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CAPE UNIT 2
CHEMISTRY LABS
2011 - 2012
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#
Lab # 1
Lab # 2
Lab # 3
Lab # 4
Lab # 5
Lab # 6
Lab # 7
Lab # 8
Lab# 9
Lab# 10
Lab# 11
Lab# 12
Lab# 13
Lab # 14
Lab # 15
Lab # 16
Lab # 17
Lab # 18
Lab # 19
Lab # 20
Title
Skills
2|Page
Lab # 1
Skills
Assessed:
Date:
O/R/
R
M/M
A/I
P/D
Title
: Organic Compounds
Aim
Apparatus
and
:
Material
1. Test Tubes
2. Boiling Tubes
3. 250 ml Beaker(Labelled Organic
Waste)
4. Magnesium Powder or Turnings
5. Sodium Carbonate
6. 2,4dinitrophenyihydrazine
7. Aqueous Silver Nitrate
8. Aqueous Sodium
Hydroxide
9. Aqueous Ammonia
10. Acidified Potassium
Dichromate
Procedure
1. You are to perform the tests below and from the results establish
which type of organic compound is contained in each of A, B, C and
D.
2. After each test discard the contents of the tubes into the 250 cm3
beaker, labelled organic waste. Rinse and re-use the tubes for the
remaining tests.
3. Tests for gases are at the end of this lab sheet.
3|Page
Test (a)
Test (b)
Test (c)
Test (e)
Observati
ons and
Results
Use a dropping pipette to add dilute aqueous ammonia to this mixture until the
precipitate of silver oxide just dissolves.
Do not add an excess of aqueous ammonia.
To each of the tubes containing A, B, C and D add 1 cm depth of the silvercontaining solution you have just prepared.
Place 1 cm depth of each of the solutions A, B, C and D into separate boiling-tubes.
To each tube add a few drops of acidified potassium dichromate(V1) to give a
yellow-orange solution. Warm the tube gently.
Aqueous
Solutions
(Alcohol)
(Ketone
)
(Alde
hyde)
Test (a)
No Rxn
No Rxn
No
Rxn
Test (b)
No Rxn
No Rxn
No
Rxn
Test (c)
No Visible
Rxn
No ppt
formed
Yellow Yello
brown/
w
(orange) brown
ppt
/
formed (orang
e) ppt
D
(Carboxylic Acid)
Pop with glowing splint H2 gas
given off. Hence Compound D is
the acid.
effervescence and gas bubbled
through Ca(OH)2 White ppt
formed.
Gas given off CO2. D is the
carboxylic Acid.
No Visible Rxn
No ppt formed
4|Page
forme
d
Aldehyd
Aldeh
e or
yde or
Ketone
Keton
e
Test (d)
Test (e)
Discussion :
No Visible
Rxn
No ppt
formed
Green
solution
formed
indicating
Cr3+ ions
hence an
alcohol or
aldehyde
No
Visible
Rxn
No ppt
formed
No
Visible
Rxn
Silver
ppt
forme
d on
ring
of test
tube
silver
mirror
effect
hence
comp
ound
C is
the
Aldeh
yde
Green
soluti
on
forme
d
indica
ting
Cr3+
ions
hence
an
alcoh
ol or
aldeh
yde
No Visible Rxn
No ppt formed
No Visible Rxn
Test (a)
Compound D is the acid as H2 gas was given off and identified
5|Page
Conclusio
n
Test (b)
Effervescence CO2 given off as confirmation with white ppt
forming in CaA(OH)2
2R-COOH(aq)+Na2CO3(s)yields 2R-COO-Na+(aq)+
CO2g+H2O(l)
CO2g+Ca(OH)2 yields CaCO3(s)+H2O(l)
Substance D is the acid as no other reactions
were observed by the other substances.
Test (c)
Yellow brown (or orange) ppt seen for B and C indication its a
carbonyl compound.
