Attempt any four parts of the following : 5x4=20

(a) How many types are of EM! Enlist an" explain ea#h of them$
(%) &es#ri%e natural sour#es of EM$
(#) How "oes opto$#oupler wor' as groun"ing of interferen#e! Explain$
(") (lassify surges in a power supply$ Explain the effe#t of surges in the power supply$
(e) How high fre)uen#y an" low fre)uen#y interferen#es are a*oi"e"! Explain$
(f) How ele#trostati# "is#harge is generate" in a human %o"y! Explain$
2 Attempt any four parts of the following : 5x4=20
(a) +hat is shiel"! How effe#ti*e shiel" is for
EM! Explain$
(b) Discuss Transverse Electromagnetic Cell. Discuss also the salient features of this.
(c) Describe absorption and reflection loss in shields.
(d) Discuss the trends in modem shielding cells.
(e) Compare coaxial cable, twisted cable and ribbon cables.
(f) Discuss one of the system grounding for EC techni!ue.
"ttempt any two of the following # 10x2=20
(a) Discuss various E$ filters for mains noise.
(b) Discuss how passive components are chosen for EC in detail.
(c) Discuss how are various components and modules of an assembly bonded together with
introduction of its techni!ue in brief.
"ttempt any two of the following # 10x2=20
(a) Discuss in detail the E$ standards for households.
(b) %hat are various measurement techni!ues for E$& Enlist all and discuss in detail one of them.
(c) %hat do you understand by E$ hardening for Transmitters& Discuss in detail with remedies.
5 %rite short notes on any two of the 10x2=20
following #
(a) Conductive gas'ets
(b) agnetic and ground coupling in cables
(c) E$ measurement technology.
Q1. +hat is EM!
A. Ele#tromagneti# nterferen#e (EM) is "efine" as ele#tromagneti# energy from sour#es external or
internal to ele#tri#al or ele#troni# e)uipment that a"*ersely affe#ts e)uipment %y #reating un"esira%le
responses ("egra"e" performan#e or malfun#tions)$ EM #an %e "i*i"e" into two #lasses: #ontinuous
wa*e ((+) an" transient$
Q2. +hat is EM(!
A. Ele#tromagneti# (ompati%ility (EM() is "efine" as an ele#tri#al system,s a%ility to perform its
spe#ifie" fun#tions in the presen#e of ele#tri#al noise generate" either internally or externally %y other
systems$ -he goal of EM( is to minimi.e the influen#e of ele#tri#al noise$
Q3. +hy is EM/EM( testing re)uire" for #ommer#ial an" military e)uipment!
A. EM/EM( testing is "esigne" to ensure that ele#tri#al/ele#troni# e)uipment will perform properly in its
expe#te" ele#tromagneti# en*ironment0 thus maintaining an a##epta%le "egree of Ele#tromagneti#
(ompati%ility (EM()$
Q4. +hat are some %asi# test #ategories an" their asso#iate" re)uirements!
A. -he following EM -ests are performe" as "etermine" %y the e)uipment,s inten"e" appli#ation:
(on"u#te" Emissions ((E)0 1a"iate" Emissions (1E)0 (on"u#te" 2us#epti%ility ((2)0 an" 1a"iate"
2us#epti%ility (12)$ -he Emissions -ests ((E 3 1E) re#or" any un"esira%le emissions from the test
arti#le$ -his "ata is plotte" against the appli#a%le spe#ifi#ation limits$ -he 2us#epti%ility -ests ((2 3 12)
"etermine the test arti#le,s a%ility to operate in the typi#al operating en*ironment$ -he test arti#le is
expose" to ele#tromagneti# signals at the le*els an" fre)uen#y ranges re)uire" %y the appli#a%le
#ommer#ial or military spe#ifi#ation$
Q5. +here are EM/EM( tests performe"!
A. -here are many EM/EM( testing la%s throughout the 4$2$ an" many other #ountries$ 2hiel"e" room
test #ham%ers an" open area test sites (5A-2) may %e use" "epen"ing on the test re)uirements
"o#ument$
Q6. +hat is an EM 1e#ei*er!
