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My approach to counselling and psychotherapy

as it relates to the ideas of Viktor Frankl (1905-1997)


y
Ramesh Ramsahoye
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 2
1) THE IMPORTANCE OF PRIZING 3
i) Prizi! "e#ie" 3
ii) $oe%iess a" o&r sese o# se%# '
iii) $oe%iess a" o&r h&ma ee"s (
2) THE THERAPEUTIC RE$ATION)HIP DEFINED A) ONE 1*
IN +HICH UNCONDITIONA$ $O,E I) E-TENDED ./
THE COUN)E$$OR
i) $o0e a" e!a!eme1 2i1h 1he 2or%" 1*
ii) E!o 3o&"aries a" 1he 4o&se%%i! re%a1ioshi5 1'
iii) $o0e #or oe6s se%#7 %o0e #or a%% 18
i0) )e%#9%o0e a" res5osi3i%i1y 2:
3) M/)TICA$ UNION 31
i) Mer!i! 2i1h 1he 2or%" 31
ii) The M&si4 o# 1he )5heres 3*
iii) Mys1i4a% re0e%a1io 3:
*) $OGOTHERAP/ A) IT RE$ATE) TO P)/CHOANA$/)I) *3
AND PER)ON CENTERED THEOR/
i) ;A41&a%iza1io6 0ers&s ;2i%% 1o meai!6 *3
ii) The s5iri1&a% &4os4io&s *8
<) )UFFERING AND MEANING <:
:) GI,ING MEANING TO OUR $I,E)= FREEDOM AND CHOICE :'
i) A a2areess o# se%# as or!aism :'
ii) The 4o"i1ios o# mo"er %i#e '>
iii) The 5ro3%em o# 4hoi4e a" 1he 5rese1 mome1 '<
i0) The 5as17 1he 2i%% a" #ree 4hoi4e '8
0) The 3&r"e o# res5osi3i%i1y (:
') )PONTANEIT/ AND CREATI,IT/ ('
CONC$U)ION 8*
.I.$IOGRAPH/ 8'
2
INTRODUCTION
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Glasser therefore argues that dwelling on the past can be
harmful and disempowering for a client:
I disagree with the usual psychiatric thinking that you can
learn from past misery. When you focus on the past, all you
are doing is revisiting the misery...
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It is no kindness to treat unhappy people as helpless,
hopeless, or inade$uate, no matter what has happened to them.
%indness is having faith in the truth and that people can
handle it and use it for their benefit. &rue compassion is
helping people help themselves.
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has !i0e &5 o 1hese as5e41s o# 1he se%#A
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re!ime1I
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4hir5y %i11%e ro3i 2i1h 4rimso 3reas1 2ho ha" 5er4he" #or a mome1 &5o 1he %e"!e 1o
say he%%oA As Maria Mo1essori s1a1e" may years a!o=
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i a%% i1s i1e%%e41&a% s5%e"o&r "&ri! 1he s2ee1 a" 1e"er a!e o# 4hi%"hoo" sho&%" 3e
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The s1ai" moo1oy o# eCis1e4e7 1ha1 a"&%1 ma%aise 0aishes a" ?&es1ios o# 4hi%"hoo"
res&r#a4e OJPA
@The 4ome"ia Ro3i I4e7 2ri1i! a3o&1 1he s4ie1is1 Ri4har" Feyma 2ho "ie" o# 4a4er
i 18((7 a!e" L&s1 :8A )o&r4e= h115=VV222A334A4oA&BVe2sVs4ie4e9e0irome19112882**)
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eer!ies7 i1 o5es 1he "oor 1o o&r s5o1aeo&s 3ei!A +he 1his 4a5a4i1y is a41&a%ize" i1
5%a4es ma i his ri!h1#&% 5%a4e a" i his 1r&e orie1a1io 1o 1he 4osmos as a s&5reme%y
4os4io&s 3ei!7 1o 2hom i1 has 3ee !i0e 1he 1asB o# "e4i5heri! 1he mys1eries o# 1he
&i0erse7 a" o# himse%#A For 1his reaso7 1his a&1hor mai1ais 1ha1 4rea1i0e eC5ressio
a" s5o1aeo&s 1ho&!h1 i 1he 4o&se%%or #orm a 4r&4ia% 5ar1 o# 1hera5e&1i4 i1er0e1io
as 1hey i0i1e7 a" 4a%% i1o 3ei!7 1he same 5ro4esses i 1he 4%ie1A
8<
CONCLUSION
I 1his a&1hor6s %imi1e" 5ro#essioa% eC5erie4e7 /a%om6s a"a!e 1ha1 Gi16s 1he
re%a1ioshi5 1ha1 hea%sH ho%"s 1r&e #or 4o&se%%i!7 L&s1 as i1 "oes #or a%% h&ma
re%a1ioshi5s a" i"ee" #or any %o0i! re%a1ioshi5 2i1h a %i0i! 1hi!A The 1hera5e&1i4
re%a1ioshi5 i1se%# 1here#ore has 5rima4y i 1his 2ri1er6s a55roa4h 1o 1he 4o&se%%i!
