1. With help of a neat sketch showing features of the earth interior explain its structure.

2. What is continental drift theory? Explain in detail

3. Explain the endogenic process associated with plate tectonics and its consequences.
4. Discuss the following in view of land forms and earthquakes
(i) Divergent boundaries, (ii) Convergent boundaries & (iii) Transform boundaries
5. With neat sketches describe different types of earthquake causing faults
6. Discuss tectonic setup and seismic activity of Indian sub-continent
7. Discuss in detail the elastic rebound theory pertaining to earthquakes.
8. Write a note on history of Indian earthquakes.
9. Discuss major types of damages observed in civil engineering structures during past earthquakes
in India
10. Write note on classification of earthquakes
11. Write detail notes with examples on tsunami and seiches.
12. Distinguish between body waves and surface waves
13. Discuss in detail the characteristics of the following
(i) P Waves (ii) S Waves (iii) R- Waves (iv) L Waves
14. What are the relationships of body wave velocities in terms of elastic constants? How do velocity
of Rayleigh and Love waves vary with depth?
15. Describe a method of locating the earthquake focus using three seismograms.
16. The difference between travel times of P-wave and S-wave in a seismogram was found to be 16
sec. the seismogram was recorded in a seismic station located on bedrock of density 2600 Kg/m
3

and at an epicentral distance of 80 km. If the average elastic properties of the bedrock are, E =
70000 MPa & G = 30000 Mpa, Neglecting the curvature of earth surface estimate the focal depth
of the seismic event.
17. In an event the difference in arrival time of P & S waves are found to be 18 sec. Find the distance
of the focus and instrument station. Take the average values of elastic constants as E=98000 MPa
& u = 0.26.
18. If the distance between instrument station and focus is found to be 200 km. obtain the time lag
between P & S waves on the seismogram. Take the average values of elastic constants as
E=98000 MPa & u = 0.26.
19. Distinguish between intensity and magnitude scales of earthquake measurement. Also bring out
their merits and demerits.
20. Discuss in detail important types of magnitude scales used for earthquake measurement. What are
their limitations?
21. Write note on Isoseismic maps
22. Explain energy releasing mechanism and its magnitude during earthquake.
23. discuss the following characteristics of an strong motion earthquake record and their implications
(i) Amplitude parameters, (ii) Spectral parameters & (iii) Duration
24. Discuss in detail the concept of seismic Microzonation and its importance.
25. Explain with schematic diagram the working principal of Seismometer & Accelerometer and
describe the difference between them.
26. With the help of typical tripartite response spectra discuss its important features & explain the
procedure of constructing tripartite plot of displacement, pseudo velocity and pseudo
acceleration.
27. Explain the procedure for construction of response spectrum. Discuss its characteristics and
importance.
28. Discuss the reinforcement detailing at beam column joint for improving earthquake resistance
29. Write detail notes on,
(i) Design philosophy of earthquake resistance design
(ii) Design features of multistory building plan & elevation configuration for earthquake
resistance.
(iii) Stiffness and mass irregularities and their effects
(iv) Soft storey failure and remedies for avoiding it.
(v) Base isolation technique and base isolation devices
30. Discuss confinement of concrete and its importance in seismic resistance of RC elements.
31. Define ductility and discuss ductility issues related to reinforced concrete structural members.
32. Explain the effect of masonry infill walls in multistoried framed structures

1. Explain the procedure for construction of response spectrum. Discuss its characteristics and
importance.
2. Discuss the essential characteristics of strong ground motion.
3. With the help of typical tripartite response spectra discuss its important features & explain
the procedure of constructing tripartite plot of displacement, pseudo velocity and pseudo
acceleration.
4. Explain linear acceleration method of direct integration procedure for calculating response
quantities. The acceleration pulse of total duration of 0.5 sec as shown in figure is applied to
the base of a damped SDOF system of damping ratio 0.05 q = , natural frequency
15 / sec rad e = and governed by the equation of motion,

2
( ) 2 ( ) ( )
g
x t x t x t x qe e + + =
Note: Use the displacement and velocity relationships
as given below

2
1 1
1 1
( )
( ) (2 )
6
( )
( )
2
i i i i i
i i i i
t
x x x t x x
t
x x x x
+ +
+ +
A
= + A + +
A
= + +

Calculate the response of the system at the end of 0.3 secs taking 0.05 sec t A = . Use
linear acceleration method.