Substance B and C are either a ketone or
aldehyde
RCHO+ C6H3NO22.NHNH2yields RCH=NNC6H3NO22
s+H2Ol
RR'CO+ C6H3NO22.NHNH2yields R'RC=NNC6H3NO22
s+H2Ol
Test (d)
2Ag(NH3)2 (aq)++ RCHO(l)+3OH(aq)- yields 2Ag(s)+
RCOO(aq)-+ 4NH3 g+ 2H2Ol
Tollens reagent only reacts with aldehydes to give the silver
mirror effect substance C is the aldehyde.
Test (e)
Substance A is an Alcohol because it reduces aqueous K2Cr2O7
to a green Cr3+ but did not react with either Tollens reagent or
2,4,-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagents.
Substance B has to be the ketone by reason of
elimination and its reaction with 2,4,dinitrophenylhydrazine.
6|Page
gas
ammonia, NH3
chlorine, 012
hydrogen, H2
oxygen, 02
sulphur dioxide, 802
7|Page
Lab # 2
Skills
Assessed:
Date:
O/R/
R
M/M
A/I
P/D
Title
: Organic Compounds
Aim
Apparatus
and
Material
1. Test Tubes
2. Boiling Tubes
3. 250 ml Beaker(Labelled Organic
Waste)
4. Magnesium Powder or Turnings
5. Sodium Carbonate
6. 2,4dinitrophenyihydrazine
7. Aqueous Silver Nitrate
8. Aqueous Sodium
Hydroxide
9. Aqueous Ammonia
10. Acidified Potassium
Dichromate
Procedure
1. You are to perform the tests below and from the results establish
which type of organic compound is contained in each of P, Q, R and
S.
2. After each test discard the contents of the tubes into the 250 cm3
beaker, labelled organic waste. Rinse and re-use the tubes for the
remaining tests.
3. Gloves, eye protection and lab coats must be worn. The Fume hood
must be used where specified.
8|Page
Test (b)
Test (c)
:
Test (d) test-tubes. To each tube add 1 cm depth of aqueous Iron(III) chloride
solution. Warm if necessary.
Test (e)
Observatio
ns and
Results
Aqueous
Solutions
Test (a)
Test (b)
:
Test (c)
Test (d)
Test (e)
Discussion
9|Page
Conclusion :
10 | P a g e
Lab # 3
Skills
Assessed:
Date:
O/R/
R
M/M
A/I
P/D
Title
Aim
Case
11 | P a g e
Apparatus
and
Material
1.
:
Procedure
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Observatio
ns and
Results
Data
Analysis and
:
Interpretati
on
Discussion
Conclusion
Lab # 4
Date:
Skills
Assessed:
O/R/
R
M/M
A/I
12 | P a g e
P/D
Title
: Organic Chemistry
Aim
Theory
RO- + H3O+
Carboxylic acids are the strongest acid of all the three, and tends to give up
Apparatus
and
Material
RCOO- + H3O+
4. Test tubes
Procedure
8. Glass rod
Table 1:
Observation
s and
:
Results
Observation table
Ethanol
Phenol
Ethanoic Acid
Magnesium Ribbon
Solid Na2CO3
pH
Data
Analysis
and
Interpretati
on
1. Which samples reacted with Mg? Write a balanced equation for any
reaction which occurred.
:
2. Which samples reaction with Solid Na2CO3? Write a balanced equation for
any reaction that occurred.
Discussion
Conclusion
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19 | P a g e
Lab # 5
Skills
Assessed:
Date:
O/R/
R
M/M
A/I
P/D
Title
Aim
Apparatus
and
Material
Procedure
1. The burette was filled to a known volume and record the volume
2. 25 drops of water was delivered drop wise into a measuring cylinder
and record both the measuring cylinder and new burette reading
3. This process was repeated in steps of 25 drops until 200 drops were
delivered.
