The Question of Land, Livelihoods and Poverty in the Countryside Chart 1a Sectoral Output and GDP per Head, India 1981-2 to 2005-6 Sectoral Output per Head and GDP per Head, 1981- 2 to 2005-6,Rupees in constant 1999-00 prices 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 1 9 8 2 - 3 1 9 8 5 - 6 1 9 8 8 - 9 1 9 9 1 - 2 1 9 9 4 - 5 1 9 9 7 - 8 2 0 0 0 - 1 2 0 0 3 - 4 2 0 0 5 - 6 GDP PRIMARY SECOND TERTIARY Chart 1b Sector shares in GDP in India 1981-2 to 2005-6 (at 1999-00 prices) Sector Shares in GDP, Constant 1999-00 Values 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 1 9 8 2 - 3 1 9 8 5 - 6 1 9 8 8 - 9 1 9 9 1 - 2 1 9 9 4 - 5 1 9 9 7 - 8 2 0 0 0 - 1 2 0 0 3 - 4 2 0 0 6 - 7 P e r c e n t
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G D P PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY Chart 2a Annual Growth Rate per decade of Central Govt. Development and Total Expenditure, 1970-79 to 1990-99 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1970-79 1980-89 1990-99 Annual Growth Rates per Decade of Development and Total Expenditures, % DEV. EXP TOTAL EXP Chart 2b Annual Growth Rate of Spending on Economic and Social Services by States, 1972-79 to 1990-1999 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 1972-79 1980-89 1990-99 Annual Growth rates per Decade of Spending on Economic and Social Services by States 1972 to 1999 ECON. SEVICES SOCIAL SERVCES Chart 2c Decline in Rural Development Spending, 1985-90 to 2003-4 Rural Develeopment Expenditure and Infrastructure Expenditure as Percent of NNP under Economic Reforms 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1985-90 1993-4 1995-6 1997-8 2000-1 2003-4 P e r c e n t
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N N P RDE IFE Chart 3a Unemployment Rates 1993-4 and 2009- 10, All-India Rural, Female Workers Daily and Weekly status Unemployment Rates , Rural Females 1993-4 and 2009-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1993-4 2009-10 U n e m p l o y m e n t
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1 0 0 0 Weekly status Daily status Chart 3b. Unemployment Rates during 1993-4 and 2009--10, All-India Rural, Male Workers
Daily and Weekly status Unemployment Rates,Rural Males 1993-4 and 2009-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 1993-4 2009-10 U n e m p l o y m e n t
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1 0 0 0 Weekly status Daily Status Chart 4a Food grains output and Availability, India 1899- 1990 Foodgrains Output and Availability per Capita, 1897 to 1990 0 50 100 150 200 250 1897-02 1903-08 1909-14 1915-20 1921-26 1927-32 1933-38 1939-44 1945-46 1951-55 1956-60 1961-65 1966-70 1971-75 1976-80 1981-85 1986-90 Ouput per Capita Availability per Capita Chart 4b Per Capita Cereal Output per Annum in Kg., World 1963 to 2005 ( Five year average centred on specified year) World Per Capita Cereal Output Kg. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2005 K i l o g r a m
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K g . Per Capita Cereal Kg. Table 1 Household Ownership Holdings and Area, 1992 and 2003 compared All-India (NSS Report 491 p.12) 1992 2003 1992 2003 HH % Area % Area % HH % Area % Area % Lowest 65 12.5 11.5 Lowest 65 12.5 11.5 Middle 25 32.5 31 Middle 25 32.5 31 Top 10 55 57.5 Near- top 5 17 11.5 100 100 100 Top 5 38 46 100 100 100 Chart 5a Lorenz curve of Owned Land with Rural Households, All-India, 2003 Lorenz Curve, Owned Area with Households, 2003 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Households O w n e d
A r e a Table 2 Emigration from Europe 1821 to 1915 (million) EMIGRATION FROM EUROPE 1821-50 1851-80 1881-1915 Number % Number % Number % EUROPE 3.4 100 8.1 100 32.1 100 of which BRITAIN 2.6 76.5 4.6 56.8 8.9 27.7 GERMANY 0.6 17.6 2.1 25.9 2.2 6.9 ITALY neg. 0 0.2 2.5 7.8 24.3 SPAIN & PORTUGALneg. 0 0.3 3.7 4.3 13.4 AUSTRIA- HUNGARYneg. 0 0.2 2.5 4.2 13.1 Annual averages 113,000 270,000 917,000 Table 3 Arable area, Total Output Of All Crops and Output per Ha. In India, China and USA 2007 FAOSTAT DATABASE ARABLE OUTPUT OUTPUT INDEX, AREA PER USA=100 000 Ha. 000 Tonne Ha., Tonne INDIA 158114 858137 5.43 137 CHINA 109365 1308745 11.97 302 USA 170428 675872 3.97 100 Source: www.faostat.fao.org Note: Output includes cereals and pulses, starchy roots, sugarcrops, sugars and sweeteners, Treenuts, Oilcrops, Vegetablke oils, vegetables and fruiys, Stimulants and spices t Chart 6a Coconut Price Trend in India compared to Indonesia and Philippines, 1991 to 2003 0 50 100 150 200 250 1 9 9 1 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 3 P r i c e
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T o n n e INDO NESIA INDIA PHILIPPINES Chart 6b Index of Coconut Price 1991 to 2003, base 1991=100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 1 9 9 1 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 3 I n d e x
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1 9 9 1 = 1 0 0
INDO NESIA INDIA PHILIPPINES Chart 6c Price Trend of Pepper 1999-00 to 2004-05 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 1999- 00 2000- 01 2001- 02 2002- 03 2003- 04 2004- 05 Price in US$ per Tonne Internation al Price Domestic Price Vietnam M Price Indonesia M Price Chart 6d Index of Pepper Price 1999-00 to 2004-05 with base 1999-00 = 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1 9 9 9 - 0 0 2 0 0 0 - 0 1 2 2 0 1 - 0 2 2 0 0 2 - 0 3 2 0 0 3 - 0 4 2 0 0 4 - 0 5 I n d e x