5. In detail discuss the behaviour of masonry building during earthquake.
6. What are the different types and modes failures a masonry building suffers during an
earthquake?
7. Explain the concepts behind reinforcing the masonry in order to make it earthquake resistant
and what are the methods of reinforcing masonry to resist earthquakes?
8. Explain the effect of masonry infill walls in multistoried framed structures
9. Define ductility and discuss ductility issues related to reinforced concrete structural
members.
10. Discuss confinement of concrete and its importance in seismic resistance of RC elements.
11. With the help of neat sketches explain the features of columns of different shapes for
confinement of concrete
12. Describe the concept of equivalent diagonal strut method of considering effect of infill wall
in the analysis of RCC framed structure
13. Discuss the reinforcement detailing at beam column joint for improving earthquake
resistance
14. Write detail notes on,
a) Design philosophy of earthquake resistance design
t
2 m/s
2
b) Design features of multistory building plan & elevation configuration for
earthquake resistance.
c) Stiffness and mass irregularities and their effects
d) Soft storey failure and remedies for avoiding it.
e) Base isolation technique and base isolation devices
15. Problems on response spectra.

1. What is continental drift theory? Explain in detail
2. Discuss theory of plate tectonics and discuss the following in view of land forms and
Plate tectonics
(i) Divergent boundaries, (ii) Convergent boundaries & (iii) Transform boundaries
3. With neat sketches describe different types of earthquake causing faults
4. Discuss tectonic setup and seismic activity of Indian sub-continent with examples
5. Discuss in detail the elastic rebound theory pertaining to earthquakes.
6. Write note on classification of earthquakes
7. Distinguish between body waves and surface waves
8. Discuss in detail the characteristics of the following
(i) P Waves (ii) S Waves (iii) R- Waves (iv) L Waves
9. What are the relationships of body wave velocities in terms of elastic constants? How do
velocities of Rayleigh and Love waves vary with depth?
10. Describe a method of locating the earthquake focus using three seismograms.
11. The difference between travel times of P-wave and S-wave in a seismogram was found to
be 16 sec. the seismogram was recorded in a seismic station located on bedrock of
density 2600 Kg/m
3
and at an epicentral distance of 80 km. If the average elastic
properties of the bedrock are, E = 70000 MPa & G = 30000 Mpa, Neglecting the
curvature of earth surface estimate the focal depth of the seismic event.
12. In an event the difference in arrival time of P & S waves are found to be 18 sec. Find the
distance of the focus and instrument station. Take the average values of elastic constants
as E=98000 MPa & u = 0.26.
13. If the distance between instrument station and focus is found to be 200 km. obtain the
time lag between P & S waves on the seismogram. Take the average values of elastic
constants as E=98000 MPa & u = 0.26.
14. Distinguish between intensity and magnitude scales of earthquake measurement. Also
bring out their merits and demerits.
15. Discuss in detail important types of magnitude scales used for earthquake measurement.
What are their limitations?
16. Write note on Isoseismic maps
17. Explain energy releasing mechanism and its magnitude during earthquake.
18. discuss the following characteristics of an strong motion earthquake record and their
implications
(i) Amplitude parameters, (ii) Spectral parameters & (iii) Duration
19. Explain with schematic diagram the working principal of Seismometer & Accelerometer
and describe the difference between them.
20. Bring out the implications of local site effects in earthquake resistant design of structures.

1. With a neat sketch explain structure of earth interior
2. Discuss the tectonic history and continental drift of the Earth?
3. What is the relationship between seismic zones and plate tectonics?
4. Discuss the relationship between seismic waves & the physical properties of the Earth's
interior?
5. Discuss in detail the characteristics of the following
- P Waves
- S Waves
- R- Waves
- L Waves
6. Write a note on
- Earthquake magnitude
- Earthquake intensity
7. Discuss in detail the different magnitude scales and their significance
8. Discuss the following with suitable sketches
- Source mechanism
- Fault geometry
- Classification of faults
- Elastic rebound theory
9. Discuss the following in view of land forms and earthquakes
- Divergent boundaries
- Convergent boundaries
- Transform boundaries
10. What are implications of natural hazards particularly earthquakes?
11. Discuss tectonic setup and seismic activity of Indian sub-continent
12. Explain reservoir induced earthquakes
13. Write a note on earthquake measuring instruments
14. Explain earthquake energy released during a seismic event
15. Discuss evaluation and importance of the following characteristics of an earthquake
- Peak acceleration
- Duration
- Frequency content
- Predominant frequency
16. Explain the importance Fourier amplitude spectra
17. Enumerate the procedure of locating the epicenter of an earthquake event
18. Problems on
- Computing different magnitudes of an earthquake
- Calculating duration of an earthquake
- Earthquake energy