4. The results were tabulated.
5. A graph was drawn vol of burette against vol in cylinder
6. A best fit line was drawn
7. Calculate the Standard Deviation between volumes in the burette and
the measuring cylinder.
Observatio
ns and
Results
Table: 1
25
50
75
100
125
150
200
20 | P a g e
Graph
Data
Analysis
1. From the graph determine when 4 cm3 of the burette is delivered the
volume of measuring cylinder?
2. From the graph when 8.2 cm3 of water is delivered from the burette
the reading in the measuring cylinder ?
3. Which instrument is considered to be accurate
4. Which instrument is considered to be precise
5. Explain your answer for questions 3 and 4.
Discussion
Conclusion
Lab # NA
Date:
Skills
Assessed:
O/R/R
M/M
A/I
P/D
21 | P a g e
Title
Aim
Apparatu
s and
Material
Procedur
e
Part A
Part B
1. Each volumetric flask was filled to the 25 mL mark with the unknown
liquid ensuring that no liquid is spilled on the outside.
2. The volumetric flasks were stoppered and there loaded weights were
recorded.
3. The unknown liquid in the flasks were completely transferred into a
22 | P a g e
Part C
Part D
Observatio
ns and
Results
1. The weight of two 100 g weights were measured using a top loading
balance first by:
a. The individual masses and
b. The combined masses of two
2. This procedure was then repeated on an analytical balance.
:
Part A and B: Table 1: Uncertainty of Measurements of Volumetric Apparatus
Apparatus
Burette
Loaded
19.11
75
19.0
251
18.
92
38
Empty
11.08
93
11.0
073
10.
89
85
Mass
8.028
2
8.01
78
8.0
25
3
Loaded
18.88
71
18.9
043
19.
06
29
Empty
10.89
47
10.8
963
11.
02
64
Mass
7.992
4
8.00
8
8.0
36
Class B 0.06
Graduated Pipette
Class B 0.06
Average
8.0238
8.0123
23 | P a g e
Measuring Cylinder
Loaded
18.79
94
18.7
795
18.
92
84
Empty
11.07
05
11.0
494
11.
21
51
Mass
7.728
9
7.73
01
7.7
13
3
Loaded
21.92
82
21.9
17
21.
91
5
Empty
14.02
95
14.0
325
14.
02
96
Mass
7.898
7
7.88
45
7.8
85
4
Loaded
23.66
78
23.6
576
23.
64
85
Empty
15.73
82
15.7
443
15.
75
62
Mass
7.929
6
7.91
33
7.8
92
3
Volumetric Flask A
Class B 0.02 @ 20C
Volumetric Flask B
Class B 0.04 @ 20C
7.7241
7.8895
7.9117
Part C
i.
100 g Weights
Slope
Mass (g)
200.04
400.07
600.1
800.14
10
1000.17
100.01625
24 | P a g e
ii.
Mass( g) Average
200.
040
400
.07
60
0.1
0
80
0.
14
10
00
.1
7
100.016
Group 2
200.
065
400
.17
60
0.2
4
80
0.
14
10
00
.3
6
100.037
Group 3
200.
03
400
.17
60
0.1
2
80
0.
11
10
00
.2
100.021
Group 4
200.
06
400
.12
60
0.1
7
80
0.
22
10
00
.0
7
100.001
Avera
ge
Masse
s
100.019
Part D
iii. Mass 1-100 g
Weight
Analytical Balance
100.02
100.003
100.02
100.001
100.02
100.002
200.04
200.004
Average Mass
Mass Both 100 g
Weights
25 | P a g e
Part C
Graph
Data
Analysis
Standard Deviation =
S
.
D
.
