Turkish words and ways.

İnroduction

This little book is to help you to get to grips not only with the spoken language
but also the the subliminal language that is part of any culture. Sometimes
gestures body language facial grimaces that accompany words can give more
meaning than the word itself. And you will learn Turkish has more than its fair
share of such nuances.

The task you are setting yourself in learning Turkish will frustrate infuriate and
fascinate you. For the level of competence you are seeking , from basic phrases
to a deeper understanding of the grammar İ hope you will find inspiration and
encouragement in these pages.

First chapter……………………………………bölüm bir

There is no escaping it you will have to learn the alphabet,but the great thing is
that there is only one sound for each letter..

Unlike English ,Turkish is phonetic and unlike many other languages it is

relatively easy to pronounce.

This is for those who are just starting to learn Turkish and are daunted by what
seems an impossible language to get to grips with.
if you want to learn just for holidays then all you need is a good phrase book. if
you intend living in Turkey or spending a lot of time here then you have to tackle
at least some of the grammar.
there are some good books on the market..some promise that you can learn in
three months...hah..don't believe them!! there are also a few sites on the web
which you can find with a Google search. BUTTTT doesn't matter how good a site
or a book is..the work comes from you and your motivation. İ promise once you
get the basics you will get addicted to learning this fascinating language...İ hope
you will give me some feed back.. i rely on it to know if you understand my
explanations..

Ok lets go.

Unique to Turkish is;

1.The way in which the vowel sounds fit in with each other. Known as vowel
harmony
2.The way that some consonants change to keep the sound smooth. Known as
consonant mutation
3.The way that letters are added to the end of words to give the meaning . These
are called suffixes.
4.There is no gender in Turkish..he/she/it are all the same.

Lets start off with the alphabet.

There are 29 letters..21 consonants and 8 vowels.Each letter has just one sound.
There is no Q-W-X.....which explains why sex is spelt seks..and sexy..seksi
The consonants
B-D-F-G-K-L-M-N-P-S-T-Y-Z..are more or less as we pronounce them.
b-c-ç-d-f-g--k-l-m-n-p-s-t-y-z

Cc-Çç-Ğğ-Hh-Şş-Vv.. are as follows

C as in Judge....Cuma..say it juma..Friday
Ç as in Chair .....çarşamba..char sham ba..wednesday
Ğ is hardly heard..ağır..agh-ır..heavy..but there is a sound there!
H is always pronounced. ..pa-hah-lı..expensive
Ş as in Shut...şubat shoo bat february.
V is almost a W sound...tuvalet..too wah let..toilet..

there are 8 vowels in 2 groups..a-ı-o-u.....e-i-ö-ü

AIOU sound comes from the back of the throat
EİÖÜ sound comes from the front of the mouth.
A .always flat and short..Apple....adam..ad..am..man
E as in egg....evet..ev et..yes.
I..undotted..as in ill..ılık..ıll ıck..warm
İ dotted...as in eel..iyi..ee yee...good
O undotted..as in ok....ocak..o jack..january.
Ö dotted as in twerp/slurp...öp..urp...kiss.
U undotted as in under ucuz uh ju z cheap u back of the mouth.
Ü dotted.as in glue.... üç ooch three...ü front of the mouth.

There is very little stress on words.

Every letter is said..so get practicing your RRRs
and pay attention to the ends of words..you MUST get these right...this is where
the meaning lies.

ok lets get going with a few common words

şeker...shecker..sugar
süt....soot..........milk
çay chay....tea.
tuz..salt
peynir pay..neer...cheese...(pay that rhymes with day)
sandviç.. sand..wee..tch sandwich
yemek..food
para ...money

now lets add on some bits and pieces to the ends

the suffix Li means with or containing

so tea with sugar is

''Şeker+li çay..şekerli çay..sugary/sweet tea.
şekerli çay istiyorum..i want sweet tea.

tea with milk is

süt+lü çay...sütlü çay...milk with..tea.
sütlü çay istiyorum..i want tea with milk.

salty food
yemek tuzlu ..salty food
yemek tuzlu seviyorum..i love salty food

cheese sandwich
peynir+li sandviç
peynirli sanviç var mı? ..is there cheese sandviç?

para+lı paralı para luh...no eee sound!!...it means with money..

paralı giriş....entry with money..pay to enter.

lets try the same words with SİZ on the end

SİZ means without.

