special powers under the
UASL and the ISP License:
1) Under Clause 41.13 of UASL and Clause 10.5 of ISP
License; the government may take over the service,
equipment and networks of the licensee in the event that
such directions are issued in the public interest by the
Government of India in the event of a national emergency,
war, low-intensity confict, or any other eventuality.
2) As per Clause 41.1 of UASL and Clause 34.1 of ISP License,
the licensee must provide necessary facilities depending
upon the specifc situation at the relevant time to the
Government to counteract espionage, subversive act,
sabotage or any other unlawful activity.
3) Under Clause 41.5 of UASL and Clause 5.1 of the ISP
License, the government may revise the license Clauses
at any time if considered necessary in the interest of
national security and public interest.
4) In terms of Clause 41.11 of UASL and Clause 34.9 of
ISP License, the government may, through appropriate
notifcation, block the usage of mobile terminals in certain
areas of the country. In such cases, the licensee must deny
service in the specifed areas within six hours of receiving
the request.
5) Under Clause 41.20(xviii) of UASL and Clause 34.28(xviii),
the government may restrict the licensee from operating
in any sensitive area on national security grounds.
In addition, Clause 33.7 of the ISP License and Clause 39.14 of
the UL provide that the use of the network for anti-national
activities (such as breaking into an Indian network) may be
deemed suffcient reason to revoke the license, and will be
considered an offence punishable under criminal law.
The ITA, the UASL and the ISP License do not prescribe the
method and the instrument that the government may use in
this regard.
OF POWERS
There is no judicial oversight over the interception process.
With respect to the review of the interception of telephonic
communication under the ITA and the ITR, a Review
Committee has been established under Rule 419-A(16) of the
ITR at both the central and the state level. As per the ITR, every
order issued by the relevant government offcials has to be
sent to the Review Committee.
The Review Committee is required to meet once every two
months and if the Review Committee is of the opinion that
interception order was not in accordance with the provisions
of the ITA and the ITR, it may set aside the interception order
and also order the destruction of the information obtained
through interception.
Rule 419- A (17) provides that in case the interception has
been carried out in an emergency, the relevant government
offcial has to be informed of such interception within three
working days and the interception has to be confrmed within
7 working days, otherwise the interception will have to cease
and the same message cannot be intercepted without the prior
approval of Union or state Home Secretary.
A similar Review Committee has also been established under
the Interception Rules. Rule 22 of the Interception Rules
provides for the establishment of a Review Committee to
examine the interception or monitoring directions. If the
Review Committee is of the opinion that the interception or
monitoring directions are not in accordance with Section 69 of
the IT Act, then it may set aside the direction and also order the
destruction of the information obtained through interception.
3.
4.
42
India F-J A-E K-O P-S T-Z Countries
Ireland
powers under the law of the Republic of Ireland that
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION
ASSISTANCE
The Postal and Telecommunications Services Act 1983 as
amended by the Postal Packets and Telecommunications
Messages (Regulation) Act 1993
The Postal and Telecommunications Services Act 1983
(the 1983 Act) (as amended by the Postal Packets and
Telecommunications Messages (Regulation) Act 1993 (the
1993 Act)) establishes a regime for the interception of
telecommunications messages under Irish law. Although
telecommunications message is not defned for these
purposes, it is likely to include emails and SMS messages as
well as phone calls etc.
Section 110 of the 1983 Act provides that the Minister for
Posts and Telegraphs (now the Minister for Communications,
Energy and Natural Resources) (the Minister) may issue
directions in writing to a Licenced Operator requiring them
to do (or refrain from doing) anything which the Minister
may specify from time to time as necessary in the national
interest. As a direction by the Minister is a specifc exception
to the prohibition on interception of telecommunications
messages under section 98 of the same Act, it is clear that the
Minister may issue a direction in writing to mobile network
operators requiring them to intercept individual customer
communications. As such, it would seem that the Ministers
powers are suffciently broad to require Licenced Operators
to assist in implementing interception capabilities on their
networks. However, for such a direction to authorise the
implementation of interception capabilities on a Licenced
Operators network (such as Vodafones network), the direction
would need to very specifcally refer to this. Furthermore,
under section 110 of the 1983 Act, the Ministers powers seem
suffciently broad to allow implementation of a technical
capacity that enables direct access to a Licenced Operators
network (without the Licenced Operators operational control
or oversight).
In addition, section 2 of the 1993 Act provides that the Minister
for Justice may give an authorisation of interception in writing
or in a case of exceptional urgency, orally, for the purpose of
criminal investigation or in the interests of the security of the
State. The defnition of interception contained in section 1
in the 1993 Act would seem to encompass the interception
of individual customer communications. The Minister for
Justice is specifcally empowered to enable another person
to intercept a telecommunications message, and as such the
powers of the Minister for Justice would seem suffciently
broad to require Licenced Operators to assist in implementing
interception capabilities on their networks. However, for such
an authorisation to require the implementation of interception
capabilities on, for example, Vodafones network, the
authorisation would need to specifcally refer to this.
Applications for an authorisation of interception under section
2 of the 1993 Act must be made in writing by the Garda
Commissioner or the Chief of Staff of the Defence Forces for
the purpose of criminal investigation or in the interest of the
security of the State.
Section 2(5) of the 1993 Act provides that authorisations of
interception under section 2 of the 1983 Act shall remain in
force for a maximum of 3 months, unless extended for a further
3 months at a time under section 2(6) of the 1993 Act.
Postal and Telecommunications Services (Amendment)
Act 1999
Section 7 of the Postal and Telecommunications Services
(Amendment) Act 1999 (the 1999 Act) applies the
provisions of the 1983 Act and the 1993 Act relating to
directions, authorisations and warrants for the interception
of telecommunications messages to telecommunications
operators licenced under the 1983 Act (Licenced
Operators). As Vodafone is a Licenced Operator, it is subject
to the interception regime set out in the 1983, 1993 and
1999 Acts and as such may be required to intercept individual
customer communications.
Criminal Justice (Surveillance Act) 2009
Section 4 of the Criminal Justice (Surveillance) Act 2009
(the 2009 Act) provides that a superior offcer of the Garda
Sochna (the Irish police), the Defence Forces or the Revenue
Commissioners may apply to a judge for an authorisation to
carry out surveillance where they have reasonable grounds
for believing that it is necessary for the purpose of a criminal
investigation into, or the prevention of the commission of,
1.
43
an arrestable offence (Garda Sochna and Revenue
Commissioners) or maintaining the security of the State
(Garda Sochna and Defence Forces).
Section 1 of the 2009 Act defnes surveillance as (i)
monitoring, observing, listening to or making a recording of
the movements, activities and communications of a particular
person / group of persons; or (ii) monitoring or making a
recording of places or things by or with the assistance of
surveillance devices.
As such, the powers granted to Irish law enforcement agencies
under section 4 of the 2009 Act seem suffciently broad to
allow the implementation of a technical capability that enables
direct access to a Licenced Operators network (without the
Licenced Operators operational control or oversight).
Applications for authorisations of surveillance under section
4 of the 2009 Act can be made to any District Court judge
on sworn evidence by a member of the Garda Sochna, not
below the rank of chief superintendent, or an offcer of the
Permanent Defence Force, not below the rank of colonel, in
order to safeguard the security of the State where to do so
is justifed.
In addition, a member of the Garda Sochna or a member
of the Defence Forces may carry out surveillance without
an authorisation under section 7 of the 2009 Act if the
surveillance has been approved by a superior offcer in
circumstances where the security of the State would otherwise
be likely to be compromised.
DISCLOSURE OF
COMMUNICATIONS DATA
Communications (Retention of Data) Act 2011
Section 6 of the Communications (Retention of Data) Act 2011
(the 2011 Act) allows for the making of requests to service
providers to disclose customer data retained in accordance
with section 3 of the 2011 Act (a Disclosure Request).
Section 1 of the 2011 Act defnes service provider
as a person engaged in the provision of a publicly
available electronic communications service or a public
communications network by means of a fxed line or mobile
telephone or the Internet (referred to herein as a Licenced
Operator). As Vodafone falls within the defnition of a service
provider it is subject to the retention and disclosure of data
regime set out in the 2011 Act.
In addition, Schedule 2 of the 2011 Act details the types of
information which must be retained by Licenced Operators in
relation to fxed network and mobile telephony, for two years:
(i) the names and addresses of subscribers or
registered users;
(ii) the data necessary to identify the location of mobile
communication equipment;
And including, in relation to internet access, internet e-mail
and internet telephony, for one year:
(iii) the names and addresses of subscribers; and
(iv) registered users to whom IP addresses, user ID or
telephone numbers are allocated.
Disclosure Requests under section 6 of the 2011 Act can be
made by a member of the Garda Sochna, not below the
rank of chief superintendent, an offcer of the Permanent
Defence Force, not below the rank of colonel, or an offcer of
the Revenue Commissioners, not below the rank of principal
offcer. Such parties may request a Licenced Operator to
disclose customer data retained in accordance with section
3 of the 2011 Act where the data is required for (i) the
prevention, detection, investigation or prosecution of a serious
offence (Garda Sochna and Revenue Commissioners); (ii)
the safeguarding of the security of the State (Garda Sochna
and Defence Forces); and (iii) the saving of human life (Garda
Sochna and Defence Forces).
Under section 6(4) of the 2011 Act Disclosure Requests should
be made in writing, or in a case of exceptional urgency, orally.
Law Enforcement agencies in Ireland may obtain search
warrants under a wide array of legislation. Such search warrants
may be issued in respect of stored customer data which may
require Vodafone to provide copies of relevant metadata
relating to customer communications and to disclose the
content of stored customer communications, including
voicemails.
Law enforcement agencies in Ireland may also obtain
orders requiring persons to produce to a member of an
Garda Sochna any material which is in their possession
which is likely to be of substantial value in the context of
certain criminal investigations or proceedings (Disclosure
Orders) under a variety of statutes including the Central
Bank (Supervision and Enforcement) Act 2013, the Criminal
Justice Act 2011 and the Taxes Consolidation Act 1997. Such
Disclosure Orders may require Vodafone to provide copies of
relevant metadata relating to customer communications and
to disclose the content of stored customer communications.
The extent of the powers of an Irish law enforcement agency
under a search warrant will depend on the particular statutory
provisions under which the warrant has been issued. There is
no standard regime in relation to search warrants in Irish law
and warrants may be issued under approximately 200 different
statutes. It is therefore diffcult to outline the exact obligations
which all such warrants impose.
The powers under a warrant will generally include, as a
minimum, a power to enter premises, to search the premises
for relevant evidence, and to seize and retain anything which
may be regarded as evidence. Further powers, such as the
power to put certain questions to persons present in the
premises, and to require the assistance of such persons, are
also common.
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44
Ireland F-J A-E K-O P-S T-Z Countries
While warrants are generally issued to the Garda Sochna,
they may also be issued to other law enforcement bodies
including the Competition Authority, the Offce of the Director
of Corporate Enforcement and the Revenue Commissioners, in
connection with offences over which they have jurisdiction.
Disclosure Orders are similar to search warrants, and may
include a power to enter premises and to search for the
relevant material. However, the focus of a Disclosure Order is
on obtaining material from third parties, and they operate in
the frst instance as a direction to the third party to produce
the relevant material, rather than a power for law enforcement
agencies to enter premises and seize it. Disclosure Orders often
include a provision stating that where the relevant information
is not in legible form, the subject of the order shall be required
to give the password to the information to enable the law
enforcement agency offcial to examine the information or
produce the information in a form in which it is, or can be
made, legible and comprehensible. The exact extent of the
powers of an Irish law enforcement agency under a Disclosure
Order will depend on the particular statutory provisions under
which the Disclosure Order has been issued, e.g. the provisions
dealing with Disclosure Orders in some Acts such as the
Criminal Justice Act 1994, specifcally refer to information held
on computers. There is no standard regime in relation to orders
to make material available in Irish law, and such Orders may be
issued under a number of different statutes.
EMERGENCY POWERS
Except as already outlined above, the government does not
have any other legal authority to invoke special powers in
relation to access to Licenced Operators customer data and/or
network on the grounds of national security.
There do not seem to be any additional special powers
bestowed on the Government in times of emergency.
OF POWERS
Postal Packets and Telecommunications Messages
(Regulation) Act 1993
Section 8 of the 1993 Act provides that the government
can designate a High Court judge for the purposes of the
1993 Act (the Designated Judge). The Designated Judge
must keep the operation of the 1993 Act under review and
ascertain whether its provisions are being complied with.
The Designated Judge reports to the Irish Prime Minister
(the Taoiseach) periodically and can investigate any case
in which an authorisation of interception has been given. If
the Designated Judge informs the Minister for Justice that a
particular authorisation of interception should not have been
given, should be cancelled or should not have been extended,
the Minister for Justice shall inform the Minister and cancel the
authorisation.
In addition, any contravention of the 1993 Act is subject to
investigation by the complaints referee (a judge of the Circuit
Court, District Court or a barrister or solicitor of at least 10 years
standing) (the Complaints Referee), under section 9 of
the 1993 Act. Where a person believes that a communication
has been intercepted, they can apply to the Complaints
Referee for an investigation into whether an authorisation of
interception was in force and if so, whether there has been
any contravention of the provisions of the 1993 Act. If there
has been (i) a contravention; or (ii) a contravention which
the Complaints Referee deems an offence, but not a serious
offence, and the Complaints Referee refers the complaint to
the Designated Judge who agrees; the Complaints Referee
will notify the applicant and report their fndings to the
Taoiseach. The Complaints Referee may also (i) quash the
authorisation; (ii) direct the destruction of any copy of the
intercepted communication; or (iii) recommend the payment
of a specifed sum of compensation to the applicant. If there
was no authorisation of interception or no contravention of
the authorisation of interception, the Complaints Referee must
inform the applicant of this.
A contravention of the provisions or conditions of the 1993 Act
will not of itself render the authorisation of interception invalid
or constitute a cause of action.
Criminal Justice (Surveillance Act) 2009
Where a person believes that they may be the subject of
an authorisation or approval under section 7 or 8 (urgent
surveillance or tracking devices only, not regular authorisations)
of the 2009 Act, they can apply to the Complaints Referee
for an investigation into whether an authorisation or approval
was granted and if so, whether there has been a relevant
contravention of the 2009 Act. If there has been a contravention
the Complaints Referee will notify the applicant and report their
fndings to the Taoiseach. The Complaints Referee may also (i)
quash the authorisation or reverse the approval; (ii) direct the
destruction written record of the approval and any material
obtained; (iii) recommend the payment of a specifed sum of
compensation to the applicant and (iv) report the matter to the
Garda Sochna Ombudsman Commission or the Minister for
Justice as appropriate.
If there was no authorisation or approval or no contravention
of the authorisation/approval, the Complaints Referee must
inform the applicant of this.
Under section 11(9) of the 2009 Act, a relevant contravention
which is not material, will not of itself render the authorisation
or approval invalid.
3.
4.
45
Most search warrants are issued by a District Court Judge or
a Peace Commissioner. The judge or commissioner must
consider the sworn information and, acting judicially, satisfy
themselves that the requirements for the issue of a warrant
under the relevant Act are fulflled. However, in a small number
of cases a warrant may be issued by a senior offcer of the
Garda Sochna.
Generally Disclosure Orders are issued by a District Court Judge
who must consider the sworn information and, acting judicially,
satisfy themself that the requirements for the issue of a
Disclosure Order under the relevant Act are fulflled.
Communications (Retention of Data) Act 2011
Section 1 of the 2011 Act defnes designated judge as
a judge of the High Court designated under section 8 of
the 1993 Act. Section 12 of the 2011 Act provides that the
Designated Judge must keep the operation of the 2011
Act under review and ascertain whether its provisions are
being complied with. The Designated Judge reports to the
Taoiseach periodically and can investigate any case in which an
authorisation of interception has been given.
In addition, a contravention of the provisions of section 6
(Disclosure Requests) under the 2011 Act will not of itself
render the Disclosure Request invalid or constitute a cause
of action.
Under section 10 of the 2011 Act, where a person believes that
data relating to them in the possession of a Licenced Operator
has been accessed following a Disclosure Request, they can
apply to the Complaints Referee for an investigation into
whether a Disclosure Request was in force and if so, whether
there has been any contravention of the provisions of section
6 of the 2011 Act. If there has been a contravention, the
Complaints Referee will notify the applicant and report their
fndings to the Taoiseach. The Complaints Referee may also
(i) direct the destruction of the relevant data and any copies
thereof; and (ii) recommend the payment of a specifed sum
of compensation to the applicant. If there was no Disclosure
Request or no contravention of the Disclosure Request, the
Complaints Referee must inform the applicant of this.