Apparatus
Loaded
Empty
Mass
19.02
51
11.00
73
18.923
8
10.898
5
8.0282
8.017
8
8.0253
0.0000
197
0.000
0356
0.0000
02351
18.887
1
10.894
7
18.90
43
10.89
63
19.062
9
11.026
4
Mass
7.9924
8.008
8.0365
(xx)2
0.0003
96
0.000
018
0.0005
86
18.799
4
11.070
5
18.77
95
11.04
94
18.928
4
11.215
1
Loaded
Empty
Graduated
Pipette
Measuring
Cylinder
19.117
5
11.089
3
Burette
(xx)2
Loaded
Empty
Av
era
ge
(x
x)
2
(
x
x
)
2
2
Gossetts T-Function
t= 4.302
=sdt(p,n-1)n
8.0
23
8
5.
76
1E
05
0
.
0
0
5
4
0.0133
1.0
00
E03
0.
0
2
2
4
0.0556
8.0
12
3
26 | P a g e
Mass
(xx)2
Loaded
Empty
Volumetric
Flask A
Mass
(xx)2
Loaded
Volumetric
Flask B
Empty
Mass
(xx)2
7.7289
7.730
1
0.0000
23
0.000
036
21.928
2
14.029
5
21.91
7
14.03
25
7.8987
7.884
5
7.7133
0.0001
17
0
.
0
0
9
4
0.0233
1.
26
4E
04
0
.
0
0
8
0
0.0198
6.
99
3E
04
0
.
0
1
8
7
0.0465
14.029
6
7.8854
0.000
025
0.0000
17
23.667
8
15.738
2
23.65
76
15.74
43
23.648
5
15.756
2
7.9296
7.913
3
7.8923
0.000
002
1.
75
7E
04
21.915
0.0000
84
0.0003
19
7.7
24
1
7.8
89
5
7.9
11
7
0.0003
78
Part C
The analysis showed that the burette showed reliable results when
compared to the other volumetric instruments having the lowest
deviation from the means and an acceptable confidence level of <0.05.
The pipette in this experiment was the least accurate, having highest
deviation when comparing means and an unacceptable confidence
level. This result defies convention of the accuracy of the pipette and
therefore the results suggest human error may have resulted in this
disparity.
27 | P a g e
Part B
Part C
Part D
Conclusio
n
:
The experiment was conducted successfully. An understanding of
measurements accuracy and precision was clearly exemplified.
28 | P a g e
Lab # 6
Skills
Assessed:
Date:
O/R/
R
M/M
A/I
P/D
Title
: Crystallization
Aim
Theory
Apparatus
and
Material
Procedure
3. Balance
4. Bunsen burner
1. The empty hard glass test tube was weighed and this value was
recorded.
2. 6 g of hydrated magnesium sulphate was then placed in the test tube
and reweighed. Readings were recorded.
3. The test tube was then heated gently initially and then more strongly
to remove any water that was present. Heating was stopped if the salt
started to decompose or emit white fumes.
4. The test tube was allowed to cool and then the tube and its contents
were reweighed and this value was recorded
5. The heating, cooling and weighing process was repeated until a
constant mass was obtained. All the readings were recorded.
29 | P a g e
Table 1
Discussion
30 | P a g e
Conclusion
31 | P a g e
Lab # 7
Skills
Assessed:
Date:
O/R/
R
M/M
A/I
P/D
Title
Aim
Apparatus
and
Material
Procedure
:
11. 2 spatulas
12. Analytical balance
13. K2C2O4.H2O salt
14. 3.0 M H2SO4
15. 0.02 M KMnO4 solution
16. Distilled water
17. Unknown oxalate sample
18. 250 mL volumetric flask
19. Laboratory cloth
32 | P a g e
Standardisation of KMnO4.
Roug
h
Averag
e
Observatio
ns and
Results
Data
Analysis
33 | P a g e
Discussion
Conclusion
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Lab # 8
Skills
Assessed:
Date:
O/R/
R
M/M
A/I
P/D
Title
Aim
Theory
VITAMIN C ANALYSIS
Step 1: Potassium iodate reacts with iodide to form the complex trihalide
Anion
Apparatus
and
Material
1.
3.
2 White tiles
Beakers
4.
2 Spatulas
35 | P a g e
5.