Şekersiz without sugar... şekerli..with sugar

Sütsüz.. without milk sütlü with milk
Tuzsuz without salt... tuzlu with salt
Peynirsiz..without cheese.. peynirli with cheese.
Parasız.. without money paralı.. with money.

The suffix Lİ is also used to say where you are from

Nerelisiniz...or just nereli?..where are you from?
Bodrumlu..from Bodrum
Marmarisli.from Marmaris.
İstanbullu..from İstanbul
Alanyalı..from Alanya.

look at the above endings..its your first intro. to vowel harmony

Lİ..LÜ....SİZ..SÜZ.
LI..LU SIZ...SUZ..
Don't worry too much about the vowel harmony at this stage..but always bear it
in mind....its there to keep the language sound smooth.

the next ending to learn is DE/DA (TE/TA..after certain letters..ive used

Marmaris as an eg...but its not too important just yet)
this means either 'in on at'
araba is car
araba+da......in car
ev is house..
ev+de..in house
Marmaris'TE...İn Marmaris..(its TE)
Bodrum'DA İn Bodrum
The DE follows after dotted vowels EİÖÜ
The DA follows after undotted vowels AIOU

next try DEN/DAN..this means from or via.

ev+den..from the house
araba+dan from the car..
Marmaris'TEN..from Marmaris...(its Ten)
Bodrum'DAN....From Bodrum

The next one to learn with these is E/A..this means ...to into onto
this one can also be YE/YA..the Y is used if the last letter of the word is a vowel
as in the first example
araba-y-a.. to the car
ev+e .. to the house
Marmaris'E. . to Marmaris
Bodrum'A.. to Bodrum
Alanya'YA. to Alanya
Fethiye'YE.. to Fethiye

why do we need a Y in araba-y-a...its because vowels dont come in pairs as

they do in english
such as..ea..ie..ai ou..ua..etc..this can't be in Turkish..
therefore if a word ending in a vowel needs a suffix a buffer letter is used..
There are three buffer letters S.Y.N.i will explain these fully another time..they
are not too bad to understand..

thats enough for now.

next time we will make some basic sentences using the above suffixes.

2nd chapter ikinci bölüm

2nd - more for new learners..personal endings

lets do some more basic stuff.

this time looking at personal endings
which are fixed to the ends of words

Note that there is no gender in Turkish..he she it and

his/her/its all share the same words
also there are two forms of 'you' one is for familiar.and one
is for formal or respect.

The endings are in two broad categories

1.the ones that show belonging....my -your- his -her -its
-our -their

2.the ones that show condition..such as ill, rich, poor,old,

tired etc..and also action(verbs) such as come go walk eat
love etc...İ- you/you - he she it -we- they

These are the possessive endings....my-- your/your-- his-

her- its- our- their
lets use house and car...to demonstrate possessive
endings.
a dotted vowel...EV..udotted ARABA
ev...house
ev+im ... my house..... evimiz ..our house
ev+in.. your house. familiar
ev+iniz .. your house formal
ev+i..his her its house
ev+leri their house.

neredesin?..where are you?

Ev+ De in house.at home. (we did DE/DA before)
araba+m.. my car.. araba+mız..our car
araba+n.. your car familiar araba+nız formal
araba +S-ı..his/her/its car...(explanation below)
araba+ları.. their car

he she it -ending is İ (or-Ü-I-U)

ev+i his house.
arabA- S+I...his car..the S is a buffer letter to keep the
vowels apart.
this buffer letter S is only ever used for ..his/her/its when
the word ends in vowel

İ know this is a lot to take in ..but take a big breath as i'm

going straight on with the other personal endings..so you
can be aware of them together....they don't look or sound
much different.
Take it all in your stride.

the other category of personal endings is ...

İ am.. you are/you are ..he/she/it is..we are they are.
OR.according to the verb tense.İ-you-he-she-it-we-they.

Their endings are very similar to the previous group but

they are added to nouns to show state or condition..and
also importantly to verbs to show who's doing what.