46
Italy
powers under the law of Italy that government agencies
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION
ASSISTANCE
Real-time lawful interception forms part of the criminal
investigation powers of the law enforcement agencies i.e.
Police, Carabinieri, Tax Police and other authorised agencies:
(LEAs), as authorised by the competent judge.
Italian Criminal Procedure Code
Interceptions within criminal proceedings (sections 266
to 271 of Italian Criminal Procedure Code): in proceedings
related to certain crimes listed in section 266 (eg. bribery
and corruption, crimes punished with imprisonment up to 5
years, etc.), the public prosecutor is entitled to ask the judge
of the criminal investigation (GIP) to authorise real-time
interceptions, if there are serious suspicions and interception is
necessary for the collection of evidence. In matters of urgency,
the public prosecutor can directly authorise interceptions but
the GIP shall make use of such authorisation within 72 hours.
Interception orders are granted for 15 days, renewable for
another 15 days (section 267 of the Italian Criminal Procedure
Code). Real-time interceptions can be also authorised for
electronic and telematics communications (section 266 of the
Italian Criminal Procedure Code).
Implementing provisions of The Criminal Procedure Code
Preventive interceptions by LEAs (section 226 of Legislative
Decree n. 271 of 1989): for the purpose of preventing
crimes by criminal associations and international terrorism
organisations, the Minister for Home Affairs or, where
delegated by the latter, the Head of IT Department of an
LEA or, in certain cases, the Head of Anti-Mafa Investigation
Department, are entitled to ask the public prosecutor to
authorise real-time interceptions. Interceptions orders are
granted for 40 days, renewable for a further 20+20 days.
Legislative Decree n. 144 of 2005, as amended by Law
n.133 of 2012
Preventive interceptions by intelligence agencies (section
4 of Legislative Decree n. 144 of 2005, as amended by Law n.
133 of 2012): the Prime Minister and, where delegated by the
latter, the heads of Italian intelligence agencies (i.e. AISE and
AISI) are entitled to ask the public prosecutor of Rome Court
of Appeal to authorise interceptions for preventing crimes by
criminal associations and international terrorism organisations
or, more generally, in the interest of national security. The
public prosecutor can authorise the requested interceptions
through a reasoned decision. Interception orders are granted
for 40 days renewable for further 20+20 days.
Given the legal framework described above, the relevant
legislation regulating technical interception capabilities are
the following:
Legislative Decree n. 259 of 2003 (Electronic
Communications Code) prescribes that communication
service providers (CSPs: i.e. Vodafone) shall comply with
any order for interceptions issued by judicial authorities by
agreeing with the LEAs over the terms and formalities of
their performance.
On December 15, 2005 the Italian Privacy Authority (on the
basis of the powers conferred to it by Legislative Decree
no. 196 of 2003, Data Protection Code) issued specifc
Guidelines, prescribing to CSPs a number of security measures
with respect to mechanisms adopted by the CSPs for carrying
out the interceptions.
Electronics Communication Code
As a general rule, section 96 of the Electronic Communications
Code provides for the obligation of CSPs to render assistance
and provide information to judicial authorities and LEAs in
relation to interception operations for the purposes of justice
and public security. Pending the adoption of the Repertorio
provided for by article 96 (2) (i.e. a detailed catalogue of
mandatory interception services and technical standards
which has never been formally adopted although a draft of
it is accessible by telecom operators) technical capabilities
are from time to time agreed between the CSPs and public
prosecutor/LEAs.
Italian Privacy Authoritys Guidelines
The Italian Privacy Authoritys Guidelines of December 15,
2005 oblige CSPs to implement a number of organisational
and security measures in respect of lawful interception and
the exchange of information with LEAs, judicial authority and
intelligence agencies.
1.
47
The main security measures prescribed by the Italian Privacy
Authority are the following:
1) Organisational aspects of security:
adoption of an organisational model to limit the
knowledge of personal information processed;
appointment of the persons in charge of the data
processing, including a control of the authentication
systems and the access to data processed;
separation of data (accounting data from
documentation data produced); and
strong authentication procedures, including also
biometric characteristics.
2) Security of the information data fows with the
judiciary authority:
use of communication systems based on secure
network protocols;
adoption of digital signatures to encode documents;
use of encoding systems based on digital signatures
for all the communications with the judiciary
authority and LEAs;
use of certifed electronic mail (PEC); and
delivery of the documents by hand exclusively
through persons appointed by the judiciary authority,
keeping a register of the deliveries.
3) Protection of data processed for justice purposes:
development of electronic means to ensure the control
of the activities performed by each person in charge of
the data processing with audit log registrations;
adoption of advanced encoding instruments for the
protection of data during storage in the information
technology systems of the CSPs; and
limitation of retention of personal data for no longer
than is strictly necessary to perform the order of the
judicial authority providing for the cancellation of
data immediately after the correct transmission to
the judicial authority.
Interception operations are normally carried out not directly by
Vodafone but through equipment installed at the requesting
authorities offce (or at an interception centre indicated by
the requesting authority). However, in case of interception of
telematic communications, the public prosecutor may order
that the relevant interceptions be carried out also through
equipment owned by private entities or individuals (section
268 (3) of Italian Criminal Procedure Code).
According to section 11 of the Prime Minister Decree of
January 24, 2013, CSPs, such as Vodafone, providing electronic
communication networks or services can be required, among
other things, to allow intelligence agencies (AISE and AISI)
and the National Security Department (DIS) to access their
databases on the basis of specifc agreements setting out the
modalities of such access.
DISCLOSURE OF
COMMUNICATIONS DATA
According to article 13 (1) of Law no. 124 of 2007 on the
reorganisation of the intelligence agencies, CSPs can be
required to cooperate with intelligence agencies, disclosing
to them information, including communications data relating
to customer communications. This obligation has been
recently clarifed in section 11 of the Prime Minister Decree
of January 24, 2013 which directly refers to the mentioned
Law no. 124 of 2007. This states that CSPs are required to
provide information to intelligence agencies (AISE and AISI)
and the National Security Department (DIS) according to their
respective competences as set out by Law 124 of 2007, on
the basis of specifc operational agreements, in the interest
of national security: i.e. in order to protect the independence,
integrity and security of the Republic from any internal or
external subversive activity and criminal or terrorist attack:
Moreover, according to the relevant provisions of the Italian
Criminal Procedure Code and Legislative Decree n. 271 of
1989, CSPs can be required to provide LEAs (duly authorised
by the judicial authority) with metadata relating to customers
communications within criminal proceedings as follows:
a) Seizure of data in the possession of CSPs within
criminal proceedings (section 254 of Italian Criminal
procedure Code): The judicial authority has the power to
order the seizure of any information that CSPs possess,
including metadata, voicemail or an unread email in an
inbox relating to customers; and
b) Access to customers data by LEAs (section 226 (4)
of Legislative Decree n. 271 of 1989): for the purpose
of preventing crimes by criminal associations and
international terrorism organisations, the Minister for
Home Affairs or, where delegated by the latter, the LEAs
Head of IT Department or, in certain cases, the Head of
Anti-Mafa Investigation Department are entitled to ask
the public prosecutor to order CSPs to trace telephonic
and telematic communications and to authorise access
to data relating to such communications and to any other
relevant information stored by CSPs.
In addition, section 55 of the Electronic Communications Code
sets forth the obligation for CSPs to provide the Minister of
Home Affairs with a list of all their customers or purchasers of
pre-paid mobile traffc.
2.
48
Italy F-J A-E K-O P-S T-Z Countries
Moreover, according to the relevant provisions of the Italian
Criminal Procedure Code and Legislative Decree n. 271 of
1989, CSPs can be required to provide LEAs (duly authorised by
the judicial authority) with customers content data stored in
their database.
EMERGENCY POWERS
There are a number of provisions allowing the government to
dispose of networks in times of emergencies, such as:
a) Section 13 (1) of Law no. 124 of 2007, as clarifed by
section 11 of Ministerial Decree of January, 24 2013;
b) Section 73 of the Electronic Communication Code;
c) Section 2 of T.U.L.P.S. (Reformed Law on Public Security).
Section 2 of Law no. 225 of 1992 on the Civil Protection
service provides that CSPs must cooperate with the
management of a cyber crisis, contributing to help restore
network and communication system functionalities.
Section 73 of the Electronic Communication Code establishes
that, in case of severe network crash, force majeure or natural
disaster, the Ministry of Communications is entitled to set
forth the measures needed for guaranteeing the availability
of the public phone network. CSPs must implement all the
necessary measures for guaranteeing non-stop access to
emergency services.
According to Section 2 of T.U.L.P.S. (Reformed Law on Public
Security) the Prefect, in case of urgency or state of necessity,
is entitled to adopt all the necessary decisions for protecting
public order and public security.
Pursuant to Section 2 of Law no. 225 of 1992, after the state of
emergency has been declared, the Head of the Civil Defence
Department can issue decrees with respect to, among other
things, the restoring of strategic network infrastructures.
OF POWERS
In addition to what is set out above, Section 96(2) and Section
32 of the Electronic Communications Code set out sanctions
for those CSPs which do not comply with specifc obligations
to cooperate with judicial authorities and law enforcement
agencies in relation to interception operations.
The judiciary plays no role in the execution of the operational
agreements between the intelligence agencies and the CSP,
or in the access operations. However, such agreements are
notifed to the COPASIR (a special Parliament Committee
which controls Italian intelligence activities) and the latter
is annually informed on the number of accesses to such
these databases.
In case of seizure carried out within criminal proceedings the
authorisation and control of the GIP is necessary on the basis
of the public prosecutors request.
In case of access to customers data by LEAs, the authorisation
and control of the competent public prosecutor is necessary.
The activity of the Intelligence agencies is directly monitored
by the Prime Minister and by COPASIR, whose function is to
systematically ensure that the agencies operate in compliance
with the Constitution and the law.
3.
4.
Italy
49
A-E F-J P-S T-Z
Countries K-O
Albania
Albania
51 Kenya
59 Mozambique
54 Lesotho
60 The Netherlands 62 New Zealand
56 Malta
K-O Countries
50
Kenya
powers under the law of Kenya that government agencies
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION
ASSISTANCE
The National Intelligence Service Act (Act No. 28 of 2012)
(NIS Act) allows the Director-General of the National
Intelligence Service (NIS) (pursuant to Section 36) to
monitor or otherwise interfere with the privacy of a
persons communications.
Pursuant to Section 42 (1) and (2) of the NIS Act, where the
Director-General has reasonable grounds to believe that a
warrant under this section is required to enable the NIS to
investigate any threat to national security or to perform any of
its functions, he or she may apply for a warrant. Section 42 (2)
of the NIS Act provides that such a warrant shall be ex-parte
before a judge of the High Court of Kenya.
The Director-General of the NIS can apply for a warrant
(issued by the High Court of Kenya pursuant to Section 36 of
the NIS Act) that enables investigations of a persons private
communications. Further, Section 44 of the NIS Act allows the
Director-General of the NIS to request the courts to direct the
appropriate persons to furnish such information, facilities or
technical assistance as necessary to execute the warrant.
Section 45 of the NIS Act provides that, a warrant issued under
the Act may authorise any member of the NIS to obtain any
information, material, record, document or thing and for
that purpose:
(a) to enter any place, or obtain access to anything;
(b) to search for or remove or return, examine, take extracts
from, make copies of or record in any other manner the
information, material, record, document or things;
(c) to monitor communication; or
(d) to install, maintain or remove anything.
The prevention of Terrorism Act (Act No. 30 of 2012)
Section 36 (1) and (2) of The Prevention of Terrorism Act (Act
No. 30 of 2012) (the PT Act) allows a police offcer (subject
to consent from the Inspector-General or the Director of
Public Prosecutions) to apply for an interception of
communications order.
Section 36 (3) of the PT Act allows for the issuance of an
interception order that requires a communications service
provider to intercept and retain specifed communication of
a specifed description received or transmitted or about to
be received or transmitted by the communications service
provider or authorising a police offcer to enter any premises
and to install on such premises, any device for the interception
and retention of a specifed communication and to remove and
retain such device.
The Mutual Legal Assistance Act (Cap. 75A Laws of Kenya)
Pursuant to The Mutual Legal Assistance Act (Cap. 75A Laws of
Kenya) (the MLA Act) a requesting state may make a request
to Kenya requesting for the interception and immediate
transmission of telecommunications or the interception,
recording and subsequent transmission of telecommunications.
Under section 27 of the MLA Act, for the purpose of a criminal
investigation, Kenya may, in accordance with the provisions of
this Act and any other relevant law, execute a request from a
requesting state for the interception and immediate
transmission of telecommunications or the interception,
recording and subsequent transmission of telecommunications.
Section 32 (1) of the MLA Act provides that a request may
be made to Kenya from a requesting state for deployment of
covert electronic surveillance.
Kenya Information and Communications Act (Cap. 411A,
Laws of Kenya)
The statutes mentioned above should be considered in
the context of Section 31 of the Kenya Information and
Communications Act (Cap. 411A, Laws of Kenya) ( the KIC
Act ) which makes it an offence punishable by conviction
with a fne not exceeding three hundred thousand shillings, or
imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years, or to both
where a licensed telecommunication operator who otherwise
than in the course of his business:
intercepts a message sent through a licensed
telecommunication system; or
discloses to any person the contents of a message
intercepted; or
1.
A-E F-J P-S T-Z K-O Countries
51
discloses to any person the contents of any statement or
account specifying the telecommunication services.
Section 93 of the KIC Act has the effect of obliging a person
licensed to provide telecommunication services to disclose
information (interception being a mode of disclosure) where
such disclosure facilitates the statutory functions of the
Commission or is in connection with the investigation of a
criminal offence or to facilitate criminal proceedings or for the
purposes of any civil proceedings brought by virtue or/under
the KIC Act.
Kenya Information and Communications (Consumer
Protection) Regulations, 2010
Further, Regulation 15 (1) of the Kenya Information and
Communications (Consumer Protection) Regulations, 2010
require that, subject to the provisions of the KIC Act or any
other written law, a licensee (licensed under the KIC Act)
shall not monitor, disclose or allow any person to monitor
or disclose, the content of any information of any subscriber
transmitted through the licensed system by listening, tapping,
storage, or other kinds of interception or surveillance of
communications and related data.
Section 31 of the KIC Act and Regulation 15 (1) of the Kenya
Information and Communications (Consumer Protection)
Regulations, 2010 are however qualifed by Section 93 of
the KIC Act which allows for disclosure of information where
such disclosure facilitates the statutory functions of the
Commission or is in connection with the investigation of a
criminal offence or to facilitate criminal proceedings or for the
purposes of any civil proceedings brought by virtue of/under
the KIC Act.
DISCLOSURE OF
COMMUNICATIONS DATA
Kenya Information and Communications Act (Cap. 411A,
Laws of Kenya) (KIC Act)
Section 89 (1) of the KIC Act provides the power to enter and
search premises, and extends to obtaining any article or thing.
These powers extend to obtaining data related to customer
communications. A court is permitted to grant a search warrant
to enable entry of any premises and to search, examine, test
any station or apparatus or obtain any article or thing.
(NIS Act)
Section 44 of the NIS Act allows the Director-General of the
NIS to request the courts to direct the appropriate persons to
furnish such information, facilities or technical assistance as
necessary to execute the warrant. Section 45 of the NIS Act
provides that a warrant issued under the Act may authorise any
member of the NIS to obtain any information, material, record,
document or thing.
The Mutual Legal Assistance Act (Cap. 75A Laws of Kenya)
(MLA Act)
Section 28 of the MLA Act allows a requesting state to make a
request for legal assistance in accordance with Kenyan law for
the provision of data relating to customer communications.
The Anti-money Laundering Act (Cap 59B)
Section 103 of the Proceeds of Crime and Anti-money
laundering Act (Cap.59 B) authorises the police to apply for
production orders where a person has been charged with or
convicted of an offence, and a police offcer has reasonable
grounds for suspecting that any person has possession or
control of: (a) a document relevant to identifying, locating or
quantifying property of the person, or to identifying or locating
a document necessary for the transfer of property of such
person; or (b) a document relevant to the identifying, locating
or quantifying tainted property in relation to the offence, or to
identifying or locating a document necessary for the transfer
of tainted property in relation to the offence. The police offcer
may make an ex parte application with a supporting affdavit
to a court for an order against the person suspected of having
possession or control of a document of the kind referred to,
to produce it.
