Some Solutions to Problems (bungen) to Lecture-2 of Lecture Series Heat Transfer 1

Institut fr Energieverfahrenstechnik und Brennstofftechnik, TU Clausthal, SS 2005

2.1 The temperature distribution across a wall 1m thick at a certain instant of time is
given as T(x)=a+bx+cx
2
where T is in degrees Celsius and x is in meters, while
a=900C, b=-300C/m, and c=-50C/m
2
. A uniform heat generation, q =1000 W/m
3
,
is present in the wall of area 10m
2
having the properties =1600 kg/m
3
, k=40W/mK,
and c
p
= 4 kJ/kgK. Determine the rate of heat transfer entering the wall (x=0) and
leaving the wall (x=1m). Determine the rate of change of energy storage in the wall.
Determine the time rate of temperature change at x=0, 0.25 and 0.5m.

2
2
(0) 12
(1) 16
kW
m
kW
m
q
q

=
=


The overall balance: E = -30 kW

The rate of temperature change is:

-4
4 68 10
dT K
.
dt s
=


2.2 One-dimensional, steady-state conduction without heat generation occurs in the
system shown. The thermal conductivity is 25 W/mK and the thickness L is 0.5m.
Determine the unknown quantities for each case in the accompanying table and
sketch the temperature distribution, indicating the direction of the heat flux.



Case T
1
T
2
dT/dx (K/m) q (W/m2) direction
1 400 K 300 K 200 -5000 Right
2 100C 225 C -250 6250 Left
3 80C -20 C 200 -5000 Right
4 -85 C -5C -160 4000 Left
5 30C -30 C 120 -3000 right

Some Solutions to Problems (bungen) to Lecture-2 of Lecture Series Heat Transfer 1
Institut fr Energieverfahrenstechnik und Brennstofftechnik, TU Clausthal, SS 2005

2.3 Consider steady-state conditions for one-dimensional conduction in a plane wall
having a thermal conductivity k=50 W/mK and thickness L=0.25 m, with no internal
heat generation. Determine the heat flux and the unknown quantity for each case and
sketch the temperature distribution, indicating the direction of heat flux.



Case T
1
(C) T
2
(C) dT/dx (K/m) Q (W/m2) direction
1 50 -20 -280 14000 Right
2 -30 -10 80 -4000 Left
3 70 120 160 -8000 Left
4 60 40 -80 3200 Right
5 -20 30 200 -10000 Left




2.4 Assume steady-state, one-dimensional heat conduction through the axi-symmetric
shape shown below. Assuming constant properties and no internal heat generation,
sketch the heat flux distribution, the temperature distribution and the temperature
gradient distribution on T-x coordinates. Explain the shape of the curves shown.




The heat flux is:
2
( )
C
q
a bx
=
+


Some Solutions to Problems (bungen) to Lecture-2 of Lecture Series Heat Transfer 1
Institut fr Energieverfahrenstechnik und Brennstofftechnik, TU Clausthal, SS 2005

The temperature distribution is:

( )
1
1 1
T T C
a bx a
(
=
(
+

2.5 A hot water pipe with outside radius r
1
has a temperature T
1
. A thick insulation
applied to reduce the heat loss has an outer radius r
2
and temperature T
2
. On T-r
coordinates, sketch the temperature distribution in the insulation for one-
dimensional, steady-state heat transfer with constant properties. Give an explanation,
justifying the shape of the curve shown.


Temperature distribution:

1
2
2 1
1
1
r
r
ln
T T
k C
r
r
ln
k
C
T ) r ( T

=
=

2.6 A spherical shell with inner radius r
1
and outer radius r
2
has surface temperatures T
1
and T
2
, respectively, where T
1
>T
2
. Sketch the temperature distribution on T-r
coordinates assuming steady-state, one-dimensional conduction with constant
property. Justify the shape of the curve.


The solution:

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
1 2
1 2
1
1
r
1
r
1
T T
k C
r
1
r
1
k
C
T ) r ( T








Some Solutions to Problems (bungen) to Lecture-2 of Lecture Series Heat Transfer 1
Institut fr Energieverfahrenstechnik und Brennstofftechnik, TU Clausthal, SS 2005

2.7 Consider a plane wall 100 mm thick and of thermal conductivity 100 W/mK. Steady-
state conditions are known to exist with T
1
=400 K and T
2
=600 K. Determine the heat
flux and the temperature gradient dT/dx for the coordinate system shown.



Case a) and c) are equal. The equations are the following:

2
1 2
kW/m 600
dx
dT
k q
K/m 6000
L
T T
dx
dT
= =
=

Case b) has opposite sign for the gradient and the heat flux.


2.8 Steady-state, one-dimensional conduction occurs in a rod of constant thermal
conductivity k and a variable cross-section area A
x
(x)=A
o
exp(ax), where A
o
and a are
constant. The side surface of the rod is well insulated. The length of the rod is L.
(a) Write an expression for the conduction heat rate ) (x q (in W/m
2
). Use this
expression to determine the temperature distribution T(x) and qualitatively sketch
the distribution for T(0)>T(L).
(b) Now consider conditions for which thermal energy is generated in the rod at a
volumetric rate ) exp(
0
ax q q = , where
0
q is a constant. Obtain an expression for
the heat flux ) (x q
x
when the left face (x=0) is well insulated.

0
ax
C
q e
A

=

The temperature profile:

) 1 e (
kaA
C
T ) x ( T
ax
0
0
=


Some Solutions to Problems (bungen) to Lecture-2 of Lecture Series Heat Transfer 1
Institut fr Energieverfahrenstechnik und Brennstofftechnik, TU Clausthal, SS 2005


The asymptotic temperature is
0
kaA
C
) 0 ( T ) ( T =

Net generation is present.
The heat flux:
ax
0
0 0
e A
x q A C
) x ( q
+
=

Temperature profile:
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

a
1
a
e
xe
ka
q
) 1 e (
kaA
C
T ) x ( T
ax
ax 0 ax
0
0


The asymptotic temperature is:
2
0
0
ka
q
kaA
C
T ) ( T

+ =