Here then are two nouns..beautiful and ill

güzel+İM .i am beautiful. hastA+YIM....i am ill..note
the Y
güzel+SİN/SİNİZ. you are beautiful hasta
+SINIZ..you are ill
güzel+DİR..he/she/it is beautiful hasta+DIR..
he/she/it is ill
güzel+İZ..we are beautiful hastA+YIZ .. we are
ill..note the Y
güzel+DİR-(LER not always used) hasta+DİR-LAR
(not always used)and also these are added to the ends
of verbs....but i will do these next. I don't want to give you
too much.

here's a simple sentence putting together..house.+.our+

the suffix for in+ i am...bear in mind its just for an
example..

neredesin?..where are you?

ev+imiz+de+yim.....house our in i am.
EV- house
İMİZ..our..personal possessive ending
DE....in (on/at)
Y-İM..i am..personal verbal ending.
evimizdeyim
 thats just a simple way to show how endings make a
phrase into one word.
(but more usually you would just say it..
evdeyim....i'm at home)ev-de-yim
Chqpter 3.üçünçü bölüm

basic 3

this is about THE...in fact there is no THE in Turkish

İn english THE is called the definite article
A or AN are indefinite articles.
İn turkish the definite article is a suffix or ending which is used in a sentence and
shows the object of the sentence...making it the direct object.
Getting to grips with this is one of the hardest parts for new learners..but if you take
it in early on you will be ok.
BUT DON'T WORRY THİS ONE İS *****a stinker.

the suffix like all suffixes is harmony related..so get over it!!
its İ-Ü..I-U..after words that end in a consonant
after a word that ends in a vowel it takes a Y or an N as a buffer between the
vowels.
there are three buffer letters S -Y-N
S is used only with the 3rd person singular..ie. he/she/it..and I explained it with the
personal endings..so have a look!
Y is used with a noun that hasn't or isnt taking any other endings..as in the
examples below
N is a bit more difficult and once you are ok with Y we will look at the extended
endings which do away with the Y and use N..and frighten the life out of you when
you first come across them

lets look first at a basic english sentence..(forgive me if its too simple..its for my
benefit to put it across)
the man painted the car..
the man is the subject
painted is the verb
what did the man paint..the car
the car is the object.
this in turkish is
Adam arabayı boyadı
araba is taking THE as a direct object
araba-Y-I
the Y is a buffer letter..the direct object ending is I
the man painted THE car..not any old car..THE car..araba-y-I

lets look at another example

Jane read the book
Jane kıtabı okurdu
kitap..is book..kitabı the book..
don't worry about the P to B change at this stage..its really to avoid a hard sound

Jane read MY book

Jane kitabımı.okurdu
kitab+ım..my book..and my book is still the verb's object..therefore still takes the
direct object suffix...hence
kitab+ım+ı

Here's another
Gary bira içti
Gary drank beer
Gary birayı içti
Gary drank THE beer. (tchTch)

and another..and using the indefinite article A or AN

plus the ending for in/on/at..DE/DA
SokakTA bir araba var..its Ta not Da for the sound.
street in A car there is..no ending needed.
var means there is..and you will hear it a lot

and yet another

Sende para var mı?..
on you is there money..have you any money?
Sen+DE you+ in /on/at ending..making sende..on you
and then this one using THE money.
'Parayı aldın mı ?
'did you take the money.?'
Mİ is the question marker..if you hear it you know you are being asked a question.?
ask anything you're not clear about..but really this is a strange concept for english
speakers...and a great feeling when you finally say AAH! now i get it!.

yes..ive been busy cos i might be off line..for a day or two..might not ..so i may
inundate you with stuff ..sorry
yusufs sister had a baby before xmas..and now she's been diagnosed with
Rheumatoid Arthritis..terrible..she's only 34..
so we are a bit upside down..doing this helps me to keep my mind off it 'til we know
more.

Chapter 4 ..dörtüncü bölüm

4th basic for new learners

well after kicking off these basic bits and pieces with some grammar lets relax a bit with some
everyday words.

we've done ABC..now look at some numbers..and ways to use them

Turkish children love to show you how they can count to 10 in english.

So lets show them we can do it in Turkish

its a good way to get sounds right.

bir 1.. bee rrr.. get your tongue into gear with those RRRs
bir is also used for a or an..
iki 2 eekee.....iki çay 2 teas
üç 3 ootch üç nescafe 3 nescafe
dört 4. . dirt dört kedi 4 cats. say it short & with the R & T well pronounced
beş 5 besh.. beş köpek 5 dogs
altı 6 altuh altı kişi 6 people
yedi 7 yed ee yedi çocuk 7 children
sekiz 8.. sek eez sekiz ev 8 houses
dokuz 9 dokuz masa 9 tables
on 10 on kız 10 girls

To make things plural you add LER or LAR..BUT when you put a number with the noun it
stays singular.
eg.
beş kedi var...there are 5 cats
çok kediLER var..there are a lot of cats

here are some words that go with numbers..