EMERGENCY POWERS
(NIS Act)
As described above, pursuant to section 42 (1) and (2) of the
NIS Act where the Director-General has reasonable grounds to
believe that a warrant under this section is required to enable
the NIS to investigate any threat to national security or to
perform any of its functions, he or she may apply for a warrant
before a Judge of the High Court of Kenya (under section 36)
to monitor or otherwise interfere with the privacy of a persons
communications to enable investigation of any threat to
national security.
The Constitution of Kenya 2010
Under Article 58 and 132(4) of the Constitution, the President
may declare a state of emergency and any legislation enacted
or other action taken in consequence of the declaration
shall be effective only prospectively and not longer than
fourteen days from the date of declaration, unless the National
Assembly resolves to extend the declaration. After declaration
of a state of emergency, the government would have broad
powers, which could extend to a range of actions in relation to
Vodafones network and/or customer communications.
2.
3.
Kenya A-E F-J P-S T-Z K-O Countries
52
OF POWERS
The role of the judiciary pursuant to the NIS Act is limited to
issuing the warrant and any subsequent judicial orders (related
to the warrant). However pursuant to Section 45 of the NIS
Act, in extreme cases of emergency, the Director-General
may exercise the powers under the NIS Act without a warrant
provided that he applies for a warrant within thirty six hours
after exercising any of the powers under the NIS Act.
Further, Section 65 of the NIS Act provides that the Parliament
of Kenya (through the relevant committee) has oversight
authority over all the workings of the NIS pursuant to Article
238 (2) of the Constitution of Kenya (2010).
Regarding powers granted to the president in a state of
emergency, pursuant to Article 58(5) of the Constitution
of Kenya, the Supreme Court may decide on the validity
of a declaration of a state of emergency, any extension of
declaration of a state of emergency and any legislation
enacted, or other action taken, in consequence of a declaration
of a state of emergency.
4.
Kenya A-E F-J P-S T-Z K-O Countries
53
Lesotho
legal powers under the law of Lesotho that government
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION
ASSISTANCE
Communications Act 2012
Section 44(1)(f) of the Communications Act 2012
(Communications Act) provides that a person may not
intercept communications or messages unless authorised by
a court of competent jurisdiction. Therefore, the government
does not have the legal authority to require Vodafone to
intercept individual customer communications or messages
without a court order.
In Lesotho, there appear to be no specifc laws that grant law
enforcement agencies with legal powers to allow direct access
into a communication service providers network outside of the
operational control or oversight of the service provider.
DISCLOSURE OF
COMMUNICATIONS DATA
Telecommunications Authority Regulations 2001
Regulations 32(1) and (2) of the Telecommunications
Authority Regulations 2001 provide that no person, while
engaged in the operation of a telecommunications service
may disclose information about a customer, unless disclosure
is required in connection with the investigation of a criminal
offence or for the purpose of criminal proceedings.
Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act 1981
According to the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act 1981
(Sections 46 to 49), a judicial offcer may issue a warrant
authorising the search of a property, if he or she has a
reasonable suspicion that there is anything on the property
that amounts to evidence of an offence, or which will be used
in a criminal offence. However, a policeman/woman (with the
rank of warrant offcer and above) may conduct the search
without a warrant if he/she believes that by frst obtaining the
warrant it will defeat the purpose of the search.
The Prevention of Corruption and Economic Offences Act
No.5 of 1999
The Prevention of Corruption and Economic Offences Act (Act)
provides for the disclosure of information in connection with
the investigation or prevention of corruption and economic
offences. Section 8 of the Act provides that the Director of
Prevention of Corruption and Economic Offences may by
notice in writing require any person to furnish, notwithstanding
the provisions of any other enactment to the contrary, all
information in his possession relating to the affairs of any
suspected person and to produce or furnish any document or
certifed true copy of any document relating to such suspected
person, which is in the possession or the control of the person
required to furnish the information.
Ombudsman Act 1996
The Offce of the Ombudsman was established under section
134 of the Constitution of Lesotho to among other things
investigate action taken by any offcer or authority in the
exercise of the administrative functions of that offcer or
authority in cases where it is alleged that a person has suffered
injustice in consequences of that action.
Section 9 of the Ombudsman Act 1996 provides that in the
performance of his functions the Ombudsman shall have the
power to summon and subpoena in writing any person to
produce any records in the custody, possession or control of
that person, which the Ombudsman may deem necessary in
connection with any inquiry before him; and for such purpose
he shall have similar powers to those of a High Court Judge but
subject to the same rules relating to immunity and privilege
from disclosure as apply in High Court.
EMERGENCY POWERS
National Security Services Act No. 11 of 1998 (NSS)
Section 26 of the NSS provides that The Minister may, on an
application made by a member of or above the rank of Higher
Intelligence Offcer, issue a warrant authorizing the taking of
such action in respect of any property specifed in the warrant
as the Minister thinks is necessary to be taken in order to
obtain information which: (a) is likely to be of substantial
value in assisting national security services in discharging
any of its function; and (b) cannot be reasonable obtained
by any other means.
1.
2.
3.
54
Emergency Powers Order 1988
Section 5(3)(b) of the Emergency Powers Order 1988
(Emergency Powers Order) states that the Minister
responsible for defence and internal security may
during a declared state of emergency, issue regulations
(Regulations) that authorise the acquisition of any property
in Lesotho, and take possession and control of such property.
Section 5(3)(b) of the Emergency Powers Order has not been
enacted to date. The Regulations are made by the Ministers
offce, but have to be issued in the Government Gazette to be
generally enforceable. Any further processes detailing the right
to access customer data and/or network would presumably be
set out in those Regulations.
OF POWERS
Interception of communications is only allowed if authorised
by a court order, and the court, which has to be of competent
jurisdiction, has discretion in this regard. The court will allow
the interception of messages if it is reasonable and serves a
lawful purpose.
S. 26(3) of the NSS provides that such a warrant shall not
be issued unless: (a) it is signed by the Minister, or (b) in an
urgent case where the Minister has expressly authorized
its issue and a statement of that fact is endorsed on it, it is
signed by the Director General or an offce authorized by
the Director General.
State conduct will always be subject to the Constitution of
Lesotho, which guarantees freedom from arbitrary seizure of
property, and freedom from arbitrary searches. These rights
can be limited where state security or public order (amongst
other things) so requires. Therefore, laws of general application
that limits the rights in question, such as the Regulations that
can be enacted in terms of the Emergency Powers Order, will
be valid and enforceable, as long as the means (search or
seizure) are proportional, or rationally related, to achieve the
end result (state security/public order).
4.
Lesotho A-E F-J P-S T-Z K-O Countries
55
Malta
powers under the law of Malta that government agencies
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION
ASSISTANCE
Security Service Act
Under the Security Service Act (Chapter 391) of the Laws of
Malta, the Security Service of Malta can obtain authorisation
for interception or interference with communications by
means of a warrant issued by the Minister responsible for the
Security Service (the Minister).
Article 3 of Chapter 391 provides that the function of the
Security Service shall be to protect national security; in
particular, against threats from organised crime, espionage,
terrorism and sabotage, the activities of agents of foreign
powers and against actions intended to overthrow or
undermine parliamentary democracy by political, industrial
or violent means. Furthermore, the Security Service shall act
in the interest of the economic well-being of Malta and public
safety, particularly in relation to the prevention or detection of
serious crime.
Chapter 391 does not provide for a defnition of serious crime.
Chapter 391 defnes interception as in relation to a warrant,
the obtaining possession of, disrupting, destroying, opening,
interrupting, suppressing, stopping, seizing, eavesdropping
on, surveilling, recording, copying, listening to and viewing of
communications and the extraction of information from such
communications.
According to Chapter 391, following a request made by the
Security Service, the Minister may issue a warrant authorising
the taking of such action as is specifed in the warrant in
respect of any communications. The warrant must be issued
under the hand of the Minister or in an urgent case where the
Minister has expressly authorised its issue and a statement
of that fact is endorsed by the hand of a senior government
offcial being a Permanent Secretary or the Cabinet Secretary.
Warrants are generally valid for six months (if issued by the
hand of the Minister) or two days (if not issued under the hand
of the Minister). Warrants may be modifed or cancelled by the
Minister at any time. The Minister can also extend their validity
for a further six months.
Electronic Communications Network and Services
(General) Regulations
Under the conditions contained in the authorisation issued by
the Malta Communications Authority to Vodafone pursuant
to the Electronic Communications Networks and Services
(General) Regulations (S.L.399.28), Vodafone, as an
authorised undertaking, has an obligation to comply with all
requirements related to legal interception and data retention
as may be established under the Electronic Communications
(Regulation) Act (Chapter 399) or any other law.
To this date, no specifc laws have been published in relation
to the obligation of authorised undertakings to assist in
implementing interception capabilities. However, authorised
undertakings are required to assist law enforcement
agencies, most notably the Security Service, in implementing
interception capabilities on their networks and this is part of
their authorisation conditions even though no specifc law to
this effect exists. Chapter 391 provides for warrants related
to interception and not to any specifc obligations on the
network providers.
Article 86 of SL399.28 provides that the Malta
Communications Authority shall defne the technical
and operational requirements necessary to enable legal
interception of electronic communications by the competent
authorities in accordance with any law allowing and regulating
such legal interception, provided that in doing so the Malta
Communications Authority shall give reasons for the technical
and operational requirements it defnes and shall seek to
ensure that any expenses that undertakings may have to incur
in order to meet any requirements it establishes are reasonable
and justifed.
Therefore, whilst no direct legal provision exists relating to
the obligation of authorised undertakings to implement
interception capabilities on their networks, the authorised
undertakings have a legal obligation to fund the infrastructure
used for such activities.
1.
56
DISCLOSURE OF
COMMUNICATIONS DATA
Processing of Personal Data (Electronic Communications
Sector) Regulations
Disclosure of metadata is governed by Part II of the Processing
of Personal Data (Electronic Communications Sector)
Regulations (S.L.440.01).
Disclosure of metadata is to be made by service providers of
a publicly available electronic communications service or of
a public communications network, in an intelligible form and
only to the Police or the Security Service.
Regulation 20 of SL 440.01 provides for the disclosure
of the following types of data which are traditionally
considered metadata:
(1) Data necessary to trace and identify the source of
a communication:
(a) Concerning fxed network telephony and
mobile telephony:
(i) the calling telephone number;
(ii) the name and address of the subscriber or
registered user;
(b) concerning Internet access, Internet e-mail and
Internet telephony:
(i) the user ID allocated;
(ii) the used ID telephone number allocated to any
communication entering the public telephone
network; and
(iii) the name and address of the subscriber or
registered user to whom an Internet-Protocol
address, user ID or telephone number was
allocated at the time of the communication.
(2) Data necessary to identify the destination of
a communication:
(a) concerning fxed network telephony and
mobile telephony:
(i) the telephone number or numbers dialled or
called and, in cases involving supplementary
services such as call forwarding or call transfer,
the number, or numbers to which the call is
routed; and
registered user;
(b) concerning Internet e-mail and Internet telephony:
(i) the user ID or telephone number of the intended
recipient of an Internet telephony call; and
registered user and user ID of the intended
recipient of the communications.
(3) Data necessary to identify the date, time and duration
of a communication:
(a) concerning fxed network telephony and mobile
telephony, the date and time of the start and end of
the communication;
(b) concerning Internet access, Internet e-mail and
Internet telephony:
(i) the date and time of the log-in and log-off of
the Internet access service, based on a certain
time zone, together with the Internet Protocol
address, whether dynamic or static, allocated
by the Internet access service provider to a
communication, and the user ID of the subscriber
or registered user; and
(ii) the date and time of the log-in and log-off of the
Internet e-mail service or Internet telephony
service, based on a certain time zone.
(4) Data necessary to identify the type of communication:
(a) concerning fxed network telephony and mobile
telephony, the telephone service used; and
(b) concerning Internet e-mail and Internet telephony,
the Internet service used.
(5) Data necessary to identify users communication
equipment or what purports to be their equipment:
(a) concerning fxed network telephony, the calling and
called telephone numbers;
(b) concerning mobile telephony:
(i) the calling and called telephone numbers;
(ii) the International Mobile Subscriber Identity of the
calling party;
(iii) the International Mobile Equipment Identity of
the calling party;
(iv) the International Mobile Subscriber Identity of the
called party;
(v) the International Mobile Equipment Identity of
the called party;
(vi) in the case of pre-paid anonymous services,
the date and time of the initial activation of the
service and the location label (Cell ID) from which
the services was activated;
(c) concerning Internet access, Internet e-mail and
Internet telephony:
(i) the calling telephone numbers for dial-up access;
and
2.
Malta A-E F-J P-S T-Z K-O Countries
57
(ii) the digital subscriber line or other end point of the
originator of the communication.
(6) Data necessary to identify the location of mobile
communication equipment:
(a) the location label (Cell ID) at the start of the
communication; and
(b) data identifying the geographic location of cells by
reference to their location labels (Cell ID) during the
period for which communications data are retained.
Pursuant to Regulation 19 of SL 440.01, metadata is to be
disclosed to the Police or the Security Service where such data
is required for the purpose of the investigation, detection or
prosecution of a serious crime.
SL440.01 defnes serious crime as any crime which is
punishable by a term of imprisonment of not less than one
year and for the purposes of SL440.01 includes the crimes
mentioned in articles 48(1)(d) and 49 of Chapter 399.
A request for data is to be made in writing and shall be clear
and specifc, provided that where the data is urgently required,
such request may be made orally, however a written version of
the request shall be made at the earliest opportunity.
Regulation 18(1) of SL440.01 provides that there is no
legal obligation on providers of publicly available electronic
communications services or of a public communications
network to retain data revealing content of any communication.
Criminal Code
Furthermore, Article 355AD of the Criminal Code (Chapter 9)
provides that any person who is considered by the police to be
in possession of any information or document relevant to any
investigation has a legal obligation to comply with a request
from the police to attend at a police station to give as required
any such information or document, provided that no person
is bound to supply any information or document which would
incriminate him.
If information is provided pursuant to Article 355AD, the Police
may, orally or by a notice in writing, require any person to
attend at the police station or other place indicated by them to
give such information and to produce such documents as the
Police may require and if that person so attends at the police
station or place indicated to him he shall be deemed to have
attended that police station or other place voluntarily. The
written notice shall contain a warning of the consequences of
failure to comply, namely that such person shall be guilty of a
contravention punishable with detention and shall be liable to
be arrested immediately under warrant. The written notice may
be served with urgency in cases where the interests of justice
so require.
EMERGENCY POWERS
Emergency Powers Act
Under the provisions of the Emergency Powers Act (Chapter
178) following a declaration by the President of Malta of a
state of public emergency, the President of Malta, acting in
accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister, may, subject
to the provisions of the Constitution of Malta, make such
regulations as appear to him to be necessary or expedient for
securing the public safety, the defence of Malta, the maintenance
of public order and the suppression of mutiny, rebellion and
riot, and for maintaining supplies and services essential to the
life of the community. Such regulations (in accordance with
Article 4(2) of Chapter 178) can include authorising the taking
possession or control on behalf of the government of any
property or undertaking as well as providing for amending any
law or suspending the operation of any law, and for applying any
law with or without modifcation. Such regulations shall expire
and cease to have effect after two months unless approved
by a resolution of the House of Representatives (Article 6(1)
of Chapter 178). These regulations may also be amended and
revoked at any time by resolutions passed by the House of
Representatives (Article 6(2) of Chapter 178).
Civil Protection Act
Under the Civil Protection Act (Chapter 411), in situations of
emergency, disaster or other operation covered by Chapter
411, the Commander as appointed by Chapter 411 or the
Director or highest ranking offcer of the Assistance and
Rescue Force may, among other things, order the immediate
requisition of any movable or immovable thing, which is
indispensably necessary in his judgement for any operation,
subject to a right of compensation by the owner.
OF POWERS
Chapter 391 does not provide for judicial oversight. However,
Chapter 391 establishes the post of a Commissioner who shall
keep under review, among other things, the exercise by the
Minister responsible for the Security Service of his powers to
issue warrants.