5ro4essA This essay has eC5%ore" ho2 1his re%a1ioshi5 mi!h1 3e sai" 1o 5romo1e hea%i!
a" 5ersoa% !ro21h a" has so&!h1 1o e%&4i"a1e ho2 "i##ere4es i 1he a55roa4hes o#
%ea"i! 1heoris1s 2ho ha0e 4o1ri3&1e" 1o o&r &"ers1a"i! o# 1he 1hera5e&1i4 5ro4ess
mi!h1 3e re4o4i%e" a" harmoize" as 5ar1y o# a re#%eCi0e a" a"a51i0e me1ho" o#
4o&se%%i!A As a %o0er o# 3ooBs a" a 3e%ie0er i 1he 1ras#orma1i0e 5o2er o# i"eas7
1his a&1hor #i"s 1ha1 e0ery e2 1eC1 or he%5#&% 1ho&!h1 1ha1 he e4o&1ers 3e4omes
;!ris1 #or 1he mi%%67 1o 3orro2 a 5hrase #rom 1ha1 o%" sa!e /a%omA Moreo0er7 ea4h 4%ie1
1ea4hes 1he a&1hor some1hi! o# %i#e i1se%#7 o# 2ha1 4a 3e 5ossi3%e i h&ma eC5erie4eA
The rea"er has 3ee i0i1e" 1o share a eC5%ora1io o# FraB%6s 1ho&!h1 as 2e%% as
4o4e51s s&4h 1he Ro!ers6 ;4ore 4o"i1ios67 s5iri1&a%i1y7 #ree"om a" 4hoi4e a" a%so 1o
4osi"er a 5ro5ose" &"ers1a"i! o# %o0e as a a%1r&is1i4 &r1&ri! o# 1he !ro21h o#
ao1her 5ersoA
As 5ro3%ems 2i1h %i#e meai! 4a %&rB 3ehi" may o# 1he 5rese1i! 5ro3%ems
a 4%ie1 4o&%" 3ri! 1o a #irs1 1hera5y sessio7 o#1e "is!&ise" 3y o1her 3eha0io&rs a"
"e#esi0e s1ra1e!ies7 1he a&1hor e"ea0o&rs 1o 3e 1&e" i7 1o maBe s&re he has his %i#e
meai!VeCis1e1ia% a1eae oA A41i0a1i! a "orma1 ;2i%% 1o meai!67 as FraB%
re4omme"s7 mi!h1 3e a 1hera5e&1i4 !oa% #or some 4%ie1s a" G%asser6s 4o4e51 o# a
?&a%i1y 2or%" "o0e1ai%s i4e%y 2i1h 1his aim o# eC5%ori! mo1i0a1io a" 0a%&esA There is
o30io&s 0a%&e i he%5i! a 4%ie1 1o re#rame &a0oi"a3%e s&##eri! as 2e%% as #i!&re o&1
2ha1 4a 3e "oe a3o&1 a e!a1i0e si1&a1ioA G%asser6s more "ire41i0e a55roa4h 1o
;#rami! o51ios6 4a 3e a 3%essi! 1o some 5eo5%e F 2e a%% !e1 %os1 i 1he #o! o# o&r
o2 %i0es a" i16s har" 1o see 1he 2oo" #or 1he 1rees some1imesA I1 4a 3e a h&!e re%ie# 1o
hear 1ha1 2e ha0e 1hese 4hoi4es a0ai%a3%eA I1 meas 2e are o1 5o2er%ess7 2he1her or o1
2e a0ai% o# 1hemA
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/a%om i"e1i#ies 1he #o%%o2i! so%&1ios 1o eCis1e1ia% s&##eri!=
1) a%1r&ism
2) "e"i4a1io 1o a 4a&se
3) 4rea1i0i1y
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<) se%# a41&a%iza1io
:) se%#91ras4e"e4eA
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risBA Fear o# reLe41io a" #ai%&re is o#1e 1he 4&%5ri1 3ehi" a %a4B o# i0es1me1 3y a
5erso7 a" i 1his I i4%&"e myse%#A To "ea% 2i1h 1hese #ee%i!s 2i1h %o0e7 s&55or1 a"
sesi1i0i1y is 1o mee1 a &r!e1 h&ma ee"A
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a41i0a1io o# 1heir o2 4rea1i0i1y a" s5o1aei1yA I1 is o%y 2he #ee%i!s a" &r!es are