1. Write detail notes on,
a) Essential aspects of design philosophy of earthquake resistance design as per IS 1893
b) Design features of multistory building plan & elevation configuration for earthquake
resistance.
c) Stiffness and mass irregularities and their effects
d) Soft storey failure and remedies for avoiding it.
e) Base isolation technique and base isolation devices
1. In detail discuss the behavior of masonry building during earthquake.
2. What are the different types and modes failures a masonry building suffers during an
earthquake?
3. Explain the concepts behind reinforcing the masonry in order to make it earthquake resistant
and what are the methods of reinforcing masonry to resist earthquakes?
4. Explain the effect of masonry infill walls in multistoried framed structures
5. Explain the different lateral load resisting structural system, with neat sketches
6. Explain the response control concepts, with reference to modification of dynamic
characteristics and energy absorption capacity of structure.
7. write a note on various load combinations for seismic analysis of RC structures
8. Define ductility and describe the different qualitative measures of ductility in RC structural
members.
9. what are the measures one can take for improving the ductility of a RC structures
10. Discuss confinement of concrete and its importance in seismic resistance of RC elements.
11. What are the ductile detailing provisions for beams in flexure and shear? Explain with neat
sketches.
12. Discuss the reinforcement detailing at beam column joint for improving earthquake
resistance
13. Describe with neat sketches, restoration and strengthening of RCC beams and columns


Explain the following with the help of sketches/expressions/examples wherever applicable;
a. Earthquake hazard and earthquake risk
b. Inertial response and quasi-static response
c. Sand boil and liquefaction
d. Repair and retrofitting
e. Seismic Vulnerability

Sketch a typical diagram of an earthquake ground motion acceleration record and indicate (i) 1
st
p-
wave arrival (ii) 1
st
s-wave arrival (iii) body wave region (iv) arrival of 1
st
Love wave (v) surface wave
region (vi) PGA (vii) duration of strong motion

If the distance between instrument station and focus is found to be 200 km. obtain the time lag
between P & S waves on the seismogram. Take the average values of elastic constants as E=98000
MPa & u = 0.26.


Discuss the following in view of land forms and earthquakes
(i) Divergent boundaries, (ii) Convergent boundaries & (iii) Transform boundaries


Explain the terms Magnitude and Intensity.

What is a earthquake response spectra? How is it constructed? How is it presented in IS-1893 (2002)?
How this is used to estimate the seismic forces? Explain with respect to all the parameters used for
obtaining A
h


Discuss the basic concepts in selecting building configurations to resist earthquakes. Highlight the
dos and donts.

List the factors that influence the response of a structure during an earthquake

With the help of sketches, explain (i) ductility (ii) stiffness and (iii) strength


Sketch any four types of (i) horizontal reinforcement scheme and (ii) vertical reinforcement schemes
for earthquake resistant masonry

Give the step-by-step procedure for estimation of the storey level seismic forces as per IS-1893
(2002). Also explain SRSS method and CQC method in modal combination analysis.

Explain the concept of dual system for resisting seismic forces, with the help of a schematic
diagram. How are they advantageous over framed RC systems?

1. With neat sketches briefly explain different types of earthquake causing faults.
2. Briefly discuss theory of plate tectonics with regard to causes for earthquakes.
3. State at least two important characteristics of each of the seismic waves.
4. Distinguish between intensity and magnitude scales of earthquake measurement.
5. Briefly explain earthquake strong motion characteristics.
6. Assume that a seismograph, located 1000 km from the epicenter of an earthquake, records a
maximum ground displacement of 18 mm for surface waves having a period of 20 seconds.
Determine the surface wave magnitude. Also determine seismic energy released.
7. In an event the difference in arrival time of P & S waves are found to be 18 sec. Find the
distance of the focus and instrument station. Take the average values of elastic constants as
E=98000 N/mm
2
& = 0.26.
8. Assume that during a major earthquake, the depth of fault rupture is estimated to be 22 km,
the length of surface faulting is determined to be 780 km, and the average slip along the fault
is 3.0 m. Determine the moment magnitude. Use a shear modulus equal to 2.8x10
10
N/m
2
.