The Information and Data Protection Commissioner is
responsible for the compliance and enforcement of SL440.01.
Aggrieved persons can request his or her intervention. Any
decision by the Information and Data Protection Commissioner
may be contested in front of the Data Protection Appeals
Tribunal. The Information and Data Protection Commissioner may
consult and seek advice of the Malta Communications Authority.
Subject to the Constitution of Malta, Regulations issued under
Chapter 178 can be revoked by resolution passed by the House
of Representatives.
3.
4.
Malta A-E F-J P-S T-Z K-O Countries
58
Mozambique
powers under the law of Mozambique that government
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION
ASSISTANCE
Decree n.33/2001
Article 35 of the Regulation of the licensing and register
for the providing of telecommunications services of public
usage and establishing and usage of the public network
of telecommunications (Decree n.33/2001 of 6th of
November) states that licensed providers are obliged to
cooperate with the legal competent authorities regarding the
legal interception of communications
Under the Regulation such interception shall be made
through the Regulatory Authoritys duly credentialed
members. The law does not appear to provide a clear outline
of the process; neither is there a law or decree that establishes
such procedures.
In Mozambique, there appear to be no specifc laws that grant
government agencies the legal powers to permit direct access
into a telecommunications operators network without the
operational control or oversight of the telecommunication
operator.
DISCLOSURE OF
COMMUNICATIONS DATA
The Telecommunications Law
Article 68 of the Telecommunications Law (Law n.8/2004
of 21st of July the Telecommunications Law) states that
secrecy of the communications is guaranteed except
in cases of criminal law and in cases of interest to national
safety and the prevention of terrorism, criminality and
organised delinquency.
EMERGENCY POWERS
Except as already outlined in this report, the government
agencies do not have any other authority available to invoke
special powers in relation to access to a communication
service providers customer data and/or network on the
grounds of national security.
Article 10 of the Telecommunication Law states that the
government is responsible for the adequate coordination of
the telecommunications services in emergency situations.
In such situations the government may issue a notice with
mandatory instructions to the telecommunications operators.
The Telecommunications Law does not provide a clear outline
of the process; neither is there a law or decree that establishes
the procedures.
OF POWERS
There does not appear to be any judicial oversight of the
powers contained within this report, other than in cases of
criminal law, which are overseen by judges sitting in the
criminal courts of Mozambique.
1.
2.
3.
4.
59
The Netherlands
legal powers under the law of The Netherlands that
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION
ASSISTANCE
Telecommunications Act
Pursuant to Article 13.1 of the Telecommunications Act
(TCA) providers of public telecommunications networks
and publicly available telecommunications services (service
providers) shall only make their telecommunications
networks and telecommunications services available to users
if these can be wiretapped. Rules may be set by or pursuant
to a general administrative order regarding the technical
susceptibility to tapping of public telecommunications
networks and publicly available telecommunications services.
The TCA requires public telecommunication service providers
to set up and maintain a reasonable interception capability in
its network. This includes the capability for the service provider
in question to be able to implement an interception after
having received an interception warrant.
It should be noted that the service provider shall bear the
costs of the investment, exploitation and maintenance of the
interception capabilities.
In addition, failure to comply with an interception warrant is
a criminal offence (Article 184 of the Dutch Criminal Code
(Wetboek van Strafrecht orDCC).
Dutch Code of Criminal Procedure
Article 13.2 of the TCA obliges providers of public
telecommunications networks to cooperate with the
enforcement of an administrative order pursuant to the Dutch
Code of Criminal Procedure (Wetboek van Strafvordering
or DCCP) or consent pursuant to the Intelligence and
Security Services Act 2002 (Wet op de inlichtingen- en
veiligheidsdiensten 2002 or ISSA) for the tapping or
recording of communications that takes place via their
telecommunications networks, or for the communications
handled by them. Service providers are required to take all
reasonable practical steps requested by the relevant authority
to give effect to an interception warrant.
It follows from Articles 126(m) (serious crime), 126(t) (planned
organised crime) and 126(zg) (indications of terrorist crime)
of the DCCP that a supervisory-judge can issue an intercept
warrant where the public prosecutor believes it is necessary in
the interests of investigation of criminal cases.
The Minister of Interior and Kingdom Relations may
furthermore authorise interception by the General
Intelligence and Security Agency (Algemene Inlichtingen- en
Veiligheidsdienst or AIVD) and the Minister of defence may
authorise interception by the Military Intelligence and Security
Agency (Militaire Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdienst or
MIVD) pursuant to Article 25 of the ISSA. Interception by the
MIVD outside military territory also requires the authorisation
of the Minister of Interior Affairs.
It should be noted that unauthorised interception is a criminal
offence (Article 139c DCC) which can lead to a penalty of
maximum EUR 20.250.
DISCLOSURE OF
COMMUNICATIONS DATA
The TCA requires service providers to store traffc data. This
data would include the location of the cell of origin.
Article 13.4 TCA states that the service provider is obliged to
provide the data requested on the basis of articles 126(n),
126(na), 126(u), 126(ua) of the DCCP.
Moreover the service provider is obliged to disclose data to the
AIVD and MIVD on the basis of article 28 ISSA. The ISSA also
provides for an obligation to cooperate in decrypting the data.
The service provider is obliged to retain and/or provide location
data and traffc data and data which can identify the user of the
telecommunications network (article 13.2(a) TCA and articles
126(ng), 126(ug) and 126(zh) DCCP. Generally, the content
of customer communications is not stored. However articles
126(ng), 126(ud) and 126(ug) DCCP provide that a provider
can be obliged to provide stored data when it can reasonably
be expected that it has access to such data. In addition, the
service provider can be obliged to cooperate in decrypting the
data (article 126(nh) and 126(uh) DCCP).
1.
2.
60
Article 13.2(a) TCA states that the service provider is obliged
to retain certain information. Pursuant to article 13.2(b) TCA
the service provider is obliged to cooperate with an order
on the basis of articles 126(hh), 126(ii), 126(nc)-126(ni) and
126(uc)-126(ui) DCCP to disclose such information to the law
enforcement agency.
EMERGENCY POWERS
In exceptional circumstances connected with the enforcement
of international rules of law or international relations or war,
the Minister of Economic Affairs may issue instructions, in
agreement with the Minister of Foreign Affairs, to providers of
public telecommunications networks and publicly available
telecommunications services regarding the provision of
telecommunication from and to other countries. In agreement
with the Minister of Security and Justice, the Minister of
Economic Affairs may also issue instructions to such providers
regarding the use of messages from government bodies to
warn the public of impending disasters or emergencies.
(Article 14.1 TCA)
In addition, under article 14.4 of the TCA (which has not yet
entered into force) the Minister of Economic Affairs, shall be
empowered, in the event of exceptional circumstances that
make this necessary, to give instructions to service providers
in relation to amongst other things the maintenance,
exploitation or use of their public telecommunications
networks. In case of a war, the Minister of Economic Affairs may
only do so in agreement with the Minister of Defence (Article
14.3 TCA). Pursuant to article 14.2 TCA, Article 14.4 TCA may
only enter into force by Royal Decree, on the recommendation
of the Prime Minister.
OF POWERS
Instructions given by the Minister cannot be appealed and
authorisation of a supervisory-judge must be obtained in
respect of the investigations of criminal cases.
3.
4.
The Netherlands A-E F-J P-S T-Z K-O Countries
61
New Zealand
powers under the law of New Zealand that government
Background
The information outlined below represents the law as in effect
from 11 May 2014. This is when the Telecommunications
(Interception Capability) Act 2004 (TICA) is repealed and fully
replaced by the Telecommunications (Interception Capability
and Security) Act 2013 (TICSA). The TICSA contains much of
the same requirements set out in the TICA, and goes further
in introducing new obligations. For completeness, we also
note that under the TICSA network operators are now required
to register certain details, such as their contact details and
details of their general operations, on the register of network
operators set up by the Commissioner of Police.
The New Zealand Telecommunications Carriers Forum (TCF)
has, in consultation with the main telecommunications
carriers and surveillance agencies in New Zealand, produced
the Guidelines for Interception Capability (the Guidelines)
for compliance with the New Zealand telecommunications
interception capability laws. The Guidelines make reference
to the European Telecommunications Standards Institute
standards. The Guidelines and the standards they prescribe
are voluntary obligations, and are not legal requirements. The
Guidelines (as at March 2014) are based on the to-be-repealed
TICA. Accordingly, the Guidelines (as updated from time to
time) may be replaced or removed under the new TICSA (which
will be in force in full from 11 May 2014).
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION
ASSISTANCE
The Telecommunications (Interception Capability and
Security) Act 2013
The Telecommunications (Interception Capability and Security)
Act 2013 (TICSA) is New Zealands primary piece of legislation
governing the interception of telecommunications. The TICSA
requires a network operator to assist a surveillance agency in
the interception of telecommunications upon receipt of an
interception warrant or evidence of other lawful interception
authority (for the purposes of this report, these two forms of
interception authority will together be referred to as interception
warrants and only distinguished when necessary).
The government has the legal authority to issue an
interception warrant, giving rise to an obligation for a network
operator to assist in the interception of telecommunications
under the TICSA, under the following enactments:
the Government Communications Security Bureau Act
2003 (GSCB Act);
the Search and Surveillance Act 2012 (SAS Act); and
the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service Act 1969
(NZSIS Act).
Section 24 of the TICSA requires a network operator who is
shown a copy of an interception warrant authority to assist a
surveillance agency in the interception of individual customer
communications by:
making available any offcers, employees or agents who
are able to provide any reasonable technical assistance
that may be necessary for the agency to intercept a
telecommunication that is subject to the interception
warrant; and
taking all other reasonable steps that are necessary for
the purpose of giving effect to the interception warrant,
including, among other things, assisting to
identify and intercept telecommunications without
intercepting telecommunications that are not
authorised to be intercepted;
to carry out the interception of telecommunications
unobtrusively, without unduly interfering with any
telecommunications, and in a manner that protects
the privacy of telecommunications that are not
authorised to be intercepted; and
undertake the actions effciently and effectively and:
if it is reasonably achievable, at the time of transmission of
the telecommunication; or
if it is not reasonably achievable, as close as practicable to
that time.
In addition, section 9 of the TICSA requires network operators
with more than 4,000 customers to ensure that every public
telecommunications network that the operator owns, controls,
or operates and every telecommunications service that
the operators provides in New Zealand has an interception
1.
62
capability. An interception capability includes the duty to
ensure that the interception capability is developed, installed
and maintained (see section 9(3) of the TICSA).
Under section 10(1) of the TICSA, a network operator will have
complied with this interception capability obligation if every
surveillance agency that is authorised by an interception
warrant is able to:
identify and intercept telecommunications without
intercepting telecommunications that are not authorised
to be intercepted;
obtain call associated data relating to telecommunications
(other than telecommunications that are not authorised
to be intercepted);
obtain call associated data and the content of
telecommunications (other than telecommunications that
are not authorised to be intercepted) in a usable format;
carry out the interception of telecommunications
unobtrusively, without unduly interfering with any
telecommunications, and in a manner that protects the
privacy of telecommunications that are not authorised to
be intercepted; and
undertake these actions effciently and effectively at the
time of transmission of the telecommunication or, if it is
not reasonably achievable to do so, as close as practicable
to that time.
Notably, under sections 14 and 15 of the TICSA, a network
operator does not have to provide an interception capability in
respect to:
any infrastructure-level service it provides (i.e. the
provision of a physical medium, such as optical fbre cable,
over which telecommunications are transmitted); or
any wholesale network service it provides (i.e. a service
provided by a network operator to another network
operator over a network it owns and operates). Although,
the network operator must still ensure that the wholesale
network service is intercept accessible, as that phrase is
defned under section 12 of the TICSA.
However, the Minister for Communications and Information
Technology, on application by a surveillance agency (see
section 17 of the TICSA), reserves the right to make a direction
requiring a network operator providing an infrastructure-level
service or a wholesale network service to:
provide full interception capabilities in respect to the
service in the manner described under section 10(1) of the
TICSA; or
ensure that the service is intercept accessible or intercept
ready (as those terms are defned in sections 11 and 12 of
the TICSA).
Network operators providing these infrastructure-level or
wholesale network services are typically subject to less
strenuous requirements under the TICSA, only being required
to be intercept ready or intercept accessible as opposed
to having full interception capability. Similarly, under section
20 of the TICSA, the Governor-General of New Zealand may,
by Order in Council, on the recommendation of the Minister
for Communications and Information Technology, make
regulations requiring particular network operators, regardless
of the service which they operate, to comply with section
9 of the TICSA and thus ensure that their services have full
interception capability.
Section 24 of the TICSA also requires a network operator
who is shown a copy of an interception warrant to assist
a surveillance agency by making available any offcers,
employees or agents who are able to provide any reasonable
technical assistance that may be necessary for the agency to
intercept a telecommunication that is subject to the warrant
or authority. Therefore, under the TICSA, on receipt of an
interception warrant a network operator could be required to
assist in the implementation of interception capabilities on the
network operators network.
Section 26 of the TICSA requires that, while assisting in the
interception of a telecommunication, a network operator
must take all practicable steps that are reasonable in the
circumstances to minimise the likelihood of intercepting
telecommunications that are not authorised to be intercepted.
Under section 114 of the TICSA, the cost of implementing the
interception capability must be borne by the network operator.
Subject to limited circumstances, the surveillance agency
presenting the interception warrant is responsible for paying
the actual and reasonable costs incurred by a network operator
in assisting the agency (see section 115 of the TICSA).
An interception warrant requiring a network operator to assist
in the interception of individual customer communications
under the TICSA could be issued under the following
enactments in the described circumstances:
Government Communications Security Bureau Act 2003
(GCSB Act)
Under section 15A(1)(a) of the GCSB Act, the Director
(defned as being the chief executive of the Government
Communications Security Bureau (the GCSB)) can apply to
the Minister responsible for the GCSB (the GCSB Minister) for
an interception warrant authorising the use of interception
devices to intercept particular kinds of communications. The
GCSB Minister can grant the interception warrant if, among
other things, the GCSB Minister is satisfed that that the
proposed interception is for the purpose of cyber security and
intelligence gathering. The interception warrant may request
a person to give assistance that is reasonably necessary to
give effect to the warrant (see section 15E of the GCSB Act).
Therefore, an interception warrant issued under the GCSB Act
New Zealand A-E F-J P-S T-Z K-O Countries
63
may require a network operator to assist in the interception of
telecommunications through the installation of interception
devices on its own network, in compliance with its obligations
under section 24 of the TICSA.
Section 24 of the GCSB Act imposes a duty on those assisting
in an interception to minimise the likelihood of intercepting
communications that are not relevant to the persons whose
communications are to be intercepted.
Search and Surveillance Act 2012 (SAS Act)
Under section 53 of the SAS Act, a District Court Judge or a
Judge of the High Court (a Judge) may issue a surveillance
device warrant (a form of interception warrant under the TICSA)
on application by an enforcement offcer (in most cases, a
constable). A Judge may grant a surveillance device warrant
if the Judge is satisfed that there are reasonable grounds
to suspect that an offence has been, or will be, committed
and that the proposed use of the surveillance device will
obtain information that is evidential material in respect of
the offence. A surveillance device warrant permits, among
other things, an enforcement offcer to use an interception
device to intercept a private communication and may
specify that the enforcement offcer use any assistance that
is reasonable in the circumstances (see section 55(3)(f)).
Therefore, an interception warrant issued under the SAS Act
may require a network operator to assist in the interception
of telecommunications through the installation of an
interception device on its own network, in compliance with its
obligations under section 24 of the TICSA.
The New Zealand Security Intelligence Service Act 1969
(NZSIS Act)
Under section 4A(1) of the NZSIS Act, the Minister in charge
of the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service (NZSIS) (the
NZSIS Minister) and the Commissioner of Security Warrants
may jointly issue a domestic intelligence warrant, or, under
section 4A(2) of the NZSIS Act the NZSIS Minister acting alone
may issue a foreign intelligence warrant (both intelligence
warrants being a form of interception warrant under the TICSA).