7.
9.
11.
13.
15.
17.
19.
21.
23.
6.
fillers
2 50 mL Burettes and
2 funnels
lab cloth
3 Filter funnels
2 Pasteur pipettes
10.
12.
14.
16.
18.
20.
22.
balances
vial
M H2SO4
10% KI solution
Starch
clamps
1 Glass rod
Procedure
36 | P a g e
Observatio
ns and
Results
Data
Analysis
Discussion
1.
:2.
3.
4.
37 | P a g e
Conclusion
38 | P a g e
Lab# 9
Skills
Assessed:
Date:
O/R/
R
M/M
A/I
P/D
Title
Aim
Apparatus
and
Material
5. 50 cm3 burette
6. Cadmium reduction
mixture
7. Test tubes
8. Stopwatch
Procedure
2. Each flask was then made up to the mark using distilled water and
labelled 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 ppm respectively.
3. 5 cm3 of each standard was placed into a test tube and labelled,
together with the blank which was distilled water and labelled (0
ppm) and the unknown sample.
4. A spatula of cadmium reduction mixture was added to each test tube
and timed for 12 minutes for each reduction.
5. After the reduction the samples were then measured for Absorbance
on the UV/Vis spectrophotometer at = 530 nm.
6. The results were tabulated and a standard curve was drawn.
39 | P a g e
Table: 1
Observatio
ns and
Results
Graph
Data
Analysis
NO3- /
ppm
10
Unknow
n
Absorbanc
e
0.053
0.1157
0.216
7
0.230
9
0.2622
0.1696
Discussion
Conclusion
40 | P a g e
Lab# 10
Skills
Assessed:
Date:
O/R/
R
M/M
A/I
P/D
Title
Aim
To determine
the concentration of iron(II) ions in an unknown solution and, by a
graphical method,
:
Apparatus
and
Material
Procedure
: Experiment 1
1. Fill a burette with A, 0.02 mol dm-3 potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4.
2. Pipette 25.0 cm3 of B into a conical flask and add, using the measuring
cylinder provided 10 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid.
3. Run A from the burette into the conical flask until the first permanent
pale pink colour remains. This is the end point of the titration.
4. Record your burette readings in Table 1.
5. Repeat the titrations as many times as you think necessary to obtain
accurate results.
6. Make certain that the recorded results show the precision of your
41 | P a g e
practical work.
Experiment 2
1. Fill the second burette with C, the aqueous solution of X.
2. Pipette 25.0 cm3 of B into a conical flask and add, using the measuring
cylinder provided, 10 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid.
3. Add, from the second burette, 4.00 cm3 of X. This oxidizes some of
the Fe2+ that has been pipetted into the flask.
4. Titrate the remaining Fe2+ in the conical flask with A, potassium
manganate(VII) until the first permanent pale pink colour remains.
5. Record the volume of X added and your burette readings in table 2.
6. One accurate titration will be sufficient. Remember that the volume
added will be less than in Experiment 1 as some of the Fe2+ has been
oxidized by X.
7. Empty and rinse the conical flask.
8. Repeat Experiment 2, using the volumes of X shown in Table 2.
9. Record your results in Table 2.
5 6 5
.
28.80
5 2 4
0 0 0
:
Initial burette reading/
cm3
0 1 1
.
3.60
5 0 0
0 0 0
42 | P a g e
cm3
0 0 0
12.00
0 0 0
2 2
Final burette reading/
cm3
0 2
.
20.00
0 5
0 0
0 6
.
8.05
0 5
5 0
Volume of A added/
cm3
Copy and fill out the titration values
Data
Analysis
Experiment 1
(a) 25.0 cm3 of B reacted with .. cm3 of A.
Show which results you used to obtain this volume of A by placing a tick
under the readings in Table 1.