you may be asked how many of something you want
'how many?'
'Kaç tane?'
and you can say
'iki tane'..or 'üç tane'..or however many numbers you want
Kaç means 'how many'
Tane..ta-ne..means item or piece.
'iki tane ekmek'..two loaves.
hangisi? means 'which one?'
'hangisi istiyorsun?
which one do you want?

heres a good practice for vowel harmony..not quite basic but good for understanding how
things work with the harmony
add on one of these ending ...- inci -üncü- ıncı -uncu
to make cardinal numbers (is that right cardinal ? cos i'm hopeless with numbers)
bir+inci..and you get 1st..beer een jee
ikinci..2nd.. ee-kin-jee
üç/üncü 3rd ootch oon ju
dörd/üncü..the T goes to D. 4th durd un ju
beş/inci 5th besh een jee
alt/ıncı 6th alt un j
yed/inci 7th yed een jee
sekiz/inci 8th sekiz eenjee
dokuz/uncu 9th dok uz un ju
on/uncu 10th

E or İ are followed by inci 1st 2nd 5th 7th 8th

Ö or Ü are followed by üncü..3rd 4th

A or I are followed by ıncı 6th

O or U are followed by uncu 9th 10th

''Hangi kat?
which floor?
'üçüncü kat'
third floor

heres the week days

hafta week
hafta sonu weekend......
and for those into grammar..son+u SON (last) with the possessive end U
pazartesi monday.. pazar tes ee
salı tuesday saluh
çarşamba wedneday char şham ba
perşembe thursday pear şem be
cuma friday juma
cumartesi saturday jumar tes ee

there we are thenn...get cracking

and NONE of this

chapter5

5th basic for new learners

basic 5 is about question words.

we all need to ask for something or somewhere or someone at some time or another.
So here are a few question words...and some endings to use with them.
Some of them you will know and some of you who are really starting off might find it a bit

hard..but keep at it
and remember to always look at the word ends..and start to recognize when its a suffix...and
what it means.

kaç? this means how much..or how many

Kaç para
how much(money)
Kaç tane ?
how many?
Saat kaç..say it katch
what's the time?
Saat kaçTA
at what time...using the ending for in/on/at..DE/DA..(here its TA for harmony)

[B]NE ? [/B] means what?

Ne var? whats there.? and also used to ask what's wrong?
Ne oldu?.whats up .. whats the matter...say it knowldu
Ne demek? what does it this mean
demek is one of the verbs for 'to say'
if you want to ask what something means say
'Bu ne demek'.what does this mean
ne diyor..what did he say?....again diyor is from the verb demek .
Ne kadar..how much
''Bir kilo ne kadar'
how much a kilo
Bunlar ne kadar.. say it necka dar
how much are these
Şunlar ne kadar
how much are those

here are three ways to ask why? you can use any one
Ne+DEN..neden..why..what from
Ne+İÇİN. niçin..what for..neecheen
NİYE..why nee ye

now look at NE+RE means 'what place' NERE

and lets add some bits on to give different meanings.

DE/DA on the end of a word means İN or AT or ON

Nere+de...nerede...say it nerrde
NEREDE..where at.
Neredesin? where are you
Evdeyim.. i'm at home..ev+de+y-im..buffer Y
Neredesin.?.
otobüsdeyim...i'm in the bus
neredesin[/B[B]]?..
bankadayım..i'm in the bank..note change in the harmony

now add DEN to nere

NEREDEN..where from?
Bu nereden aldın?
where from did you take/buy this
Metro'DAN aldım
'Nescafe nereden aldın.?'
where did you get the nescafe from?
Bims'den aldım.(Bims is a cheap shop bit like kwiksave or aldis..great value)

add the suffix for TO which is E (orA)

NERE-Y-E.. buffer Y
nereye..where to
Nereye gidiyorsun?
where to are you going.

and the suffix Lİ...means where are you from?

nereli..? or nerelisiniz.?
londralı-y-ım
i am from London..or wherever..just add Lİ on the end...with the right harmony of course!!!

Hangi means which

hangi otele gidiyorsunuz?
which hotel to going are you
note the suffix E for TO on the end of Otel
Hangi+S+İ hangisi means which
'hangisi istersiniz
which one do you want?
Nasıl means how
nasılsınız..how are you..as i'm sure you all know
nasıl gidiyor..how's it going.?
nasıl geleceksen..how will you come.?
Bu nasıl..whats this like
Alanya nasıl?..Türkiye nasıl?...
Bodrum nasıl..güzel mi?
How's..Bodrum..is it beautiful...
meaning how is the place

şu nasıl..iyi mi?