9. State at least two important characteristics of each of the seismic waves.
10. Distinguish between intensity and magnitude scales of earthquake measurement.
11. Sketch a typical strong motion earthquake record and indicate the ground motion parameters.
12. Assume that a seismograph, located 1000 km from the epicenter of an earthquake, records a
maximum ground displacement of 18 mm for surface waves having a period of 20 seconds.
Determine the surface wave magnitude, using the expression;
M
s
= log A + 1.66 log + 2.0
where A =maximum ground amplitude in micrometers, is the epicentral distance of the
seismometer measured in degrees (360
o
corresponds to the circumference of the earth)
Also determine seismic energy released.
13. In an event the difference in arrival time of P & S waves are found to be 18 sec. Find the
distance of the focus and instrument station. Take the average values of elastic constants as
E=98000 N/mm
2
& = 0.26.

1. Assume that a seismograph, located 1200 km from the epicenter of an earthquake,
records a maximum ground displacement of 15.6 mm for surface waves having a period
of 20 seconds. Based on these assumptions, determine the surface wave magnitude.
Answer: Ms _ 7.9.
2. Assume that during a major earthquake, the depth of fault rupture is estimated to be 15
km, the length of surface faulting is determined to be 600 km, and the average slip along
the fault is 2.5 m. Based on these assumptions, determine the moment magnitude. Use a
shear modulus equal to 3 _ 1010 N/m2. Answer: Mw _ 8.0.
3. The difference between travel times of P-wave and S-wave in a seismogram was found to
be 16 sec. the seismogram was recorded in a seismic station located on bedrock of
density 2600 Kg/m3 and at an epicentral distance of 80 km. If the average elastic
properties of the bedrock are, E = 70000 MPa & G = 30000 Mpa, Neglecting the
curvature of earth surface estimate the focal depth of the seismic event.
4. In an event the difference in arrival time of P & S waves are found to be 18 sec. Find the
distance of the focus and instrument station. Take the average values of elastic constants
as E=98000 MPa & u = 0.26.
5. If the distance between instrument station and focus is found to be 200 km. obtain the
time lag between P & S waves on the seismogram. Take the average values of elastic
constants as E=98000 MPa & u = 0.26.

1. Discuss in detail the characteristics of the following
- P Waves
- S Waves
- R- Waves
- L Waves
2. Write a note on
- Earthquake magnitude
- Earthquake intensity
3. Discuss in detail the different magnitude scales and their significance
4. Write a note on earthquake measuring instruments
5. Explain earthquake energy released during a seismic event
6. Discuss evaluation and importance of the following earthquake characteristics
- Peak acceleration
- Duration
- Frequency content
- Predominant frequency
- v
max
/a
max
Ratio
7. Explain the importance Fourier amplitude spectra
8. problems on
- Locating an epicenter
- Computing different magnitudes of an earthquake
- Calculating duration of an earthquake
- Earthquake energy


Typical floor plan of a GF + 4 storey school building at Bangalore is shown in Figure with all
relevant details. Building foundation is isolated column footing on soft soil. Using the spectral
acceleration method calculate the shear force in each floor of ordinary moment resisting framed
structure. Take live load of 5 KN/m
2
on each floor.

8.0 m
6.0 m
4.0 m
5.0 m
First floor
Ground floor
Third floor
Second floor
Fourth floor
400 mm thick
masonry infill wall on
RCC beams of size
600 mm x 400 mm
only in I, II, III & IV
floor (No walls in GF)
4.0 m
4.0 m
4.0 m
RCC Slab
thickness
150 mm
RCC columns
400 mm x 400 mm
Typical floor plan