a##or"e" 1he 5ossi3i%i1y o# #ree eC5ressio 1ha1 1he se%# 4a 3e4ome mai#es1 a" 1he
i"i0i"&a% #&%%y rea%ises 1heir 5o1e1ia% #or 4hoi4e a" meai!#&% a41ioA I16s a !rea1
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5%ay#&%ess o# 1he 4hi%" 2i1hi &s7 2hi4h 4a 3ri! Loy a" h&mo&r 1o e0ery a41i0i1y 2e
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sho2s &s 1ha1 1hro&!h 1hiBi! a3o&1 o&r eC5erie4e 4rea1i0e%y7 2e 4a create meai!7
e0e i 1he mi"s1 o# 1he mos1 a2#&% s&##eri!7 a" 1ha17 2he 2e ha0e 5&r5ose7 %i#e 4a
3e %i0e"A Mos1 o# a%%7 he 1ea4hes &s o# 1he ia1e "i!i1y o# h&ma 3ei!s a" o# 1he
imma4&%a1e so&% i &s a%%7 2hi4h7 i s5i1e o# a%% 2e s&##er7 remais i0io%a1eA I 3e%ie0e
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2earie" 3y 1his a41i0i1yA His 5hi%oso5hy 2i%% 3e oe o# asorption a" 5re"i4a1e" o a
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2ay o# %eari! i 2hi4h Bo2i! a 1r&1h a1 a "ee5 %e0e%7 2here i1 is i1era%ize" i1o his
3ei!7 is 5ri0i%e!e" a3o0e 1he memorisa1io or 1hose #orms o# Bo2%e"!e es1eeme" i
a4a"emi4 4ir4%esA A" i1 is here 1ha1 I m&s1 re1&r 1o 1he 2or"s o# A33M Faria7 #or 1his
a&1hor7 %iBe The Co&1 o# Mo1e Cris1o7 o4e %a!&ishe" o 1he Cha1ea& "6I#=
$eari! "oes o1 maBe oe %eare"= 1here are 1hose 2ho ha0e Bo2%e"!e a" 1hose 2ho
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I 4a L&s1 3e myse%#7 1he7 a" o%y 1he 3y 1he !ra4e o# Go"7 2i%% I "o !oo" 2orBA
<END<
PEACE )E &ITH *OU
8(
)I)LIOGRAPH*
Camero7 D&%ia @188<)A !he "rtist;s 6ay@ " *ourse in (isco)ering and 4eco)ering
Aour *reati)e %elfA $o"o= Pa .ooBs7 $o"oA
Cam53e%%7 Dose5h @1883)A !he .ero 6ith a !housand FacesA $o"o= Har5er Co%%isA
Corey7 Gera%" @2>>1 e"i1io)A !heory and &ractice of *ounselling and &sychotherapyA
$oo"= .rooBs9Co%eVThomso $eari!A
D&mas7 A%eCa"re @2>>3)A !he *ount of Monte *ristoA TrasA 3y Ro3i .&ss7 Pe!&i
C%assi4s E"i1ioA $o"o= Pe!&i .ooBsA
FraB%7 ,iB1or @18(:)A !he (octor and the %oulA Ra"om Ho&se= Ne2 /orBA
FraB%7 ,iB1or @2>>()A Man;s %earch For MeaningA $o"o7 )y"ey7 A&B%a"7
Dohaes3&r!= Ra"om Ho&seA
FraB%7 ,iB1or @2>11)A Man; %earch for Blti#ate MeaningA $o"o7 )y"ey7 A&B%a"7
Dohaes3&r!= Ram"om Ho&seA
Fre&"7 )i!m&" @188>7 e"i1io)A "rt and 5iteratureA $o"o= Pe!&i .ooBsA
Fre&"7 )A Ne2 I1ro"&41ory $e41&res i Psy4hoaa%ysis @1833)A I Coo5er7 Gary $A a"
Per0i7 $a&re4e AA @E"sA) @188() &ersonality@ *ritical *onceptsA $o"o= Ro&1%e"!eA
Fromm7 Eri4h @18(>)A !o .a)e or !o 3eA $o"o= )5here .ooBsA
Fromm7 Eri4h @188<)A !he "rt of 5o)ingA $o"o= Har5er Co%%isA
Fromm7 Eri4h @2>>*)A !he Fear of Freedo#A $o"o= Ro&1%e"!eA