A. An EM 1e#ei*er is a tuna%le0 sensiti*e *oltmeter use" to measure ele#tri# an" magneti# fiel"
strengths$ Most are similar to spe#iali.e" spe#trum analy.ers0 %ut are #hara#teri.e" %y ha*ing
presele#tors0 se*eral "ete#tor fun#tions0 a housing shiel"ing effe#ti*eness of at least 60 "7 an" other
uni)ue a""itions$ -he fre)uen#y #o*erage of high8en" re#ei*ers is typi#ally 90 H. to 22 :H.$
Measurement %an"wi"ths are *aria%le to #o*er %roa"%an" an" narrow%an" measurements$
Q7. +hat is 1;!
A. 1a"io ;re)uen#y nterferen#e (1;) is #onsi"ere" as part of the EM spe#trum0 with interferen#e
signals %eing within the ra"io fre)uen#y (1;) range$ -his term was on#e use" inter#hangea%ly with EM$
Q8. +hat e)uipment shoul" %e furnishe" as part of an EM/EM( test!
A. A typi#al EM/EM( test shoul" in#lu"e the test arti#le an" all asso#iate" #a%les0 interfa#es0 power
supplies0 software0 an" other support e)uipment as nee"e" to simulate the a#tual operational
#onfiguration$
Q9. +hat is an emitter!
A. n EM appli#ations0 this term applies to unintentional ra"iators0 parti#ularly those that are the sour#e
of interferen#e$ 5therwise0 the term refers to the intentional ra"iators su#h as transmitter antennas$
Q10. +hat is a re#eptor!
A. A "e*i#e that re#ei*es #on"u#te" or ra"iate" ele#tromagneti# emissions$ n EM appli#ations0 a
re#eptor has the potential for %eing sus#epti%le to un"esire" interferen#e$ t is #onsi"ere" to %e a *i#tim if
it is sus#epti%le to EM from the emissions re#ei*e"$
Q11. +hat is #rosstal'!
A. (rosstal' results from the #oupling of #on"u#te" emissions %etween two pairs of wires0 one pair
#arrying emissions from a sour#e an" the other pair #onne#te" to a sus#epti%le "e*i#e$ n a printe" #ir#uit
%oar" (<(7)0 #rosstal' in*ol*es intera#tion %etween signals on two "ifferent ele#tri#al nets$ -he one
#reating #rosstal' is #alle" an aggressor0 an" the one re#ei*ing it is #alle" a *i#tim$ 5ften0 a net is %oth an
aggressor an" a *i#tim$
Q12. +hat is sus#epti%ility!
A. -he ina%ility of e)uipment/systems to perform without "egra"ation in the presen#e of an
ele#tromagneti# "istur%an#e$ 2us#epti%ility is often #hara#teri.e" as a la#' of immunity$ -he threshol" of
sus#epti%ility is the le*el of interferen#e at whi#h the test arti#le %egins to show a "egra"ation in
performan#e$ -his is often fre)uen#y8"epen"ent$
Q13. +hy shoul" EM/EM( testing %e "one at a #ertifie" -est =a%!
A. n in"ustry0 it has %een #ommon for EM/EM( tests to %e #on"u#te" in 5pen Area -est 2ites (5A-2)
an" other non8shiel"e" manufa#turer fa#ilities$ Howe*er0 "ue to the in#rease" use of ele#troni# offi#e
e)uipment an" wi"e8area #ommuni#ation systems su#h as #ellular phones0 pagers0 an" high powere"
ra"io signal sour#es0 it has %e#ome more "iffi#ult to #on"u#t a##urate emissions tests using 5A-2$ -he
in#rease" am%ient emissions from the external sour#es pre#lu"e a##urate results in many of these test
en*ironments$ n"oor shiel"e" #ham%ers0 su#h as a #ertifie" -est ;a#ility or =a%0 pro*i"e a goo"
en*ironment for EM/EM( testing %e#ause they attenuate am%ient emissions from the surroun"ing area$
Q14. +hat is am%ient le*el!
A. -he nominal le*el of ra"iate" an" #on"u#te" ele#tromagneti# signal an" noise existing at a spe#ifie"
lo#ation$ -his is usually #onsi"ere" to %e a fun#tion of the entire ele#tromagneti# en*ironment in#lu"ing
atmospheri# noise an" interferen#e generate" from within the measuring set8up$
Q15. +here #an fin" more information on the su%>e#ts of EM an" EM(!
A. -his we% site in#lu"es se#tions for relate" "o#uments an" organi.ations as well as an EM/EM(
=in's se#tion with many other relate" resour#es$