Chapter 6

the last time no.5 we looked at question words

one in particular was Ne+Re .meaning 'what place?'

NEREDE said .. nerrde..where at?...literally -what place at
Ne+Re+DEN..where from? literally- what place from
NE+Re+YE..where to? literally -what place to
do you remember?

these same endings can be fixed onto the following words

BU..means this
ŞU..means that
O means that remotely.

BU+RA.....
BU takes RA for harmony..NE took RE..RE/RA signifies 'place'

BU+RA+DA .. this place..İN or ON or AT here

say it burrda
Burada oturuyorum...i am living here
this place in live I
Fethiye'DE oturuyorum..i live in Fethiye
Fethiye in living am I
otur-uyor-um..living am i
otur (verb) means to sit..but is also used for 'to reside'

BURA+DAN
say it buRRdan
buradan..from here
buradan yeni giysi aldım
from here new clothes i bought
yeni is new
giysi is clothes..gee see..hard G
aldım i bought..its a verb
we haven't looked at verbs yet..calm down..they're coming

BURA+Y+A ..the Y is a buffer

Buraya here..to here..
Buraya gel...come here! (usually said with extreme irritation to bad kids)

Burada Şurada..here and there

ŞU takes exactly the same ends..

ŞURA....that place..there
şuraDA..in that place..at that place.in there .at there ..shurrda
ŞuraDAN from that place..shurdan
Şura+Y+A..to that place..shuraya
Telefon şuraya götür..
Take the telephone over to there

O+RA..over there..also takes the same endings

orada..in that place
orada (ingiltere) güzel bir yer.
over there it is a beautiful place.
oradan geldiler...
over there from came they
they came from over there
geldiler a verb..yes i know .we havent done them yet..keep cool..we'll get there.

these three also take plural ends

Buraları these places
Şuraları those places
Oraları those places thereabouts

and also the possessive pronoun for he/she/it

Go back and find it..its on the Basic 2....personal possessive endings.
the ending can be either one of these..İ-Ü-I-U..or buffered by S when following a
vowel
buraSI.. this place...
buraSI çok sıcak..this place is very hot.
ŞuraSI that place
Orası that place..remote.

the S buffer letter is only used for his/her/its & when following a vowel.
but i think that this suffix needs more explaining..so we will leave it for now..

and i think thats enough of here and there and this and that..just for now...
7th basic about present tense verbs

this ones long..sorry..and maybe a bit oof

but you are going to have to understand how verbs are put together...takes some doing at the
start so
i'm going to use just four verbs in the present tense as an introduction...

There is a lot to learning the verbs but take it slow and get a good understanding of the terms
used at each stage before going to the next..When you come across a word that looks
LOOOng..don't give up..break it down into two or three syllables and say it out loud

We said a bit about harmony..how vowel sounds.(and consonants.).have to agree with each
other to give the language a smooth sound....(yes we did..have a look back at basic
4..numbers)
thats all it is there for ..smoothness...so if you get the sound wrong don't worry ..we love the
way some foreigners sound cute in english..don't we..well so do the Turks love our stumbling
efforts...we sound cute...sevimle..

Get yourself a cuppa..settle down..its going to take a bit to get through.

İve chosen for the E group harmony(EİÖÜ)

BİLMEK to know
YÜRÜMEK..to walk

and A group harmony (AIOU)

KALMAK..to stay and also to remain.
OTURMAK..to sit and also to reside

take off MEK or MAK to get the verb root

BİL..YÜRÜ..KAL..OTUR...

The present tense sign is İ-YOR...YOR is always the same..but the first vowel changes to
follow the root vowel....you will see as we go on.

add the tense sign to the root

BİL-İ-YOR... BİLİYOR.... am knowing.....İ follows E or İ

YÜR-Ü-YOR..YÜRÜYOR. am walking Ü follows Ü or Ö
KAL-I-YOR..KALIYOR.. am staying....I follows A or I
OTUR-U-YOR...OTURUYOR... am sitting U follows U or O

Can you see the rules of the harmony.

The present tense personal endings are now added on and these are ALWAYS the same in
this tense.
UM-i- UZ-we.. SUN..you..SUNUZ you...LAR they

BİLİYOR-UM..i know....BİLİYORUZ we know

BİLİYORSUN.. you know..BİLİYORSUNUZ..you formal..
bi-li-yor-sun-uz
BİLİYOR..he/she/it BİLİYORLAR they know

YÜRÜYOR+UM..i am walking..youRR-ou-yoR-um..