An intelligence warrant may be issued if the interception
to be authorised is necessary for, among other things, the
detection of activities prejudicial to security, or for the purpose
of gathering foreign intelligence information essential to
security. An intelligence warrant authorises a person to,
among other things, intercept or seize any communication,
document, or thing not otherwise lawfully obtainable by the
person, including the installation or modifcation of any device
or equipment. The Director of Security may request any person
or organisation to give specifed assistance to an authorised
person for the purpose of giving effect to an intelligence
warrant. Therefore, an intelligence warrant issued under the
NZSIS Act may require a network operator to assist in the
interception of telecommunications, in compliance with its
obligations under section 24 of the TICSA.
DISCLOSURE OF
COMMUNICATIONS DATA
The Telecommunications (Interception Capability and
Security) Act 2013
Section 24 of the TICSA requires a network operator who is
shown a copy of an interception warrant to assist a surveillance
agency by, among other things, assisting in obtaining
call associated data and the stored content relating to
telecommunications.
Call associated data includes data that is generated as a
result of the making of the telecommunication (whether or
not the telecommunication is sent or received successfully)
and that identifes the origin, direction, destination, or
termination of the telecommunication, as well as more specifc
information (see section 3 of the TICSA). If the metadata
relating to customer communications being requested by the
government under an interception warrant falls within the
defnition of call associated data, a network operator would
be required to assist the surveillance agency in obtaining
that data.
The surveillance agency with the interception warrant is
responsible for paying the actual and reasonable costs incurred
by a network operator in assisting the agency.
An interception warrant requiring a network operator to assist
in the obtaining of call associated data or stored content could
be issued under the following enactments in the described
circumstances:
The GSCB Act
In relation to section 15A(1)(a) of the GCSB Act, in
particular circumstances the GCSB Minister may,
under section 15A(1)(b) of the GCSB Act, grant
an access authorisation (a form of interception
warrant) authorising access to the information
infrastructure of a network operator, which includes
all communications and information contained
within its communications systems and networks.
The access authorisation may request a person
to give assistance that is reasonably necessary to
give effect to the authorisation (see section 15E of
the GCSB Act). Therefore, an access authorisation
issued under the GCSB Act may require a network
operator to assist a surveillance agency by
granting access to its communications contained
in its information infrastructure, and hence any
metadata (being information that would constitute a
communication) and any stored communications
that the network operator holds.
2.
64
The SAS Act
A surveillance warrant could require a network
operator to disclose metadata relating to customer
communications to aid the enforcement offcer in
its interception efforts. Similarly, and in any event, a
surveillance device warrant allows an enforcement
offcer to require a network operator to disclose call
associated data in relation to a telecommunication
of which the content the enforcement offcer has
intercepted (see section 55(3)(g) of the SAS Act) (i.e.
if the content of the telecommunications had already
been obtained by the enforcement offcer through
another means).
The NZSIS Act
As a document includes any information stored
by any means (see defnition under section 2(1) of
the Offcial Information Act 1982), an interception
warrant issued under the NZSIS Act could require
the disclosure of all metadata information that a
network operator holds, as well the stored content
of telecommunications. A network operator would
then, in being requiring to assist in the execution of
a warrant, be required to obtain call associated data
and communications content under section 24(b)
(iii) of the TICSA (if the metadata requested under the
SAS Act was not already held).
In addition, under sections 71 and 74 of the SAS Act, an
enforcement offcer may apply to an issuing offcer for a
production order against a person in respect of documents.
Documents are defned as including call associated
data (which could include metadata) and the content of
telecommunications in respect of which, at the time an
application is made for a production order against a network
operator, the network operator has storage capability for,
and stores in the normal course of its business, that data
and content.
A production order will only be made if:
there are reasonable grounds to suspect that an specifed
offence has been, or will be, committed;
the documents sought by the proposed order are likely
to constitute evidential material in respect of the offence;
and
are in the possession or under the control of the person
against whom the order is sought, or will come into his or
her possession, or under his or her control while the order
is in force (see section 72).
When the documents are produced under a production order,
the enforcement offcer may retain the original copies, or
take copies, or require the person producing the documents
to reproduce the information recorded in the documents in a
usable form (see section 78 of the SAS Act). An original copy
must be returned as soon as possible (see section 79 of the
SAS Act).
EMERGENCY POWERS
The governments power to issue intelligence warrants (a form
of interception warrant under the TICSA) on the grounds of
national security under section 4A of the NZSIS Act, and the
possible assistance the intelligence warrants can require from
network operators, is outlined above.
International Terrorism (Emergency Powers) Act 1987
Under section 10 of the ITEPA, in the circumstances of an
international terrorist emergency where emergency powers
are exercisable, a constable may requisition any land, building
or equipment within the area in which the emergency is
occurring and place the property under the control of a
constable. This could conceivably involve the requisitioning of
a network operators network equipment.
Further, under the ITEPA a constable may, for the purpose of
preserving life threatened by any emergency:
connect any additional apparatus to, or otherwise interfere
with the operation of, any part of the telecommunications
system; and
intercept private communications.
This power specifed may be exercised only by, or with the
authority of, a constable who is of or above the level of position
of inspector, and only if that constable believes, on reasonable
grounds, that the exercise of that power will facilitate the
preservation of life threatened by the emergency. This power
would again constitute a lawful interception authority under
the TICSA (being a authority to intercept communications in
an emergency situation granted to a member of a surveillance
agency), thus imposing obligations on network operators
to assist the enforcement offcer under the TICSA just as
they would be required in the situation of being shown an
interception warrant.
Under section 18 of the ITEPA, no person who intercepts
or assists in the interception of a private communication
(such as a network operator) under section 10(3), or acquires
knowledge of a private communication as a direct or indirect
result of that interception, shall knowingly disclose the
substance, meaning, or purport of that communication,
or any part of that communication, otherwise than in the
performance of that persons duty.
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65
OF POWERS
Under section 15 of the GCSB Act, the GCSB Minister
authorises a warrant if s/he is satisfed that the proposed
interception is for the purpose of cyber security and
intelligence gathering.
Under section 53 of the SAS Act, only a Judge may issue a
surveillance device warrant. Further, only a Judge or a person,
such as a Justice of the Peace, Community Magistrate,
Registrar, or Deputy Registrar, who is for the time being
authorised to, may act as an issuing offcer under section 108
of the SAS Act and make a production order.
Under sections 158 and 159 of the SAS Act, a person who has
an interest in the produced documents (i.e. a customer of a
network operator) may apply to the District Court for access to,
or the release of, the things produced.
Under section 4A(5) of the NZSIS Act, when the identifcation
of foreign capabilities that impact on New Zealands
international or economic well-being is in issue, before issuing
an intelligence warrant the NZSIS Minister must consult with
the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade about the proposed
intelligence warrant.
4.
66
A-E F-J K-O T-Z
67
Countries P-S
Albania
Albania
68 Portugal
74 South Africa
70 Qatar
76 Spain
71 Romania
P-S Countries
A-E F-J K-O T-Z
68
Portugal
powers under the law of Portugal that Portuguese courts
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION
ASSISTANCE
The Constitution of the Portuguese Republic
There are two instances in which the Portuguese courts
can authorise and demand the provision of real-time
interception assistance:
1. As per article 34,4 of the Constitution of the Portuguese
Republic, interception of telephone communications
is only expressly allowed in the context of criminal
investigations which are not under responsibility of the
Government but of the Public Prosecutor jointly with a
criminal judge; and
2. Articles 19, 134 and 138 of the Constitution for the
Portuguese Republic, as well as law nr. 44/86, dated
30th of September (Legal Framework for the State of
Siege and Emergency) permits the suspension of certain
rights, liberties and guarantees by national bodies of
sovereignty (including the government) in the event that
a state of siege or state of emergency has been decreed
by the President of the Republic and approved by the
Portuguese Parliament . The state of siege or state of
emergency decree shall expressly determine which rights,
liberties and guarantees shall be suspended. In theory
this legal framework could enable the government to
demand that a communication service provider to assist
in intercepting customer communications provided
that has been foreseen in the state of siege or state
of emergency decree that the fundamental rights of
article 34 of Constitution of the Portuguese Republic are
suspended. Nevertheless the government order should be
communicate to a judge afterwards for validation.
Should interception of communications be carried out in any
other context, this would be considered illegal, a breach of
the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic and would be
punishable as a crime.
Portuguese Criminal Proceedings Code
For the interception of communications in the context of a
criminal proceeding the rules established in articles 187190
of the Portuguese Criminal Proceedings Code, interception
may only be authorised in case of suspicion of crime and after
criminal proceedings are opened.
The interception may only be authorised by a Judge if the
crime under investigation is for example one of the following:
(i) crimes punished with imprisonment which maximum limit
is not less than 3 years;
(ii) narcotraffc;
(iii) possession of prohibited weapons and weapon traffcking;
(iv) contraband;
(v) crimes which consist of offending, threatening and
disturbing privacy and carried out by telephone;
(vi) terrorism; or
(vii) organized crime
To perform communications interceptions an authorisation
from a judge is always required. Only the Public Prosecutor
(who is in charge of the investigation) may decide to request
authorisation from the Judge for the interception.
Law nr. 9/2007, dated 19th February 2007, which sets
out the legal framework for the Portuguese Information
Security System (Sistema de Informaes/SIS) and for
the Portuguese Services for Strategic Defence (SIED) and
the purposes and attributions of the bodies responsible
for managing information, security and national strategic
defence in Portugal, does not grant powers of interception,
encryption/decryption, direct access to communications or
the possibility of requesting such access being granted by
electronic communications service providers. Such access
is only possible under the terms of the Portuguese Criminal
Proceedings Code, in the context of a judicial procedure, as set
out above.
Law nr. 53/2008
Law nr. 53/2008, dated 29th August 2008, establishes the
legal provisions applicable to Homeland Security in Portugal.
This Law outlines that access and control of communications
may only be carried out following a judicial authorisation and
solely performed by the police.
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Portuguese Electronic Communications Law
Under article 27/o of the Portuguese Electronic
Communications Law (Law 5/2004, dated 10th February) and
the operating licences granted to communication service
providers, it is an obligation on the providers of electronic
communications services and networks, to provide, at their
own expense, systems for legal interception by competent
national authorities, as well as supplying the means for
decryption or decoding where these facilities are present.
DISCLOSURE OF
COMMUNICATIONS DATA
Under Portuguese law, only ICP-ANACOM (National Regulatory
Authority for the electronic communications sector or
Comisso Nacional de Proteco de Dados (National Data
Protection Authority) can access or order the disclosure
of metadata, and only within the scope of their powers to
supervise, monitor and investigate (notably in case of a
customer complaint) compliance with the laws and regulations
applicable to the electronic communications sector and in
respect of compliance with data protection and privacy laws.
ICP-ANACOMs legal powers are defned in law 5/2004, of 10
February (electronic communications law) and in Decree-Law
no. 309/2001, of 7 December (ANACOM Statute). Comisso
Nacional de Proteco de Dados legal powers are defned in
Law nr. 67/98 of 26 October (Portuguese Data Protection Act)
and Law nr. 43/2004 of 18 August (organic law for the National
Data Protection Authority).
Apart from these authorities, no other government
department or law enforcement agency can order the
disclosure of metadata. Such information can only be obtained
under the regime set out above for provision of real-time lawful
interception assistance, namely in the context of a criminal
proceeding, and provided that a judicial authorization has been
sought and the rules established in articles 189190 of the
Portuguese Criminal Proceedings Code are followed. However,
in case the state of siege or state of emergency has been
decreed the exceptional regime set out above may also apply.
EMERGENCY POWERS
The Portuguese National security agency is exclusively
competent to gather intelligence to prevent threats to national
security. Therefore, under the Law 30/84 of 5 of September, it
is not allowed to pursue actions that may constitute an offence
to the fundamental rights, liberties and guarantees as set out
in the Portuguese Constitution and Law.
Additionally, this law also establishes that the agency does not
have powers to pursue any type of acts that are in the scope of
the courts and police authorities competence.
In the event of the suspicion that a crime is being committed
against national security, the Portuguese National security
agency must inform the Public Prosecutor so that a criminal
proceeding can be opened and, in that case, if relevant to
the investigation, the Public prosecutor may request to a
Judge the gathering of evidence (e.g. through real-time
interception or disclosure of metadata) according to the
regime described above.
Constitution for the Portuguese Republic
Articles 19, 134 and 138 of the Constitution for the
Portuguese Republic, as well as law nr. 44/86, dated 30th of
September (Legal Framework for the State of Siege or state
of Emergency) permits the suspension of certain rights,
liberties and guarantees in the event that a state of siege or
state of emergency has been decreed by the President of
the Republic, after consulting the government, and approved
by the Portuguese Parliament. The state of siege or state of
emergency decree shall expressly determine which rights,
liberties and guarantees shall be suspended.
The state of siege or emergency would only be effective upon
specifc enforcement by the President. These powers are
absolutely exceptional and may only last for a maximum of 15
days (or if otherwise decided by law). These states of siege or
emergency may only be determined if absolutely necessary,
in the event of an effective or imminent aggression by foreign
forces, grave threat or disturbance of the normal, democratic
constitutional order, or public calamity. Any powers granted
to the government in this respect will apply in very limited
circumstances and only to the extent absolutely required and
adequate for the purpose at hand.
OF POWERS
The provision of oversight in respect of the powers of
interception and disclosure of communications data are set
out in the sections above.
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Qatar
powers under the law of Qatar that government agencies
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION
ASSISTANCE
Decree Law No. (34) of 2006
Decree Law No. (34) of 2006 on the promulgation of the
Telecommunication Law (the Telecommunication Law) and
No. (1) of 2009 on the promulgation of the Executive By-Laws
for the Telecommunications Law (the Telecoms By-Laws)
require operators of telecommunication systems used to
provide telecommunication services to the public to intercept
communications in real-time.
Article 59 of the Telecommunication Law states Service
Providers must comply with the requirements of the
security authorities in the state which relate to the dictates
of maintaining national security and the directions of the
governmental bodies in general emergency cases and must
implement orders and instructions issued by the General
Secretariat regarding the development of network or service
functionality to meet such requirements.
Any government department interested in State security
can rely on Article 59 of the Telecommunication Law
alongside using any enforcement powers vested directly in the
concerned government authority.
Article 93 of the Telecoms By-Laws states nothing in the
By-Law prohibits or infringes upon the rights of authorised
governmental authorities to access confdential information or
communication relating to a customer, in accordance with the
applicable laws.
Article 91 of the Telecoms By-Laws mentions that the Service
Providers shall not intercept, monitor or alter the content of a
customer communication, except with the customers explicit
consent or as expressly permitted or required by the applicable
laws of the State of Qatar.
Article 4 of the Telecoms By-Laws authorises the Secretary
General of ictQATAR to issue regulations, decisions, rules,
orders, instructions and notices for the implementation of the
Telecommunications Law and the Telecoms By-Laws.
In cases involving national security and general emergency
cases, the Qatari ministries and law enforcement agencies
can directly approach communication service providers and
require them to assist law enforcement agencies in achieving
their objectives which could involve implementing a technical
capability that enables direct access to their network
(without the communication service providers operational
control or oversight).
DISCLOSURE OF
COMMUNICATIONS DATA
The powers outlined above in relation to real-time
interception may also be used to order the disclosure of
communications data.
EMERGENCY POWERS
In all cases involving national security and general emergency
cases, the Qatari government agencies and law enforcement
agencies can directly approach communication service
providers to access their customers communications data
and/or network.
OF POWERS
There is no judicial oversight of the use the powers outlined.
Article 63 of the Telecommunications Law states that the
employees of ictQATAR who are vested with powers of judicial
seizure by a decision from the Attorney General pursuant to
the agreement with the Chairman of the Board of ictQATAR
shall seize and prosecute offences committed in violation of
the rules of the Telecommunications Law.
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Romania
legal powers under the law of Romania that government
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION
ASSISTANCE
Law no. 506/2004
According to Article 4 of Law no. 506/2004 on personal
data processing and privacy protection in the electronic
communications sector, the interception or surveillance of
communications and related traffc data may be made only
by the relevant public authorities as per the applicable
statutory provisions, unless parties to the communication
consent in writing.
Interceptions may be made upon the request of intelligence
and security agencies made under Article 123 of Law 51/1991
on regarding Romanias national security, i.e. where there are
threats to the national security.
Decision no. 987/2012
Pursuant to Article 3.8 of Decision no. 987/2012 of the
National Authority for Management and Regulation in
Communications (ANCOM) on the general authorisation
regime for the provision of electronic communications
networks and services, service providers must set up at their
own cost the necessary technical means and take all other
necessary technical measures required to immediately
enforce the lawful authorisations or warrants issued for the
interception of communications.