43 | P a g e
Graph
Discussion
Conclusion
44 | P a g e
Lab# 11
Skills
Assessed:
Date:
O/R/
R
M/M
A/I
P/D
Title
: Chromatography
Theory
This technique is useful in that it can separate and identify the various
components of mixtures, such as those contained in plant pigments. A
pigment is a substance that absorbs light at specific wavelengths, chlorophyll
is one of these pigments. Its green-yellow in colour is due to the absorption
of red, orange, blue, and violet wavelengths and the reflection of the green
and yellow wavelengths. This occurs when white light (containing all of the
light wavelengths, or the entire spectrum of colours) shines on the leaf
surface, all of the wavelengths are absorbed except for the ones you see,
which are green-yellow, those are the portions of the spectrum being
reflected.
If the conditions are identical, the relative distance moved by a particular
compound is the same from one mixture to another. This is why
chromatography can be used to identify a compound. The actual
identification requires a simple calculation as shown below:
Rf=Distance travelled by componetDistance travelled by mobile phase
It is important to remember that several factors can influence the reliability
of the Rf value, these include humidity, temperature, solvent, pigment extract
preparation, and the amounts of the material present. Values are comparable
only when the extracts are prepared in the same way and the chromatograms
are prepared identically and developed together in the same container.
Acetone is flammable (even the amount found in nail polish remover), keep
it away from sparks or open flames. Wear eye protection, especially if using
pure acetone.
Aim
Apparatus
: 1. Cone-type (size 4)
5. capillary tubes
45 | P a g e
and
Material
Procedure
6. fresh spinach
7. mortar and pestle
8. clean sand
1. Each lab group (or individual if not working in groups) will need 4 strips
of filter paper, approximately 6 inches long and 1 inch wide, 2
chromatography development containers (500 ml beakers or large fruit
:
jars work well), 2 large rubber bands (able to stretch around the vessels
from the mouth to the bottom of the vessel), 2 solvents, water and either
pure acetone, or nail polish remover.
2. Do the following with both fresh spinach leaves; tear leaf material and
place in a glass container, cover with acetone (this should be done the
day before the actual lab activity). An alternative pigment extraction
technique is to use a
mortar and pestle. Place plant material the vessel, add a little clean sand,
some acetone and then grind until a dark green liquid appears. Both
techniques yield very dark pigments with which to work. Be certain to
keep the pigments apart throughout the entire activity.
3. Place one of each solvents (water and acetone, or nail polish remover) in
the chromatography vessels and stretch a rubber band length-wise around
each vessel. The rubber band will be the mechanism for hanging the
chromatography strips.
4. Make a pencil mark on each of the 2 chromatography strips, in the center,
directly above the point of the strip, about 1 inch from the tip of the
paper. Using a capillary tube, or tooth pick, apply the plant pigment to
each filter paper strip. This is done by touching the tooth pick or capillary
tube which has been dipped in the pigment, to the pencil mark. Make an
application, then wave the paper gently to dry it a little before the next
application. Be patient, you will need 12 to 15 applications.
5. By now you should have 2 strips with spinach pigment. Suspend one of
each in each of the chromatography development vessels. You can attach
them with paper clips, or simply fold over a portion of the end and it
should hang in place. The tip of each strip should just touch the solvent.
6. Wait 20 to 30 minutes for the chromatograms to develop. Remove the
chromatograms. Mark with a pencil (NOT a pen) where the solvent
stopped as it moved up the chromatogram. This is called the solvent
front. Mark also where each pigment stopped moving up the
chromatogram. Using the equation below, determine a reference number
for each pigment on the chromatograms. Depending on which
chromatogram you are viewing, you should see greens, yellow/yellow
orange, and red. All measurements should be in mm. (Any material
which did not move from the
pencil dot is insoluble).
46 | P a g e
Observatio
ns and
Results
Data
Analysis
1. Determine the Rf (ratio of fronts) value for each spot using the formula
(remember there may be more than one calculation per spot):
:
Rf=Distance travelled by componetDistance travelled by mobile phase
Discussion
Conclusion
47 | P a g e
Lab# 12
Skills
Assessed:
Date:
O/R/
R
M/M
A/I
P/D
Title
: Chromatography
Aim
: To determine the various colours present in food colouring dye and ink pens
using chromatography.