KALIYOR+UM. .i am staying
OTURUYOR+UM..i am sitting..ot-ur-u-yor-um

and that's (almost) all there is to forming the present tense of any verb.We will have a go at
verbs where the consonant sound changes ..and ye-mek and de-mek...as we progress...they're
not hard.

you can stop there..or continue to the negative form

to make them negative..add M-ME-MA after the root..and the pronoun as the above
examples.
BİL-M- İYOR don't know..bilmiyorum..bil-mee-yor-um

YÜRÜ-M-ÜYOR don't walk yourr-ou-mee-yor um..i'm not walking.

KALMIYOR don't stay..kal-mee-yor-um..i am not staying.

OTURMUYOR don't sit.. ot-urr-mee-yor-um..i'm not sitting(or residing)

and if you still want more here's the question form

used to ask a question without using a question word (like the ones we did in basic 5th)
the form is like this..the question marker is Mİ-MÜ-MI-MU depending on what last vowel its
following.

But the question marker for ALL verbs in the present tense is MU..why..because its following
İYOR
and as we saw above in the harmony rules O or U is followed by U
MU is after the root+tense and the pronouns are added to MU

MUyUM...MUSUN/MUSUNUZ MU MUyUZ
LAR is the exception and is followed by MI

you can see it best in examples

BİLİYOR MU-Y- UM..am i knowing..do i know..the Y is a buffer between the vowels.
BİLİYOR MU/SUN..are you knowing..do you know.. or MU/SUNUZ
BİLİYOR MU.. is he she it knowing does he know
BİLİYOR MU-Y-UZ..are we knowing..do we know
BİLİYORLAR MI ...do they know? (the odd one out..but always like this)

and a few examples

(geliyorlar mı..are they coming?)
Yürüyorlar mı..are they walking?
Kalıyorlar mı..are they staying)
etc.

if you've got down to here...may i suggest you pick a verb you want to use and mix and match
it using the above 'til you feel ok with it.
and anything you are finding a puzzle hold your hand up and ask..maybe somebody else is
having the same problem..so lets discuss it.

certainly before we go on to the past tense. .and heaven help us..the present.. and..and..

it'll be ok xx

basic 8.easy about shopping

8th basic
and really basic..nice and easy. all about shopping..but can't get away from it..a bit of
grammar thrown in.
lets start with some words..and bits of real easy grammar
and scatter some nice useful dialogue here and there ( to keep you reading !!)

the word for shopping is Alışveriş

a shopping list is alışveriş listesi
grammar point..listeSİ..the possessive..remember..the list belongs to the
shopping..hence S-İ

Alışveriş say it..alush vereesh

alışveriş merkezi..shopping centre.
Merkez ..centre..takes the possessive liste .S..İ..merkez..İ..both taking the possessive
İ ..
liste-s-i needs the buffer S between the vowels.

Dükkan is a shop
Bakkal dükkan/ı is a grocers shop..note the end.
manav is a greengrocers
kırtasiye..stationery
kitabevi..bookshop
ikinci el..second hand

Nereye gidiyorsun..?
where are you going

Dükkan/A gidiyorum..note the end

shop-to going am I..i am going to the shop

Hangi dükkan.?...(we looked at Hangi in basic 5..question words..yes we did!

Which shop ?

Bakkal-ı note the end

the grocers.

git means go..when the T is followed by a vowel it softens to D

Gid-iyor-um..
go am i..i am going
gid-iyor-sun.. go are you..you are going
gidiyor.MUsun.? .are you going? MU the question marker
Here's some words to do with shopping
Muşteri..customer..iyi bir muşteri..a good customer.
makbuz ..receipt
Fiş ..receipt..and also an electric plug!!
Hesap ..bill
taksit.. installment
taksitle.. by installment
peşin fiyatı..cash price..fiyat/ı note the end.
peşin para..ready money

these next two words are essential for shopping (and for everything.)
VAR..and YOK...there is and there isnt

VAR MI ? is there?
what ever you want ask like this
.(what you want)...+...var mı?