The following rules under Article 139(1) of the Criminal
Procedure Code (Law no. 135/2010), apply in relation to
prosecuting certain categories of crime: (a) the measure
taken is proportionate to the restriction of the rights and
freedoms that it entails; and (b) the relevant evidence could
not be obtained otherwise or there is a danger for the safety of
persons or valuables.
Furthermore, interceptions may be made based on warrants
issued by the relevant court of law for a period of 30 days,
which can be subject to further 30-day extensions granted by
the court up to a total overall period of 6 months.
1.
In exceptional cases, the prosecutors offce may directly
authorise the interception by order for no more than 48
hours (Article 141(1) and (2) of the Criminal Procedure Code).
The relevant prosecutors offce is to apply for the courts
confrmation of the interception within no more than 24 hours
of the expiry of an interception order (Article 141(3) and (4) of
the Criminal Procedure Code).
Pursuant to the Article 142 (2) of the Criminal Procedure Code
(Law 135/2010), the service provider is to cooperate with
the Prosecutors offce and the relevant authorities in order
to enforce the technical surveillance (interception) warrants
issued by the court.
ANCOM Decision
As per Article 3.8. of ANCOM Decision no. 987/2012 (the
ANCOM Decision) on the general authorisation regime for
the provision of electronic communications networks and
services, the service provider is inter alia obliged to:
(i) technically allow the relevant authorities to perform
interceptions;
(ii) duly cooperate with the relevant authorities involved in
interceptions;
(iii) cooperate with the relevant authorities to implement
security and audit criteria of national communications
interception system developed by them;
(iv) take all necessary technical measures to enable
interceptions in general and immediately enable the
enforcement interception warrants in particular;
(v) place at the disposal of the relevant authorities the
interception management servers and the administration
and operation consoles it holds, as required to ensure
interceptions; and
(vi) bear the costs of the interception interface.
As per Article 8(2)(k) of the Government Emergency Ordinance
111/2011 on electronic communications, the conditions
under which service providers are to bear the costs related
to the interception interface are established by the general
authorisation issued by ANCOM to the service provider.
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DISCLOSURE OF
COMMUNICATIONS DATA
Law 82/2012
Under Article 16 of Law 82/2012 on the retention of
data generated and processed by providers of electronic
communications, network service providers are to disclose
any metadata retained in accordance with Law 82/2012
(i.e. the data necessary to (i) trace and identify the source
of a communication, (ii) identify the destination of a
communication, (iii) identify the date, time and duration of
communication, (iv) identify the type of communication, (v)
identify users communication equipment or what purports
to be their equipment; and (vi) identify the location of mobile
communication equipment) within 48 hours of the request
of the prosecutors offce, the courts of law or the national
security authorities.
According to Article 12(1) of Law 82/2012 on Romanias
national security, national security authorities may request
retained data from telecommunication networks and service
providers in case of threats to national security.
As per Article 152(1) of the Criminal Procedure Code (Law
135/2010), the disclosure of metadata upon the Prosecutors
offce request (i.e. where there are suspicions regarding the
perpetration of certain crimes set out by Law 82/2012) needs
to be authorised by a court decision following a request of the
relevant prosecutors offce.
Under Article 138 of the Criminal Procedure Code (Law no.
135/2010), criminal prosecution bodies may access any
computer systems in order to identify evidence, where:
(i) there is a reasonable suspicion about a serious offence/
crime;
(ii) the measure is proportional with the restriction of the
rights and freedoms that it entails; and
(iii) the relevant evidence could not be obtained otherwise or
there is a danger for the safety of persons or valuables.
Pursuant to Article 139(1) of the Criminal Procedure Code (Law
135/2010), access to computer systems requires a warrant to
have been issued by the court.
In exceptional cases, the prosecutors offce may directly
authorise the access by order for no more than 48 hours
(Article 141(1) and (2) of the Criminal Procedure Code).
Civil Procedure Code
According to Article 297(1) of the Civil Procedure Code, in
civil and commercial trials the court may issue orders for third
parties holding relevant information to present them in court if
they are necessary for the settlement of the case.
Under Article 19 of Council of Europe Convention on
Cybercrime (E.T.S. No. 185, 23 November 2001) ratifed by
Romania under Law 64/2004, each party to the Convention
is to adopt such legislative and other measures as may be
necessary to empower its relevant authorities to search or
access a computer system or a part of it and computer data
stored therein, and any computer storage support that stores
computer data on its territory.
EMERGENCY POWERS
There are no express provisions regulating instruments used
in the case of disclosure upon request of national security
authorities. From Article 12(1) read in conjunction with
Article 12(2) of Law no. 51/1991 in relation to Romanias
national security, it may be inferred that, unlike in the case of
interceptions which require a warrant granted by the court,
disclosure of geo-location data can be made upon simple
request of national security authorities.
Except as set out above, the government does not have the
legal authority to invoke special powers in relation to access to
a mobile network operators customer data and/or network on
the grounds of national security.
Under Article 1 and 3(c) of Law 132/1997 on requisitions,
under exceptional circumstances (e.g. war, national
emergency, disasters, etc.) public authorities and national
defence forces can take temporary possession of any goods
in order to gain access and use of the telecommunication
systems.
As per Law 132/1997 on requisitions, the following
instruments are required in view of a requisition of
telecommunication networks assets:
(i) a requisition plan drawn up by the local authorities before
the relevant events occur (Article 5(1)); and
(ii) a military order for hand-over to be issued at the date of
the actual requisition (Article 14).
According to Article 18 of Government Emergency Ordinance
34/2008 on National System for Emergency Calls, the
providers of electronic communications are obliged to make
available to the director of the National System for Emergency
Calls an updated database with all telephone numbers, names
and address of customers that have placed emergency calls.
According to Article 20 of Government Emergency Ordinance
no. 1/1999 during a state of siege or emergency, exceptional
measures established by military authorities are enforced via
military orders that are mandatory throughout the country.
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OF POWERS
Other than what is set out above, there are the following rules
relating to remedies that may be sought following the use of
these powers:
(a) cost conditions related to an interception interface are to
be borne by the service provider and may be challenged in
court via administrative litigation; and
(b) requisition measures may be challenged in court (only)
with respect to the quantum of the compensation.
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South Africa
powers under the law of South Africa that government
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION
ASSISTANCE
The Regulation of Interception of Communications and
Provision of Communication-Related Information Act
no.70 of 2002
The Regulation of Interception of Communications and
Provision of Communication-Related Information Act no.70 of
2002 (RICA) prescribes that the interception and monitoring of
communications is prohibited unless:
a directive has been granted that permits the prohibited
activities;
the party protected by RICA gives requisite consent;
the entity engaging in the above activity was also a party
to those communications;
intercepting, monitoring or disseminating information of
an employee while carrying on a business;
interception to prevent serious bodily harm;
interception to determine a location during an
emergency; or
when entitled to do so in terms of other legislation.
An interception direction can only be issued in the event that
a judge is satisfed that a serious offence has been or will
be committed, or the gathering of information is necessary
concerning an actual threat to the public health or safety,
national security or compelling national economic interests of
the Republic.
Chapter 3 of RICA sets out circumstances under which an
applicant may apply for an interception and monitoring
direction and entry warrants along with the manner in which
such directions and entry warrants are to be executed.
Section 16 of RICA provides that an applicant may apply in
writing to a designated judge for an interception direction
where there are reasonable grounds to believe that a serious
offence has been, is being or will probably be committed
or in order to gather information concerning an actual or
potential threat to the public health or safety, national
security or compelling national economic interests. In terms
of section 22, the applicant may simultaneously apply for an
entry warrant.
Section 21 of RICA provides for the issuing of decryption
directions by application to a designated judge.
Oral applications for any direction or warrant listed above may
be made in terms of section 23 of RICA.
Section 30 of RICA provides that a telecommunication service
provider must provide a telecommunication service which has
the capability to be intercepted and store communication-
related information. A directive prescribes the:
(i) capacity needed for interception purposes;
(ii) technical requirements of the systems to be used;
(iii) connectivity with interception centres;
(iv) manner of routing duplicate signals of indirect
communications to designated interception centres; and
(v) manner of routing real-time or archived communication-
related information to designated interception centres.
DISCLOSURE OF
COMMUNICATIONS DATA
RICA requires a telecommunication service provider to
intercept and stores communication-related information which
is commonly referred to as metadata.
Section 17 of RICA provides for the issuing of a real-time
communication-related direction. This is required where no
interception direction has been issued and only real-time
communication-related information on an ongoing basis is
required. An applicant may apply to a designated judge for the
issuing of same.
Section 19 of RICA provides for the issuing of an archived
communication-related direction. If only archived
communication-related information is required, an applicant
may apply to a judge of a High Court, a regional court
magistrate or a magistrate for the issuing of same.
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EMERGENCY POWERS
Except as set out above, the South African government does
not have any other legal authority to invoke special powers
in relation to access to a mobile network operators customer
data and / or network on the grounds of national security.
OF POWERS
As detailed above, applications under RICA may be made to a
designated judge, high court judge, regional court magistrate
or magistrate as the case may be. The designated judge
refers to any judge of a High Court discharged from active
service under section 3(1) of the Judges Remuneration and
Conditions of Employment Act No. 47 of 2001 or any retired
judge who is designated by the Minister of Justice to perform
the functions of a designated judge for purposes of the act.
In respect of the maintenance of interception capability as
required under Section 30 RICA, there is no judicial oversight
of the requirements issued. The cabinet member responsible
for communications, together with the Minister of Justice
after consultation with the Independent Communications
Authority of South Africa and the telecommunication service
provider/s concerned, must, on the date of the issuing of
a telecommunication service licence, issue a directive as
detailed directly above.
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Spain
In this report, we provide an overview of some of the legal
powers under the laws of Spain that government agencies
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION
ASSISTANCE
Service providers and operators of public electronic
communication networks may be required to intercept
communications in the following scenarios:
Criminal Procedure Act
(a) Following the judicial polices initiative, a judge may issue
an interception order following the legal requirements
established in Article 579 of the Criminal Procedure Act,
approved by Royal Decree of 14 September 1882 (the
Criminal Procedure Act), in cases where evidence
suggests that by making use of these means a relevant
issue or circumstance of the case may be discovered
or ascertained.
Organic Law 2/2002
(b) In addition, pursuant to the Organic Law 2/2002, dated
May 6, 2002, on the Prior Judicial Control applicable to
the National Intelligence Centre, the National Intelligence
Centre (CNI) may ask the operator to intercept
communications in cases where the Secretary of State
or Director of the CNI has obtained an authorisation
from the relevant judge of the Spanish Supreme Court,
in accordance with the aforementioned requirements of
such Organic law.
(c) In cases of urgency, when investigations are carried out
to fnd out felonies which are related with the acts of
armed gangs, terrorist elements or rebels, the interception
of communications may be ordered by the Minister of
Home Affairs, or otherwise, the Director of State Security,
communicating it immediately by a reasoned opinion in
writing to the relevant judge, who will also by a reasoned
opinion, revoke or confrm such resolution in a maximum
term of 72 hours within 72 hours of being ordered.
The Universal Service Regulation
Articles 83 to 101 of the Regulation on the conditions for
the provision of electronic communication services, the
universal service and the protection of users, approved by
Royal Decree 424/2005, of 15 April 2005 (the Universal
Service Regulation), determines the procedure and the
measures to be adopted by service providers and operators of
public electronic communication networks for intercepting
communications in cases where they are obliged to do so
by law. The Universal Service Regulation establishes, among
other things, the general requirements of the procedure,
access requirements, the information to be delivered to the
authorised agent (judicial police or CNI agent), and other
operational requirements (previous information, locations,
authorised personnel, confdentiality, real time access,
interfaces, etc.).
In addition, Order ITC/110/2009, of 28 January 2009 on
the general framework applicable to the specifcations to
be followed for the legal interception of communications
(General Framework Order), establishes the relevant
technical requirements and interfaces to be implemented
by service providers and operators of public electronic
communication networks in order to be communicated by the
relevant agent about the need to carry out the interception of
a communication.
A court order or an authorisation must be issued by the
relevant judge before the interception takes place, except as
outlined in case (c) above.
Order ITC/110/2009
Additionally, the relevant technical requirements and
interfaces which service providers and operators of public
electronic communication networks are required to have
implemented to carry out the interception of a communication
are regulated under Order ITC/110/2009, of 28 January 2009,
on the general framework applicable to the specifcations to
be followed for the legal interception of communications.
General Telecommunications Act 32/2003
Article 33 of the General Telecommunications Act 32/2003,
of 3 November 2003, sets out the operators duty to intercept
communications when required to do so by the relevant
authorities through the appropriate interfaces, duly ready for
this purpose. Together with such Act, the Universal Service
Regulation and the General Framework Order, all provide for
a detailed description of the obligations to which operators
are subject in terms of measures, procedures, interfaces and
technical requirements to be put in place in order to comply
with their interception duties.
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In addition, there are further Orders which aim to regulate
particular technologies, such as: (1) the Order ITC/313/2010,
12 February 2010, implementing and adapting the technical
specifcation ETSI TS 101 671 on Lawful Interception
(LI); Handover interface for the lawful interception of
telecommunications traffc; (2) Order ITC/682/2010, dated
March 9th, 2010, implementing and adapting the technical
specifcation ETSI TS 133 108 (3GPP TS 33.108) on Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); 3G security; and
Handover interface for Lawful Interception (LI).
Spanish law does not appear to grant government agencies the
legal powers to mandate direct access into a communication
service providers networks without the operational or control
or oversight of the communication service provider.
DISCLOSURE OF
COMMUNICATIONS DATA
Data Retention Act 2007
The Act 25/2007, of 18 October 2007, of retention of
data related with electronic communications and public
communication networks (Data Retention Act), regulates:
(1) the operators obligation to retain traffc and localisation
data, and other necessary data to identify the user (traffc
data) generated or processed in connection with the
provision of electronic communication services or public
communication networks; and (2) the duty to transfer
such traffc data to the relevant agents whenever they are
required to do so, through the relevant court order or judicial
authorisation. In addition to the judicial police and CNI agents,
the Data Retention Act explicitly includes the staff members
of the Offce of Customs Surveillance as authorised agents in
this regard.
The Data Retention Act, among other things, regulates the
particular traffc data to be retained, the particular obligation
to store traffc data, the period of time such traffc data must be
stored or retained by the operator, the procedure and security
measures involved in the transfer of such traffc data to the
relevant agents, and the sanctions to be imposed on operators
which do not comply with such obligations.
The content of communications is explicitly excluded from the
scope of the aforementioned Act.
In accordance with Article 4 of the Data Retention Act,
operators have the obligation to disclose the retained data to
the authorised agents (see above), following the instructions
contained in a court order issued by the relevant judge, and
pursuant to the provisions of to the Criminal Procedure Act.
Article 8.2 of Law 34/2002 on Information Society Services
and Electronic Commerce (LSSI) states that in order for the
competent authorities to identify an alleged infringer, they
may request information society service providers (which may
include telecoms operators) to disclose data which would
permit such identifcation. This request has to be based on
a previous judicial authorisation, in accordance with Article
122 of the Law 29/1998 of 13 July governing Administrative
Jurisdiction (LJCA).
EMERGENCY POWERS
According to Article 4.5 of the General Communications Act,
the Spanish Government may, exceptionally and temporarily,
determine the assumption by the General Administration of
the direct management of certain services or the exploitation
of certain electronic communications networks, in order to
ensure public safety and national defense.
According to the exceptional regime provided by Organic
Law 4/1981 of 1 June, on the State of Alarm, Emergency and
Siege (LSAES):
(a) during the State of Alarm (on the basis of essential goods
stock-outs in the whole national territory or in a certain
region Article 4.d), the government may issue necessary
orders (Article 11.e) or decide to intervene in such services
or mobilize its personnel (Article 12.2) in order to insure
the functioning of affected services;
(b) during the State of Emergency (which may be requested
on the basis of serious alteration of essential public
services, among other), the government may intercept
any kind of communications provided that it is necessary
to clarify alleged criminal offenses or to maintain public
order (Article 18); and
(c) during the State of Siege, the government directing
military and defense policies, shall assume all
exceptional prerogatives.
The declaration of a State of Alarm will be conducted by
Decree agreed by the Cabinet.