G%asser7 +i%%iam @1888)A *hoice !heory@ " ,e+ &sychology of &ersonal Freedo#A Ne2
/orB= Har5er Co%%isA
G%asser7 +i%%iamA ;+A Psy4hia1ry7 Me1a% I%%ess a" .rai Dr&!s or +hy I 2ro1e 1he
.ooB7 +ari!7 Psy4hia1ry Ca .e Hazar"o&s 1o yo& Me1a% Hea%1h67 ar1i4%e #rom 1he
+i%%iam G%asser Is1i1&1eA @)o&r4e= h115=VV222A2!%asserA4om)A
H&m5hreys7 Toy @2>>2)A %elf-9stee#@ !he -ey to Aour *hild;s FutureA D&3%i=
Ne2%ea#A
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i mee1i! a1 re%a1ioa% "e51hA 7ournal of .u#anistic &sychology7 <> @3)A
$e2is7 CA )A @18:1)A " ?rief <ser)edA $o"o= Fa3er a" Fa3erA
$y4h7 Terry @2>11)A %elfhoodA $o"o= Me1a% Hea%1h P&3%ishi!A
May7 Ro%%o @18':)A &o+er and /nnocence@ " %earch for the %ources of ViolenceA
$o"o= Fo1aaVCo%%is7 )o&0eir Press $1"AA
Mi%%er7 A%i4e @2>>1)A !he (ra#a of 3eing a *hildA $o"o= ,ira!o PressA
Mo1essori7 Maria @1882)A !he (isco)ery of the *hild @#irs1 5&3%ishe" i E!%ish 1812)A
OC#or"= C%io PressA
Mo1essori7 Maria @1882)A !he "sorent Mind @#irs1 5&3%ishe" i E!%ish 18*8)A
OC#or"= C%io PressA
Nie1zs4he7 Frie"ri4h @2>>3 e"A)A !his %pake DarathustraA $o"o= Pe!&i C%assi4sA
O6Farre%%7 Urs&%a @2>>*)A *onsidering *ounselling@ !he &erson *entred "pproachA
D&3%i= ,eri1asA
Pa11aBos7 A%eC @2>>*)A &risoners of <ur !houghts@ Viktor Frankl;s &rinciples at 6orkA
)a Fra4is4o= .erre119Koeh%erA
Pe4B7 MA )4o117 @188>)A !he 4oad 5ess !ra)elledA $o"o= Arro2 .ooBsA
Pe4B7 MA )4o11 @1883)A Further "long the 4oad 5ess !ra)elled )imo a" )4h&s1erA
Pe4B7 M7 )4o11 @188')A !he 4oad 5ess !ra)elled and 3eyondA $o"o= Ra"om Ho&seA

Ro!ers7 Car% @18'8)A <n 3eco#ing a &erson@ " !herapists Vie+ of &sychotherapyA
$o"o= Cos1a3%eA
Ro!ers7 Car% @1881)A *lient-*entred !herapyA $o"o= Cos1a3%e a" Com5ayA
Ro!ers7 Car% @188<)A " 6ay of 3eingA Ne2 /orB= Ho&!h1o Mi##%i Com5ayA
)1e!er7 MA FA7 Frazier7 PA7 Oishi7 )A a" Ka%er7 MA @2>>:) The Meai! i $i#e
Z&es1ioaire= Assessi! 1he Prese4e o# a" )ear4h #or Meai! i $i#e67 7ournal of
*ounselling &sychology7 ,o%A <37 NoA 17 (>983A
)1orr7 A1hoy @188()A !he 9ssential 7ung E %elected 6ritingsA $o"o= Fo1aa PressA
Ta!%ia#erre7 $e2is @2>>:)A Voices of %edona@ " %piritual &ath to %erenity and
*ontent#entA $i4o% 7 NE= iUi0erseA
/a%om7 Ir0i @18(>)A 9:istential &sychotherapyA Ne2 /orB= Perse&s .ooBsA
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ZiBa7 )hery% a" Cham3er%ai7 Kerry @1882)A O 1he Re%a1io .e12ee Meai! i $i#e
a" Psy4ho%o!i4a% +e%%9.ei!7 3ritish 7ournal of &sychology7 (37 13391*<A
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