1. The difference between travel times of P-wave and S-wave in a seismogram was found to be 16 sec. the
seismogram was recorded in a seismic station located on bedrock of density 2600 Kg/m
3
and at an
epicentral distance of 80 km. If the average elastic properties of the bedrock are, E = 70000 MPa & G =
30000 Mpa, Neglecting the curvature of earth surface estimate the focal depth of the seismic event.
2. Explain with schematic diagram the working principal of Seismometer & Accelerometer and describe the
difference between them.
3. Consider a four-storey reinforced concrete office building shown in Fig. The building is located in
Shillong. The soil conditions are medium. The R. C. frames are in-filled with brick-masonry. The lumped
weight due to dead loads is 12 KN/m
2
on floors and 10 KN/m
2
on the roof. The floors are to cater for a live
load of 4 KN/m
2
on floors and 1.5 kN/m
2
on the roof. Determine design seismic load on the structure as per
new code.
4. A elevate water tank of weight 20 KN is supported on a 6.0 m height vertical cantilever steel tube of
thickness 12 mm and outer diameter 300 mm. The water tank is idealised as SDOF system with damping
ratio of 5%. Determine the peak deformation and maximum bending stress the steel tube experiences due to
spectral acceleration as obtained from IS-1893 (2002) for a case of soft soil. Take Modulus of elasticity of
steel tube as 200 GPa.




5. Explain the procedure for construction of response spectrum. Discuss its characteristics and
importance.
6. Describe the procedures available for seismic analysis of structures to compute lateral forces
7. What is design spectrum? Enumerate its characteristics and importance.
8. Discuss evaluation and importance of the following characteristics of an earthquake
i. Peak acceleration, (ii) Duration, (iii) Frequency content and (iv) Predominant frequency
5. A elevate water tank of weight 20 KN is
supported on a 6.0 m height vertical cantilever
steel tube of thickness 12 mm and outer diameter
300 mm. The water tank is idealised as SDOF
system with damping ratio of 5%. Determine the
peak deformation and maximum bending stress
in the steel tube due to the October 20, 1991
Uttarkashi earthquake ground motion. The
relative displacement response spectrum of this
earthquake ground motion is shown in figure.
Also calculate the corresponding pseudo spectral
acceleration and pseudo spectral relative velocity
of the structure. Take Modulus of elasticity of
steel tube as 200 GPa.
0.01 0.1 1
1E-3
0.01
0.1
1
10


, = 5
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

(
c
m
)
Period (sec)


A 5 storeyed OMRF consisting of 4 RC columns, has the following details;
Column size along x and y axis respectively: 0.2m x 0.45m; GF: 4.0m; remaining floors:
3.0; peripheral beams are provided with in-fill masonry; LL=4.0kN/m
2
, slab thickness:
0.15m; FF load: 1.0kN/m
2
; soil type: soft; location of building: zone IV. Obtain the
distribution of base shear along the height of the building using cl. 7.5 of IS 1893 (2002),
along x and y direction. Missing data may be assumed suitably and mentioned.

List the parameters that affect the response of a structure during an earthquake. Write a
brief note on each of them.


What is a plastic hinge in an RC member? Why is it preferred to develop plastic hinge in a
beam?

Sketch a typical ductile detailing of a RC column of a framed structure, indicating the
important parameters.

A 5 storeyed OMRF consisting of 4 RC columns, has the following details;
Column size along x and y axis respectively: 0.2m x 0.45m; GF: 4.0m; remaining
floors: 3.0; peripheral beams are provided with in-fill masonry; LL=4.0kN/m
2
, slab
thickness: 0.15m; FF load: 1.0kN/m
2
; soil type: soft; location of building: zone IV.
Obtain the distribution of base shear along the height of the building using cl. 7.5 of
IS 1893 (2002), along x and y direction. Missing data may be assumed suitably and
mentioned.

List the parameters that affect the response of a structure during an earthquake.

What is a plastic hinge in an RC member? Why is it preferred to develop plastic
hinge in a beam?


With the help of sketches, explain the behavior of box type masonry buildings during
earthquake.

Sketch the earthquake resistant features suggested for low-rise masonry buildings.

Explain the concept of dual system for resisting seismic forces, with the help of a
schematic diagram. How are they advantageous over framed RC systems?

With the help of sketches, explain the behavior of box type masonry buildings during
earthquake. Indicate the vulnerable regions of the building.

For a 4 storeyed masonry building situated in seismic zone IV, what are the earthquake
resistant features to be provided?

List any 4 important tests to be carried out to evaluate the strength and elastic characteristics
of masonry? Provide neat sketches and explain them briefly.

Sketch any 5 types of reinforced masonry and indicate the relative advantages.