Lite Cola var mı?..have you light cola

lite cola var..yes there is
lite cola yok..no there isn't

Süt var mı? have you milk

Süt var..yes there is milk
Süt yok..no there isnt

Ekmek var mı..have you bread

VAR..yes there is
maalesef ekmek yok
unfortunately ther isn't

Kırmızı şarap var mı..have you red wine

Var efendim...yes there is..
Yok efendim..no there isnt

efendim means sir or madam..its also used if you haven't been heard /understood and
they want you to repeat. its also used when answering the phone.''efendim..?..yes?

when shopping you will need to ask ..how much.?.will you weigh these.?..have you
more.*.have you biger/small etc..we won't cover everything here but ,it will give you
some ideas.

KADAR has many uses here's a few

Ne kadar..how much?

Bir metre ne kadar

how much is a metre

Bu kumaşın metresi ne kadar.or kaç para

this fabric a metre how much ..or how much money
kumaş is fabric
here is a first taste (for some of you) of the possessive relationship in action
kumaşIN metreSİ ..the fabric (owner) İTS metre (owned).this needs a full explanation
which we will do later...don't panic..its Sunday..a day of rest)

Bu kadar this much

Bu fazla....this is too much.
Bu kadar yetmez.....this much isn't enough
O yetmez that isn't enough..
Bu kadar yeter...this much is enough

yeter enough...yetmez..not enough..

MEZ you will see as a negative of the wide/aorist tense verbs

and if you want to know how many of something is in a kilo ask like this(another one
of your handy question words from basic 5)

Bir kilo'da kaç tane var?.. kilo-DA...kilo in

a kilo in how many are there

Bir kilo'da kaç tane muz var?

how many bananas in a kilo
note that its just VAR..
not VAR MI.?.as you have asked the question with KAÇ

Pirzola var mı?..

have you lamb chops?
iki kilo'da kaç tane pirzola var?
how many lamb chops in two kilos?

Tane means a single piece or an item

Demet means a bunch..or a bouquet
bir demet çiçek..a bouquet of flowers
bir demet maydanoz..a bunch of parsley

Bunlar tartar mısınız?

will you weigh these

ne yapıyorsun?..yap/mak..to do
what are you doing
yap-ıyor-sun..from the present tense verbs we did in basic 7 (have a look)

alışverişE çıkıyorum.. alıverişE. to shop. .case ending for TO

shopping to going out am I
çıkmak to go out
çık-ıyor-um..i am going out.

Bugün çıkmıyorum....i'm not going out today

yes..hope that will help

even more basics

Early on when learning Turkish you will have come across the ''possessive
relationship..''some books will refer to it as the genitive case...there are 5 noun cases in
turkish(6 if you count the bare case) and this is the 5th one..we have looked at the
others..yes we have..E/A..to..DE/DA..in on at
DEN/DAN.from than...i/ü/ı/u..the direct object/definte article
it was painless

This is the same as our apostrophe 'S..but whereas we just have for eg.''Jane'S book' to
show ownership/possession..Turkish has endings for both Jane and the book.

Jane'NIN kitab-I.....Jane's book

İf you want to say something like the following (and at some stage you will need to)

''This is Sandra's book.'' (Bu Sandara'nın kıtabı)

or
''My husband's car is red (Kocamın arabası kırmızıdır)

Koca can mean either ..husband/huge/big/enormous/adult.

or variations of the above.....then you must show this relationship with the right
endings.

The endings are harmony related..

these are for the owner/possessor
İN-ÜN---IN-UN
When following a vowel they take buffer letter N..
NİN-NÜN-NIN-NUN

do you remember the harmony

last vowel A or I followed by I
last vowel U or O..followed by U

last vowel E or İ ..followed by İ

last vowel Ü or Ö followed by Ü

These are for the owned....we looked at these in basic 2

İ-Ü-I-U..

when following a vowel they take buffer letter S

-Sİ-SÜ-SI-SU

lets put some together

My father's car.
Babamın arabası

baba..father
babaM my father
babam-IN
my father'S

araba car
araba-Sı..his car
babamın arabası...my dad's car...you can put a slight stress on the S

my sister's friend
kız kardeşımın arkadaşı.
kız-kard-esh-ım-ın ... ar-ka-dash-u
kardeş is sibling..
kız kardeş ..sister.. erkek kardeş ..brother
arkadaş friend

arkadaşımın evi.
ar-kar-dash-ım-ın evee
my friends house.

''arkadaşımın evi kalıyoruz.''

friend-my-of-house-his staying are we''
we are staying in my friend's house.

here are some examples of harmony...and buffer letters.

Sandra'nın... apostrophe for a proper noun..buffer N..