Apparatus
and
Material
Procedure
1.
2.
: 3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1. Measure approximately 1cm from the edge of the coffee filter and mark
:
eight evenly spaced lines around the filter lightly with a pencil (do not
use ink).
2. Use a toothpick to spot the four food colouring dyes on one-half of the
coffee filter along the pencil mark. On the other half, spot the filter using
the pens. Allow each spot to dry and then re-spot two or three more
times
3. After the coffee filter has been spotted, mark the top of each spot with
your pencil. Below each spot, in pencil, label the colour and if it is pen or
food colouring. (Due to the small space below the spot, it may be easier
to label "p" for pen, "g" for green, etc.)
4. Place the spotted coffee filter "upside down" in the aluminium pie plate.
5. Fill the pie plate (the chromatographic chamber) with rubbing alcohol to
a level just below the spots on the filter.
6. Once the chromatogram has developed and the alcohol travels to the
"top" of the coffee filter, remove the filter from the plate. Using a pencil,
48 | P a g e
mark the final position of the solvent. Click here to view a video of this
procedure.
7. Next place a pencil mark at the end of each colour. Note that some of the
initial spots separated into multiple colours- be sure to mark each colour
8. Allow the filter to air dry.
9. Determine and record the distance travelled by the mobile phase by
measuring the distance (in mm) from the top of each of the initial spots
(original pencil marks) to the final position of the solvent
10. Determine and record the distance travelled by each colour by measuring
the distance (in mm) from the pencil mark at the top of each of the initial
spots to the mark indicating the end of each colour it produced.
Observatio
ns and
Results
Data
Analysis
1. Determine the Rf (ratio of fronts) value for each spot using the formula
(remember there may be more than one calculation per spot):
:
Rf=Distance travelled by componetDistance travelled by mobile phase
Discussion
49 | P a g e
Conclusion
50 | P a g e
Lab# 13
Skills
Assessed:
Date:
O/R/
R
M/M
A/I
P/D
Title
Theory
: Solvent Extraction
Introduction:
The aim of this experiment is to determine the equilibrium constant, K, for
the distribution of ethanoic acid (CH3COOH, also known as acetic acid)
between two immiscible solvents, diethyl ether and water, using an acid-base
titration. The dynamic equilibrium at the solvent boundary may be
represented by eq. 2
[CH3COOH](aq) k1k2 [CH3COOH]ether eq.2
: where k1 and k2 are the rate constants of the forward and reverse processes.
At equilibrium the rates of the forward and reverse processes are equal (eq.
3),
k1[CH3COOH](aq)=k2[CH3COOH](ether) eq.3
and the equilibrium constant may then be defined in terms of solute
concentrations or rate constants according to eq. 4.
K=[CH3COOH]ether[CH3COOH]aq=k1k2 eq.4
Aim
: (CH3COOH, also known as acetic acid) between two immiscible solvents, diethyl
ether and water, using an acid-base titration.
Apparatus
6. Distilled water;
51 | P a g e
2.
3.
4.
5.
and
Material
Procedure
7. Diethyl ether;
8. 0.5 M aqueous ethanoic acid;
9. 0.125 M aqueous ethanoic acid;
10. Phenolphthalein indicator
solution.
1. Using a measuring cylinder, add as accurately as possible 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm3
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Observatio
ns and
Results
cylinder;
250 cm3 separating funnel;
Three 100 cm3 conical flasks;
10 cm3 pipette; 50 cm3 burette;
0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution;
aqueous ethanoic acid and 50 cm3 of diethyl ether into a 250 cm3 separating
funnel.
Allow the mixture to stand for at least twenty minutes, shaking occasionally
(remember to release the pressure after shaking by inverting the funnel, holding
on to the stopper and opening the tap).