Explain containment reinforcement, with the help of a sketch. What are the materials that
can be used as containment reinforcement? Provide their limitations/demerits.

Explain the following with the help of sketches/expressions/examples wherever applicable;
f. Focus, epi-centre, Focal depth, epi-central distance
g. Fore-shocks, main shocks and after shocks
h. Body waves and surface waves
i. Core and crustal layer of earth
j. Earthquake hazard and earthquake risk
k. Intra-plate and inter-plate
l. Refraction and reflection
m. Sand boil and liquefaction
n. Mass and stiffness irregularities
o. Repair and retrofitting
p. Soft storey and weak storey
q. Inertial response and quasi-static response
r. Active and passive dampers
s. Mass centre and stiffness centre
t. Hoop and cross tie
u. Tsunamis and Seiches

Sketch a typical diagram of an earthquake ground motion acceleration record and indicate (i) 1
st
p-
wave arrival (ii) 1
st
s-wave arrival (iii) body wave region (iv) arrival of 1
st
Love wave (v) surface wave
region (vi) PGA (vii) duration of strong motion

Explain how the epi-centre of an earthquake is located

Discuss the following in view of land forms and earthquakes
(i) Divergent boundaries, (ii) Convergent boundaries & (iii) Transform boundaries

Explain the interior structure of earth by providing a sketch showing features of the interior.

What are the relationships of body wave velocities in terms of elastic constants? How do velocity of
Rayleigh and Love waves vary with depth?

In an event the difference in arrival time of P & S waves are found to be 16 sec. Find the distance of
the focus and instrument station. Take the average values of elastic constants as E=80,000 MPa &
u = 0.24.

Explain Magnitude and Intensity

List any five ground motion parameters

What is seismic zoning map? How is it prepared?

What is a response spectra? How is it constructed? How is it used to estimate the seismic forces?

A water tank of mass 1000 tons and a total stiffness of 4000 kN/m is to be designed for zone V soft
soil condition. What would be the design lateral force?

Briefly explain the design philosophy adopted for earthquake resistant design of structures

List the factors that influence the response of a structure during an earthquake

With the help of sketches, explain (i) ductility (ii) stiffness and (iii) strength

What is a plastic hinge in an RC member? Why is it preferred to develop plastic hinge in a beam?

Discuss the basic concepts in selecting building configurations to resist earthquakes. Highlight the
dos and donts.

Explain the concept of dual system for resisting seismic forces, with the help of a schematic
diagram. How are they advantageous over framed RC systems?

With the help of sketches, explain the behavior of box type masonry buildings during earthquake.

Discuss the reinforcement detailing at beam column joint for improving earthquake resistance, with
the help of a sketch


Sketch any four types of (i) horizontal reinforcement scheme and (ii) vertical reinforcement schemes
for earthquake resistant masonry
A two storeyed OMRF consisting of 4 RC columns, has the following details;
Column size along x and y axis respectively: 0.2m x 0.45m; GF: 4.5m; FF: 3.0; beams are loaded with
structurally non-participating masonry; LL=4.0kN/m
2
, slab thickness: 0.15m; FF load: 1.0kN/m
2
;
grade of concrete M25; soil type: soft; location of building: zone IV. Obtain;
(a) The vertical distribution of base shear along the height of the building using cl. 7.5 of IS 1893
(2002), along x direction;

A 2-bay, G+5 storeyed RC framed building has to be designed for seismic forces. Obtain the seismic
forces at each storey. Plot the shear force and bending moment diagram for a typical interior bay of
the building.
The following is the data provided;
(i) Seismic zone: V
(ii) Spacing of bays: 4.5m
(iii) GF Floor height: 4.0m, remaining floors: 3.0m
(iv) Span of each bay: 6.0m
(v) In-fill wall: 200mm thick masonry with unit weight of 18.0kN/m
3
, assumed to be provided on
each beam
(vi) RC slab: 150mm thick, unit weight 25.0kN/m
3

(vii) Floor finish load and partition wall loads: 2.0 kN/m
2

(viii) Live load: 3.5 kN/m
2

(ix) Type of soil: medium


Explain (i) SRSS method and (ii) CQC method in modal combination analysis

What are the special provisions for seismic analysis of (i) free standing walls and (ii) cantilever
projections

Discuss (i) Base isolation technique and (ii) base isolation devices

Explain the effect of masonry infill walls in multistoried framed structures