Jim'in..Jim's.....No buffer.
Alanya 'nın.. ..Alanya's Yusuf 'ın..Yusuf's
.Bodrum'un..Bodrum's..Fethiye' nin Fethiye's

Annemin..my mother's..
anne-mother
annem- my mother
annem-in
my mother's..belonging to my mother

amca paternal uncle

dayı maternal uncle

amcam.. my uncle
amcamın evi..my uncle's house
amca-m-IN ev-İ

dayım..my uncle
dayımın karısı..my uncle's wife
dayı-m-ın karı-S-ı

Annenin anne-n-in..your mother's

annenin paltosu
your mother's coat.
Anne..mother..anne-N your mother
 Annen-in your mother's
Palto coat
Palto-S U..buffer S and possessive U (U as its following an O)

onun arabası
his car
o-nun..his/her/its
O he/she/it

my daughter's handbag
Kızımın el çantası
kız..girl or daughter
kız-ım..my daughter
kızım-ın..my daughter's
el.hand
çanta bag
el cantası..handbag

thats the basics of this construction...as you go on you will see that more suffixes can
be added
here's a taste..it looks awful but it isn't...

babamın bankasındayım
baba-m-ın..my father's
banka .bank
babamın banka-Sı
my father's bank

babamın bankası-n-da-y-ım
father-my-of -bank-his-in-am-i

banka-Sı..his bank..buffer S
bankası+N+DA....N buffer...DA the suffix for in/on/at..
bankasında+Y+ım..Y buffer..ım for i am
i am in my father's bank.

hope that makes some sense to you..not a ramble

keep going..it will get easier. xx

10th part

some more basic Turkish

This time its about making sentences...this is a real sticking point

Most books will tell you word order is back to front with the verb coming last and that leaves
you thinking when trying a sentence you just have to turn it around...thats not exactly
right...don't worry though it will slot into place the more you practice.
A lot of Turks have difficulty understanding us due to us not getting the word order right and
leaving off the proper endings...or in fact not adding any endings. At the start of learning we
tend not to add on the suffixes..we learn a word but don't realize it needs those bits and pieces
to make sense.
I know 'cos i had awful problems with word order..still do after a vodka and tonic!!
Lets do some simple sentences.
the order should be..in most sentences(!)
subject...time..place...object.. verb.
so an english sentence for example
''this morning i saw my friend in the market.''
in turkish would be
i- this morning- in the market- friend-my -saw-i
(Ben ) Bu sabah carşıda arkadaşımı gördüm..there's no need for Ben as you have said it
with the verb..gör-dü-M

if you said the sentence with an english word order and without the right suffixes it might be
something lke this..

Bu sabah gördüm ben arkadaş çarşı...(uh uh)

this morning saw i,..I friend market...
you saw the morning..and the next three words are all unconnected.

Most Turks would just smile politely without having a clue what you are on about. ..so
watch what you say!!

here's an easy one

Masada -çay içen kadın -benimle kalıyor.
Table at- tea drinking woman- me with staying she is.
the woman at the table drinking tea is staying with me.

that sentence has the subject ..''tea drinking woman'' after the place..''the table''..its not
important.
Kadin..is the subject
benimle..with me....is the object
kalıyor ..staying ..the verb.
the essential order is there..
woman..subject
with me ..object
staying..verb.

if we said it in its english word order..

the woman drinking tea at the table is staying with me
but with turkish words it would come out like this..

kadın çay içiyor masada kalıyor ile ben...uh uh

woman tea is drinking table on is staying with me.
could be a cause for confusion...they could think you've had a blip and are staying on the table
with the tea drinking woman.

another..
Sokadaki araba beyazdır
street in which car white is
the car in the street is white.

Here's another..
arkadaşımın evinde sıgara içmiyorum
i don't smoke in my friends house.

try and work the last one out..

it has some grammar points ..can you suss them out.? or

and here's a vocabulary list using some of the above

çarşı.....char.shu....market or shopping centre
çarşıya....to the market
çarşıda.. in the market

arkadaş..ark-a-dash..friend
arkadaşIM my friend
arkadaşım+ın..my friend'S..

benim me/my
benimLE with me..you can use 'with' İLE separately
benim ile..with me..its a personal choice.

Kadın..woman

Kal-ıyor-he/she/it is staying.
Gördüm..i saw

hope this brings you a bit closer to understanding word order..it's not easy..it's not just word
order..it's thought process too that's different

keep going none of this

and none of this