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1 9 9 9 - 0 0 = 1 0 0 Internation al Price Domestic Price Vietnam M Price Indonesia M Price Chart 6e Recent Price Changes, March to December 2008 (Rs. Per Quintal except Cardamom which is Rs. Per 10 kg) Price change from March to December 2008 0 5000 10000 15000 Coffee Cardamom Rubber Coconut December July March Chart 7 Farmer Suicide Rate compared to General Suicide Rate 2001 Farmer Suicide Rate compared with General Suicide Rate, Census 2001 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Male Female N u m b e r
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1 0 0 , 0 0 0 Farmer Suicide Rate General Suicide Rate Chart 8 Direct, Indirect and Total Demand for Grain with Rising Income Chart 9a Decadal average Foodgrains Growth rate and Population Growth rate, 1981 to 2008 Decade average Foodgrain Output Growth and Population Growth Rates, 1980-1 to 2007-8 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 1981-90 1991-2000 2001-08 P e r c e n t
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a n n u m FG POP Note : Output is Net Output = 0.87.5 times Gross Output Availability = Net Output + Net Imports Net Addition to Public Stocks. Both variables divided by total population for per capita values. Chart updated to 2007-08 from Patnaik, 2007b Chart 9c Output per Capita per annum of Cereals and Starchy Roots in China, 1988 to 2002, in Kilograms Per capita supplies of cereals and starchy roots, China, 1988- 2002 (Kgs) 50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 cereals starchy roots Chart 9d Use of Corn for Ethanol, USA 2002-3 to 2008-9 Use of Corn for Ethanol, USA 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 2002-3 2007-8 2008-9 M i l l i o n
T o n Corn Output Output less Ethanol use Corn use for Ethanol Table 3 The Rural poor as Percent of Rural Population, 1993-4 to 2009-10 NSS Round 50th 61st 66th 1993-4 2004-5 2009-10
1..Direct Poverty Line DPL,.at 2200 calories 325 575 1100
2.Official Poverty Line OPL, Rs. 206 356 (414) (673)
3.Direct Poverty Ratio DPR, % 58.5 69.5 75.5
4.Official Poverty Ratio OPR, % 37.3 28.3 (41.5) 33.8
5.Calorie Intake @ OPL 1980 1820(1950) 1880 6. Deficit of Calorie Intake from norm - 420 - 580(-450) -520
Official Poverty Lines are large underestimates 2004-5 Official Poverty Lines (for meeting a nutrition norm plus all other observed consumption) RURAL Rs 356 per month, Rs.11.87 per Day (1820 calories) Revised: Rs.415 per month, Rs. 13.83 per day (1,930 calories) URBAN Rs. 538.6 per month, Rs. 18 per Day ( 1,795 calories ) Not revised Chart 10a Official and Directly estimated Poverty Lines, All-India Rural, 1973-4 to 2009-10 . Source: Table 1 lines 1 and 5. Official poverty lines update the cost of a 1973-4 basket while direct poverty lines apply the official nutrition norm to the current data at each point of time Official and Direct Poverty Lines, 1973-4 to 2009-10 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 1973-4 1983 1993-4 2004-5 2009-100 M P C E ,
R s . DPL 2400 DPL 2200 OPL OPLT 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 1973-4 1983 1993-4 2004-5 2009-10 Official and Direct Nutrition-invariant Poverty lines, 1973-4 to 2009-10 Official Poverty Line Direct Poverty Line Chart 10b Official and Directly estimated percent of Persons in Poverty, All-India Rural, 1973-4 to 2009-10 Source: Table 1, lines 3 and 6. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1973-4 1983 1993-4 2004-5 2009-10 Official and Direct Poverty Percentages, 1973-4 to 2009-10 Official Poverty % Direct Poverty % Chart 10c Declining Calorie Intake accessible at Official Poverty Lines, All-India Rural 1973-4 to 2009-10 Source : Table 1 line 7 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1973-4 1983 1993-4 2004-5 2009-10 Declining Calorie Intake at Official Poverty Lines, 1973-4 to 2009-10 Calories at Official Poverty Line less 1000 Official Calorie norm less 1000 Chart 11 Per Capita Daily Availability of Food grains in Gm. India 1977 to 1991 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 G m s
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Chart 12 Per Capita Daily Availability of Foodgrains in Gms India 1989 to 2009 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 G m s .
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Decline in Rural and Urban per Capita Calorie Intake 1983 to 2009-10 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 1983 1993-4 2004-5 2009-10 Trend in Rural and Urban Calorie Intake per Capita 1983 to 2009-10 RURAL Calorie URBAN Calorie Rural and Urban per capita daily Protein Intake in gm. 1983 to 2009-10 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 1993-4 1993-4 2004-5 2009-10 Trend in Rural and Urban per capita daily Protein Intake in gm. 1983 to 2009-10 RURAL Protein gm. URBAN Protein gm. Direct and Official Poverty Estimates All-India Rural, 2009-10
4. Official Poverty Line OPL 672.8 5. Percent of Poor Persons 33.8 6. Calorie Intake at OPL 1870 Direct and Official Poverty Estimates All-India Urban 2009-10 1.Calorie Intake Level 2400 2200 2100 1800