Once the government has obtained an authorisation from
the Congress, it shall declare a State of Emergency, by Decree
agreed by the Cabinet. The authorisation must include the
suspension of article 18.3 of the Spanish Constitution, related
to the secrecy of communication, in order for Article 18 LSAES
to be applicable.
The government proposes the declaration of State of Siege
before the Congress.
Article 122 LJCA refers to the necessary requirements that
have to be met in order to obtain judicial authorisation: an
initial request by the competent authorities, which has to
include the pertinent reasons for the request and also the
relevant documents to such purpose. The court, within 24
hours of the request and, after hearing the Public Prosecutor,
may issue the requested authorisation, provided that it
would not affect Article 18 paragraphs 1 and 3 of the
Spanish Constitution.
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In accordance with Article 4.5 of the General Communications
Act, on the basis of a breach of public service obligations
(under Title III General Communications Act), the government,
following a mandatory report from the Telecoms Authorities
(CNMC), may exceptionally and temporarily establish
the assumption by the General Administration of the direct
management of the services or the exploitation of the
corresponding networks. Regarding the latter, it may also,
under the same conditions, intervene the provisioning of
electronic communications services.
OF POWERS
Pursuant to the Criminal Procedure Act, the relevant court
order will determine the extension and scope of the disclosure
to be carried out. In this regard, the relevant judge has a duty of
supervision to ensure compliance with such court order.
The intervention determined pursuant to Article 18 LSAES
shall be notifed immediately by reasoned writing to the
competent judge.
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Countries T-Z
Albania 80 Tanzania 83 Turkey 86 United Kingdom
T-Z Countries
A-E F-J K-O P-S
80
Tanzania
legal powers under the law of Tanzania that government
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION
ASSISTANCE
The Electronic and Postal Communication Act
The Electronic and Postal Communication Act, 2010 (the
EPOCA) does not specifcally make provision for interception
of customer communications. However, the existence of
intercept powers can be implied from section 120 of the
EPOCA which provides that no person, without lawful authority
under the EPOCA or any other written law can intercept,
attempt to intercept, or procure any other person to intercept
or attempt to intercept any communications. An application
must be made under any other law to the director of public
prosecution (the DPP) for authorisation to intercept or listen
to any customer communication transmitted or received.
Only public offcers or an offcer appointed by the Tanzania
Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (the TCRA) and
authorised by the Ministry of Science and Technology and
the Ministry of Home Affairs may be permitted to intercept
such communications.
Section 120 of the EPOCA provides that any person who,
without lawful authority under the EPOCA or any other
written law:
a. intercepts, attempts to intercept, or procures any
other person to intercept or attempt to intercept any
communications; or
b. discloses, or attempts to disclose to any other person the
contents of any communications, knowingly or having
reason to believe that the information was obtained
through the interception of any communications in
contravention of this section; or
c. uses or attempts to use the contents of any
communications, knowingly having reason to believe that
the information was obtained through the interception of
any communications in contravention of this section,
commits an offence. This section therefore implies that
any person with lawful authority may intercept customer
communications.
Tanzania Intelligence and Security Service Act
The Tanzania Intelligence and Security Service Act [Cap 406
R.E. 2002] (the TISSA) provides that the Tanzania Intelligence
and Security Service (the Service) has a duty to collect
by investigation or otherwise, to the extent that it is strictly
necessary, and analyse and retain, information and intelligence
in respect of activities that may on reasonable grounds be
suspected of constituting a threat to the security of Tanzania
or any part of it. Section 15 of TISSA further provides that the
Service has the power to investigate any person or body or
persons whom or which it has reasonable cause to consider a
risk, or source of risk, of a threat to state security and that the
Service may conduct any investigations which are required
for the purposes of providing security assessments. Section
10 of TISSA provides that the Director-General of the Service
shall have the command, control, direction, superintendence
and management of the Service and all matters connected
with it and that all orders and instructions to the Service shall
be issued by the Director-General subject to any orders issued
by the President of the United Republic of Tanzania, unless
the Minister responsible for intelligence and security directs
otherwise in writing.
Prevention of Terrorism Act
Pursuant to section 31 of the Prevention of Terrorism Act,
2002 (the PTA), subject to a police offcer obtaining prior
written consent from the Attorney-General, he may make
an application, ex parte, to the Court for an interception of
communications order for the purposes of obtaining evidence
of the commission of an offence of terrorism under the PTA.
The Court to which an application is made may make an order:
a. requiring a communications service provider to intercept
and retain a specifed communication or communications
of a specifed description received or transmitted, or about
to be received or transmitted by that communication
service provider;
b. authorising the police offcer to enter any premises and to
install on such premises, any device for the interception
and retention of a specifed communication of a specifed
description and to remove and retain such device,
if the Court is satisfed that the written consent of the Attorney-
General has been obtained and that there are reasonable
grounds to believe that material information relating to a
terrorism offence or the whereabouts of a person suspected by
a police offcer to have committed an offence is contained in a
certain communication or communications.
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Criminal Procedure Act
Section 10 of the Criminal Procedure Act [Cap 20 R.E. 2002]
(the CPA) provides/grants the powers to police offcer(s)
to investigate the facts and circumstances of a case where
a police offcer has reason to suspect the commission of an
offence. Further, section 10(2) of the CPA specifcally provides
for the police offcers powers, by order in writing, to require
the attendance of any person (natural or legal) who from
information given or in any other way appears to be acquainted
with the circumstances of a case, or who is in possession
of a document or any other thing relevant to the investigation
of a case to attend or to produce such document or any
other thing.
DISCLOSURE OF
COMMUNICATIONS DATA
The Electronic and Postal Communication Act
Section 91 of the EPOCA provides that there shall be
a database kept with the TCRA in which all subscriber
information will be stored. Every application services licensee
must submit to the TCRA a monthly list containing its
subscribers information.
Further, Regulation 4(2)(b) of the the Electronic and Postal
Communication (Telecommunications Traffc Monitoring
System) Regulations 2013 (the TTMS Regulations) provide
that the TCRA shall acquire, install, operate and maintain
traffc monitoring and measurement devices at the operators
premises. Moreover, regulation 8 of the TTMS Regulations
provides, inter alia, that the Traffc Monitoring System shall
collect call detail records without any interception of contents
of communications such as voice or SMS. Call detail records
have been defned as information generated by telephone
exchanges which contain details of calls originating from,
terminating at or passing through the exchange. In addition,
regulation 13(4) of the TTMS Regulations provides that the
TCRA must ensure that call detail records data are collected
for the exclusive purpose of monitoring compliance with the
TTMS Regulations; they are encrypted and stored with the
last three digits of the calling numbers hashed in order to
protect confdentiality; and call detail records collected are not
transmitted or given to third parties, public or private, except as
permitted by law.
The EPOCA provides that information may only be disclosed
by an authorised person where it is required by any law
enforcement agency, court of law or other lawfully constituted
tribunal authority with respect to subscriber information.
However, pursuant to the Electronic and Postal
Communications (Licensing) Regulations, 2011 (the
Licensing Regulations) a licensee may collect and maintain
information on individual consumers where it is reasonably
required for its business purposes. It further provides that
the collection and maintenance of information on individual
consumers must be: (a) fairly and lawfully collected and
processed; (b) processed for identifed purposes; (c) accurate;
(d) processed in accordance with the consumers other rights;
(e) protected against improper or accidental disclosure; and (f)
not transferred to any party except as permitted by any terms
and conditions agreed with the consumer, as permitted by
any permission or approval of the Authority, or as otherwise
permitted or required by other applicable laws or Regulations.
Under section 99 of the EPOCA a person shall not disclose any
information received or obtained in exercising his powers or
performing his duties in terms of the EPOCA except:
(a) where the information is required by any law enforcement
agency, court of law or other lawfully constituted tribunal;
(b) notwithstanding the provision of this section, any
authorized person who executes a directive or assists with
execution thereof and obtains knowledge or information
of any communication may;
(i) disclose such information to another law offcer
to the extent that such disclosure is necessary for
the proper performance of the offcial duties of the
authorised person making or the law enforcement
offcer receiving the disclosure; or
(ii) use such information to the extent that such
use is necessary for the proper performance of
offcial duties.
EMERGENCY POWERS
The National Security Act
The National Security Act [Cap 47 R.E. 2002] (the NSA), which
makes provisions relating to state security, states in section 15
that where the DPP is satisfed that there is reasonable ground
for suspecting that an offence under the NSA has been or is
about to be committed, and that some person may be able
to furnish information with regard thereto, he may, by writing
under his hand, authorise a named offcer to require that
person to give a police offcer any information in his power
relating to such suspected or anticipated offence.
Tanzania Intelligence and Security Service Act
Section 5 of TISSA gives authority to the Service to obtain,
correlate, and evaluate intelligence relevant to security, and
to communicate any such intelligence to the Minister and to
persons whom, and in the manner which, the Director-General
considers it to be in the interests of security. In doing so the
Service shall cooperate as far as practicable and necessary
with such other organs of state and public authorities within or
outside Tanzania as are capable of assisting the Service in the
performance of its functions.
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Constitution of United Republic of Tanzania
The Constitution of United Republic of Tanzania 1977 as
amended from time to time (the Constitution) provides
the Parliament with the power to enact and enable measures
to be taken during a state of emergency or in normal times
in relation to persons who are believed to engage in activities
which endanger or prejudice the security of the nation.
Article 31 of the Constitution provides that any law enacted by
Parliament shall not be void for the reason only that it enables
measures to be taken during a state of emergency or in normal
times in relation to persons who are believed to engage in
activities which endanger or prejudice the security of the
nation, which measures derogate from the right to life.
OF POWERS
Other than as outlined above there is no judicial oversight over
these powers. However, section 114 of the EPOCA provides
that the TCRA may take enforcement measures against any
person who contravenes licence conditions, regulations and
provisions of the EPOCA.
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Turkey
powers under the law of Turkey that government agencies
have to order Vodafones assistance when conducting
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION
ASSISTANCE
The Turkish Constitution
Article 22 of the Turkish Constitution states that interception
of communication shall be granted if there is a decision duly
given by a judge on one or several of the grounds of national
security, public order, prevention of crime, protection of
public health and public morals, protection of the rights and
freedoms of others; or in non-delayable cases if there exists
a written order of an agency authorised by law, again on the
abovementioned grounds.
Agencies authorised by law means any governmental body
that is established pursuant to their establishment rules.
Examples of agencies authorised by law or intelligence bodies
are: the director general of public security, commander of
the Turkish gendarmerie forces (at their duty stations) or the
director of intelligence agency.
The law here can either be a Law, a Decree-Law or a Regulation
which is actually below the former within the hierarchy of laws,
as per the Turkish legal system. The agency authorised by
law includes Information and Communication Technologies
Authority (BTK), establishment of which is required by the Law
of Electronic Communications No. 5809 (5809 sayl Elektronik
Haberleme Kanunu). Unfortunately, the term non-delayable
cases is not a defned term within the Constitution, so it remains
open to potentially wide interpretation.
Regulation on Authorisation within the Electronic Com-
munication Sector, published in the Offcial Gazette
no. 27241, entered into force on 27.5.2009 (Elek-
tronik Haberleme Sektrne likin Yetkilendirme
Ynetmelii) ( the Regulation)
Article 21 of the Regulation empowers the BTK to intercept
a communication or suspend, interrupt or stop electronic
communication operators from providing a communication
service (entirely or partially), if the legal conditions of
protecting the public safety, public health, public morals and
other public interests as such, are met. If these conditions are
met, BTK shall obtain the opinion of the Transportation and
Communication Ministry in order to decide on interception of
communications provided by the relevant operator(s).
For the purposes of the Regulation, the word interception
may also mean suspension, interruption, stopping and/or
blocking.
According to the hierarchy of the governmental bodies, BTK is
bound to the Ministry of Transportation and Communication;
hence the Ministrys opinion shall be taken into account where
necessary. Where necessary is an ambiguous expression because
there is no absolute ground or application of the occasions that
are objectively necessary for the Ministrys opinion.
Regulation on the Procedures Organising the Publications
on the Internet, published in the Offcial Gazette no. 26716
and entered into force on 30.11.2007 (Internet Ortamnda
Yaplan Yaynlarn Dzenlenmesine Dair Usul ve Esaslar
Hakknda Ynetmelik) (the Internet Regulation)
As for communications made via the Internet, Article 12 of
the Internet Regulation states that the Presidency of Telecom
Communications (TIB) may decide to intercept or block access
to the relevant content on the following grounds: promoting
suicide, sexual harassment of children, expediting usage
of drugs, providing material harmful for health, obscenity,
prostitution, providing venues and opportunities for
gambling, and crimes against Ataturk (the founder and the
frst president of the Republic of Turkey). The orders of TIB are
directly sent to the internet access providers, which includes the
operators who provide access to the Internet.
TIB is directly bound to the president of the BTK and serves
within the BTK, as per Article 16 of the Regulation for Detecting,
Recording and Wire-tapping the Communications, Evaluating
the Signal Data, published in the Offcial Gazette no. 25989
on 10.11.2005 (Telekomnikasyon Yoluyla Yaplan letiimin
Tespiti, Dinlenmesi, Sinyal Bilgilerinin Deerlendirilmesi Ve Kayda
Alnmasna Dair Usul Ve Esaslar le Telekomnikasyon letiim
Bakanlnn Kurulu, Grev Ve Yetkileri Hakkinda Ynetmelik).
As per Article 16 of the Internet Regulation, the order of TIB is
sent to the internet access providers, including operators, via
electronic means and shall be applied by the access providers
within twenty-four hours following the delivery of the order.
However; this order shall be subject to legal examination.
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The Regulation for the Organisation of BTK, published
upon a Decree of Council of Ministers numbered
2011/1688 and dated 4.4.2011, published in the Of-
fcial Gazette no. 27958 and which came into force on
8.11.2011 (Bilgi Teknolojileri ve letiim Kurumu Tekilat
Ynetmelii (the Organisation Regulation)
Article 5/(u) of the Organisation Regulation provides that any
and all types of information can be obtained by the BTK from
operator enterprises, state institutions, real persons and legal
entities, if requested by the Ministry. Therefore operators are
obliged to provide the necessary information upon the BTKs
request. In Article 5/() of the Organisation Regulation BTK
is entitled to take all precautionary actions stated by laws
such that activities within the sector are carried out pursuant
to the requirements of national security, public order or
public services. Here any and all types of information is a
rather broad term and may include the documents and/or
information relating to technical requirements for interception.
Further to this, Article 5/1 of The Regulation on Authorisation
within the Electronic Communication Sector published
in the Offcial Gazette no. 27241 and entered into force
on 27.5.2009 (Elektronik Haberleme Sektrne likin
Yetkilendirme Ynetmelii) states that the Transportation
Ministrys strategy and policies shall be taken into account
while the operators establish the technical infrastructure upon
the authorisation given by the BTK. Strategy and policies of
the Ministry is another broad term which may conceivably be
used by the Ministry to give fexibility to its actions within the
communication sector.
Regulation for Detecting, Recording and Wire-tapping the
Communications, Evaluating the Signal Data, published in
the Offcial Gazette no. 25989 on 10.11.2005 (Telekomni-
kasyon Yoluyla Yapilan letiimin Tespiti, Dinlenmesi,
Sinyal Bilgilerinin Deerlendirilmesi Ve Kayda Alinmasina
Dair Usul Ve Esaslar le Telekomnikasyon letiim
Bakanliinin Kurulu, Grev Ve Yetkileri Hakkinda Ynet-
melik) (the Wire-tapping Regulation)
The Wire-Tapping Regulation is important because activities
such as wire-tapping mean accessing the content of
telecommunications and require a higher threshold. The
Wire-tapping Regulation gives wiretapping powers to the
intelligence bodies, such as the Security General Directorate
or Intelligence Head, Gendarmerie General Command etc.,
by delivering their written order to the relevant offces for
appropriate execution. These orders can be given in urgent
cases for prosecution of specifc sorts of crimes such as
organised drug traffcking, organised economic crimes,
sedition, crimes against the constitutional unity, national
security, and governmental confdentiality and spying.
In case there is serious danger against the essential interests of
the Country and the democratic constitutional state, and if the
case is deemed to be urgent, written orders may be given for
granting security of the government, revealing espionage (spy
activities), ascertaining disclosure of state secrets and preventing
terrorist activities by the Secretary or/and Deputy Secretary
of the National Intelligence Organisation and delivered to the
relevant offces for appropriate execution. (Art. 7).
The relevant offces mentioned above, where the written
orders shall be sent to, appears to be those of TIB. According
to Article 10 of the Wire-Tapping Regulation, written orders
and decisions shall be sent to TIB via the electronic means
determined by TIB. The orders and decisions are then applied
under TIBs supervision.
DISCLOSURE OF
COMMUNICATIONS DATA
Regulation on Protecting the Privacy of Personal Data
within Electronic Communication Sector enacted as re-
quired by the Law no. 5809 of Electronic Communications,
published in the Offcial Gazette no. 28363
Article 5/(5) of the Regulation on Protecting the Privacy
of Personal Data within Electronic Communication Sector,
enacted as required by the Law no. 5809 of Electronic
Communications, published in the Offcial Gazette no. 28363
which came into force on 1.1.2014 (Elektronik Haberleme
Sektrnde Kiisel Verilerin lenmesi Ve Gizliliinin Korunmasi
Hakkinda Ynetmelik) (the Privacy Regulation), provides
BTK with the power to access the systems where customer
data is collected and stored, if deemed necessary. Because
the Privacy Regulation came into force just recently it is not
yet clear which occasions are to be treated as necessary.
However, considering this article is located under the sub-
heading of Security, it is assumed this power may be used for
security reasons, which may cover public security, preventing
crime, prosecuting an alleged crime etc. However BTK is not
entitled to access the content of the telecommunication, e.g.
listen to the voice content of a telephone call, or read the
content of a text message.
The BTK also has power to request all information and
documents concerning the security measures taken by
operators. It may also request amendments to the security
measures taken by the operators if such interference is
deemed necessary.
Law no. 5651 on the Regulation of Internet Publications
and Prevention of Crime
Under Article 3 (as amended on February 6, 2014) of the
Law no. 5651 on the Regulation of Internet Publications
and Prevention of Crime, internet access providers must
provide communications data requested by the TIB, including
a subscribers name, identity information, address, phone
number, date and time of logging into a system, date and time
of logging off a system, the IP address given for the relevant
access and access points, and/or resource IP address and port
number, targeted IP address and port number, protocol type,
URL address, date and time of connection and date and time of
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ending of the connection. These data can only be obtained by
TIB where a court order is given in relation to the prosecution
of a crime.
The TIBs and the BTKs actions may be brought before the
administrative courts for cancellation.
The content of communications cannot be accessed by the
BTK or the TIB as per the Electronic Communication Sector
legislation. However, if in a particular case pending before the
prosecutor, the prosecution or the criminal procedure requires
it, then the content may be disclosed
EMERGENCY POWERS
The Turkish Constitution
Intelligence authorities and agencies authorised by
law (including the BTK) have the power to intercept
communication for national security, public order, prevention
of crime, protection of public health and public morals and
protection of the rights and freedoms of others. Therefore
they are entitled to take all necessary actions relating to these
grounds, as per Article 22 of Turkish Constitution.
According to Turkish Constitution Article 15 and the Law
no. 2935 enacted on 25.10.1983 on State of Emergency,
communications may be intercepted permanently, or the tools
to provide communications to customers may temporarily
be seized by reason of public emergency, national security,
mobilisation or war.
In case of application of Law no. 2935 enacted on 25.10.1983
on State of Emergency, a declaration of extraordinary
administration procedures may derive from a natural disaster
or a serious economic crisis, widespread acts of violence
and serious deterioration of the public order. The right to
communication and the privacy of communication and
personal life may be restricted entirely or partially which could
hand the control of all authorisations mentioned above to the
entities indicated in the decree laws.
Also, in the event of widespread acts of violence which
are aimed at the destruction of the free democratic order
or the fundamental rights and freedoms embodied in the
Constitution and more dangerous than the cases requiring a
state of emergency; or in the event of war, the emergence of
a situation requiring war, an uprising, or the spread of violent
and strong rebellious actions against the motherland and the
Republic, or widespread acts of violence of internal or external
origin threatening the indivisibility of the country and the
nation, the Council of Ministers, under the chairpersonship
of the President of the Republic, after consultation with the
National Security Council, may declare martial law in one
or 60 more regions throughout the country for a period not
exceeding six months.
OF POWERS
Under Article. 22 of the Turkish Constitution, an authorised
agencys order (apart from that of BTK) shall be submitted for
a judges approval in twenty-four hours. The judges decision
shall be declared within forty-eight hours following the
submission; otherwise the said order of authorised agency is
abolished per se.
The Turkish legal system is based on the continental European
legal system. In this respect, the actions/orders/decisions of
a governmental body can be subject to cancellation or nullity
claims before the Administrative Courts and not the Civil Courts.
Administrative courts cannot act on behalf of the administrative
bodies, but merely take precautionary suspension of
administrative actions and then decide on either the
cancellation or nullity, or approval of such actions. In that sense,
BTKs decision and/or Transportation and Communication
Ministrys opinion are not subject to judicial oversight, unless
they are brought before administrative courts for cancellation.
Although other authorised agencies orders e.g. a Prosecutors
order in an urgent case must be approved by a judge, it appears
BTKs actions of interception are not subject to a judges prior
approval. However they can still be subject to litigation before
administrative courts for their validity and enforceability.
As per Article 17 of the Internet Regulation, if the Prosecutor
decides there is no adequate evidence to create suspicion (an
adequate suspicion threshold) then the order shall be abolished
per se. In urgent cases during the prosecution process, however,
the Prosecutors themselves may decide on intercepting/
blocking of the content. This decision must be brought before
the judge in twenty-four hours and the judge shall decide on the
matter within twenty-four hours. Unfortunately, what amounts to
an urgent case is not defned within the Internet Regulation, so it
remains quite open to interpretation.
Article 8 of the Wire-tapping Regulation states that an
authorised agencys order, such as order of the Security
General Directorate or Intelligence head, Gendarmerie General
Command, Secretary of the National Intelligence Organisation,
shall be submitted to a judges approval within twenty-four
hours. The judges decision shall be declared within forty-eight
hours following the submission; otherwise the order of the
authorised agency is abolished per se.
The decision for conducting the wire-tapping etc. can be given
for a period of 3 months at most. This period can be prolonged
three times at most for a period not longer than 3 months (i.e.
3x3=9 months).
Intelligence bodies (Security General Directorate, Gendarmerie
General Command or National Security Organization) or
Prosecutors decision must be approved by the judge within
twenty-four hours following their submission, or the order shall
be abolished.
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United Kingdom
legal powers under the law of the United Kingdom that
INTERCEPTION ASSISTANCE
Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000
The Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (RIPA)
gives senior cabinet ministers the power to authorise the
interception of a persons communications following an
application made by an intelligence or law enforcement
agency (LEA).
Under s.5 RIPA any Secretary of State can issue an intercept
warrant where the Secretary of State in question believes it is
necessary in the interests of national security, for the purpose
of preventing or detecting serious crime or for the purpose of
safeguarding the economic well-being of the United Kingdom
and where they believe that the conduct authorised by the
warrant is proportionate to its intended purpose.
An interception warrant must name or describe either one
person as the interception subject or a single set of premises
as the premises in relation to which the relevant interception is
to take place (s.8 (1) RIPA).
However under s.8 (4) (b) RIPA the relevant Secretary of State
has broader authority in relation to external communications.
He or she may issue a certifcate accompanying an
interception warrant relating to external communications
that provides for the interception of material described in
such certifcate that s/he considers it necessary to examine.
RIPA defnes the term external communication as a
communication sent or received outside the British Islands
(s.20 RIPA). The Interception of Communications Code of
Practice (IOC COP) states that an external communication
does not include communications both sent and received in
the British Islands, even if they pass outside the British Islands
(p.22 of IOC COP).
s.11 (4) RIPA establishes a general requirement on public
telecommunication service providers in the UK to take all
reasonably practical steps requested by the relevant LEA to
give effect to an interception warrant.
1.
In addition to the general requirement to provide assistance
in giving effect to a warrant under s.11 (4) the Secretary of
State may, under s.12 RIPA, order a public telecommunications
service provider to maintain an interception capability.
Under s.12 RIPA and the Regulation of Investigatory Powers
(Maintenance of Interception Capability) Order 2002 (SI
2002/1931) the relevant Secretary of State has the authority
to order a public telecommunications service provider to
maintain the practical capability to provide assistance in
relation to intercept warrants. The order is exercisable by
the giving of a notice in accordance with such order to the
relevant service provider. The powers in question only apply
to providers of a public telecommunications service whose
service is intended to be provided to more than 10,000 people.
Intelligence Services Act 1994
Under s.5 of the Intelligence Services Act 1994 (ISA) the
Secretary of State may, on an application made by the Security
Service, the Intelligence Services or GCHQ, issue a warrant in
respect of any property so specifed or in respect of wireless
telegraphy. There is the possibility that this power is broad
enough to permit government direct access to Vodafones
network by the Security Services in some instances. Although
large parts of ISA have been repealed, s.5 is still in force.
A warrant under s.5 ISA will be granted by the Secretary of
State if he is satisfed that the taking of the action by the
Security Service, the Intelligence Service or GCHQ is: necessary
for the purpose of assisting the particular agency to carry out
any of its statutory functions; that the activity is necessary
and proportionate to what the agency seeks to achieve and
it could not reasonably be achieved by other (less intrusive)
means; and that satisfactory arrangements are in place to
ensure that the agency shall not obtain or disclose information
except insofar as necessary for the proper discharge of one of
its functions.
s.11 (1) (a) RIPA provides for the possibility that an intercept
warrants can be effected by the LEA or intelligence agency
that applied for it without the provision of any assistance. One
interpretation of this is that in instances where interception
takes place via a pre-existing intercept capability, the LEA or
intelligence agency need not inform the service provider in
question that the intercept has occurred.
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DISCLOSURE OF
COMMUNICATIONS DATA
Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000
RIPA gives LEAs, intelligence agencies and a wide range of
other public authorities the legal authority to acquire the
metadata relating to customer communications. The powers
require anyone who provides a telecommunications service
to disclose customer metadata they possess or are capable
of obtaining. The powers relate to traffc data, service use
information and subscriber information, but not the content of
the communications.
Under s.22 (4) of RIPA a notice may be issued by a person
holding a prescribed offce, rank or position within a relevant
public authority designated with the power to acquire
communications data by order under s.25 (2) and under the
Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Communications Data)
Order 2010 (SI 2010/480).
Under s.22 (3) of RIPA persons within a public authority may be
given an authorisation to directly obtain the communications
data in question in certain circumstances, for example where
notifcation may prejudice an investigation or operation.
Under s.22 (2) of RIPA the designated person can only issue a
notice or an authorisation where they believe it is necessary
on one of eight grounds. These include for the interests of
national security, for the purpose of preventing or detecting
crime or preventing disorder, in the interests of the economic
well-being of the United Kingdom, in the interests of
protecting public safety or for the purpose of protecting public
health. The designated person must believe that the conduct
authorised by the notice or authorisation is proportionate.
EMERGENCY POWERS
Under Section 94 of the Telecommunications Act 1984
(Section 94) the Secretary of State may after consultation
with OFCOM and/or providers of public electronic
communications networks, give OFCOM or the network
provider directions of a general character as appear to
the Secretary of State to be necessary in the interests of
national security or relations with the government of a
country or territory outside the United Kingdom. Although
the Communications Act 2003 superseded most of the
Telecommunications Act 1984, Section 94 is still in force.
2. 2.
Under Section 94, if a network provider is given directions to
do or not do something as directed by the Secretary of State
they shall not disclose this direction if the Secretary of State
has notifed them that he is of the opinion that disclosure
is against the interests of national security or relations with
the government of a country or territory outside the United
Kingdom. The Secretary of State may, with the approval of
the Treasury, make grants to providers of public electronic
communications networks for the purposes of defraying or
contributing towards any losses the network provider may
sustain by reason of compliance with the directions under
Section 94.
Communications Act 2003
Under Section 132 of the Communications Act 2003
the Secretary of State may require OFCOM, the UKs
communications regulator, to give a direction to suspend
or restrict the network, services or facilities of an electronic
communications network provider or an electronic
communications service provider to protect the public from
any threat to public safety or public health or in the interests of
national security.
Civil Contingencies Act 2004
Under the Civil Contingencies Act 2004 (the CCA) the
government is given broad powers for a limited period of time
during civil emergencies. This includes the authority to protect
or restore systems of communications such as Vodafones
network. The governments emergency powers could in theory
extend to other actions in relation to Vodafones network.
As an operator of a public electronic communications network
that makes telephone services available (whether for spoken
communication or for the transmission of data), Vodafone
would be classifed as a Category 2 Utility Responder under the
CCA (Schedule 1 Part 3 of the CCA).
Under s.1 and s.19 of the CCA disruption to a system
of communication may constitute an emergency for
the purposes of Part 1 of the Act. Part 1 addresses local
arrangements for civil protection. Part 2 addresses
emergency powers.
Under s.6 (1) of the CCA the government may require or
permit Vodafone to disclose information on request to
another organisation or person designated as an emergency
responder under the CCA in connection with their functions
in the emergency.
Under s.20 and s.22 of the CCA the Queen or senior Cabinet
ministers (in practice the Home Secretary) may make
emergency regulations for protecting or restoring a system of
communication if they are satisfed that this is appropriate for
the purpose of preventing, controlling or mitigating an aspect
or effect of the emergency in question.
3.
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United Kingdom A-E F-J K-O P-S
88
OF POWERS
The judiciary plays no role in the authorisation of interception
warrants under RIPA. The Interception of Communications
Commissioner, appointed under s.57 (1) RIPA, keeps under
review the exercise and performance of the interception
powers granted under RIPA. These include the power of
the Secretaries of State to issue intercept warrants and
the procedures of the agencies involved in conducting
interception. The Commissioner presents an annual report to
the Prime Minister which is published on the website of the
Interception of Communications Commissioners Offce.
The Investigatory Powers Tribunal, established under RIPA
s.65, hears complaints in relation to powers granted under
RIPA. It is also the only forum that hears complaints about
any alleged conduct by or on behalf of the British intelligence
agencies (MI5, MI6 and GCHQ). It may award compensation,
quash intercept warrants or authorisations and order the
destruction of any records obtained by an intercept warrant or
authorisation. The decisions of the Tribunal are not subject to
appeal or questioning by any court in the UK. A decision by the
Tribunal not to uphold a claim based on the Human Rights Act
1998 could be taken to the European Court of Human Rights in
Strasbourg if certain conditions of that Court were satisfed.
If a public telecommunications service provider believes
that a s.12 RIPA notice places unreasonable technical and/or
fnancial demands on it, it may refer the issue to a specialist
panel of advisers that is set up under s.13 RIPA called the
Technical Advisory Board (TAB). The TAB reports its conclusions
to the relevant Secretary of State, who may either withdraw
the notice or issue a new notice. Note that the s.12 order and
notice procedure is outside the remit of the Interception of
Communications Commissioner (s.57 (2) (a) RIPA).
Regarding the disclosure of communications data, under s.37
of the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 and s.23A and s.23B
of RIPA local authorities are required to gain judicial approval
from a local magistrate for an authorisation or notice to acquire
communications data. There is no judicial oversight in relation
to the approval of notices or authorisations issued by law
enforcement agencies or intelligence agencies.
The judiciary plays no role in the authorisation of
interception warrants under s.5 ISA. The Intelligence Services
Commissioner, appointed under s.59 (1) RIPA, keeps under
review the exercise and performance of the powers granted
by s.5 ISA. The Commissioner presents an annual report to the
Prime Minister, who lays it before the Houses of Parliament and
which is published on the Commissioners Offce website.
There is governmental oversight in relation to the directions
given under Section 94, as the Secretary of State shall lay
before each House of Parliament a copy of every direction
given, unless he is of the opinion that disclosure of the
direction is against the interests of national security or
relations with the government of a country or territory outside
the United Kingdom, or commercial interests of some other
person.
The CCA sets limits on the emergency regulations that can
be made under it (CCA. S.23). For example, any emergency
regulations must be laid before, and approved by, Parliament
as soon as practicable after frst being made and in any event
they automatically lapse after thirty days (s.26 (1) (a) and s.27
CCA). Emergency regulations may not amend the Human
Rights Act 1998 (s.23 (5) (a) CCA). The Houses of Parliament
may pass resolutions cancelling the emergency regulations, or
amending them (s.27 CCA).
4.
T-Z Countries

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