Run off the lower (aqueous) phase into a clean 100 cm3 conical flask, making
sure no ether is drained off. Now run off the interface portion and discard it and
leave the ether layer phase in the separating funnel.
Pipette 10 cm3 of each phase into separate 100 cm3 conical flasks and add a few
drops of phenolphthalein indicator. Titrate both solutions with 0.1 mol dm-3
sodium hydroxide solution until the solution retains a permanent pink colour.
Repeat the titrations with two further 10 cm3 aliquots.
Repeat steps 1-3 using 0.125 mol dm-3 aqueous ethanoic acid in place of the 0.5
mol dm-3 solution.
Data
Analysis
Treatment of Results
1. Write a balanced equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium
hydroxide.
2. From the volumes of sodium hydroxide solution required to neutralise the
ethanoic acid, calculate the number of moles of ethanoic acid in each 10 cm3
aliquot you titrated and, hence, evaluate the ethanoic acid concentration for each
:
solution.
3. Using the ethanoic acid concentrations you have determined, evaluate the
equilibrium constant, K, using eq. 4 for both initial ethanoic acid
concentrations.
4. Do the values of K obtained using 0.5 mol dm-3 and 0.125 mol dm-3 ethanoic
acid differ? Is this to be expected?
Discussion
Conclusion
52 | P a g e
53 | P a g e
Lab # 14
Skills
Assessed:
Date:
O/R/
R
M/M
A/I
P/D
Title
Case
Hypothesis
Aim
Apparatus
and
Material
1.
:
Procedure
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Variables
54 | P a g e
Expected
Observatio
ns and
Results
Data
Analysis
1.
2.
Precaution
s
55 | P a g e
Lab # NA
Skills
Assessed:
Date:
O/R/
R
M/M
A/I
P/D
Title
: Organic Chemistry
Aim
Theory
Alkanes are saturated compounds which are relatively inert. They undergo
very few reactions which include combustion, cracking and free radical
substitution with halogens such as chlorine and bromine. Substitution
reaction requires the presence of UV light which is needed to split the inert
halogens to from the reactive free radicals.
Alkenes on the other hand, are unsaturated compounds which takes part in a
wide range of addition reactions due to the presence of the double bond in
alkene molecules. The double bonds in alkenes are an electron rich centre
which allows it to undergo electrophilic reactions and react with oxidizing
agents.
Alkenes decolorize a solution of bromine in 1, 1, 1 trichloroethane
:
CH3CCl3
C6H12 +
Hexene
Br2
C6H12Br2
reddish brown
C6H12 +
Hexene
C6H12(OH)2
colourless hexane 1,2 - diol
56 | P a g e
Apparatus
and
Material
Procedure
Table 1
Observation table
Step
Observation
s and
: On addition of Bromine
Results
On addition of acidified
KMnO4.
Data
Analysis
and
Interpretati
on
Sample A
Sample B
Solution turns
colourless
No visible reaction
Solution turns
colourless
No visible reaction
C6H12 +
Hexene
Br2
reddish brown
C6H12Br2
colourless 1,2 dibromohexane
57 | P a g e
C6H12 +
C6H12(OH)2
Hexene
Neither of these reactions will occur with the alkane, and so there
will be no colour change in the presence of the alkane.
Conclusion
58 | P a g e
Lab # NA
Skills
Assessed:
Date:
O/R/
R
M/M
A/I
P/D
Title
: Carbonyl Compounds
Aim
Theory
carbonyl group
. Aldehydes have a single alkyl or acyl group attached
to the carbon atom whilst ketones have two. They both react with 2, 4
dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4 DNPH) to give orange precipitates.
: Mild oxidising agents such as Tollens and Fehlings reagents can oxidise
aldehydes but not ketones. Hence this reaction can be used to distinguish the
both of them.
Tollens reagent forms a silver mirror on the wall of the test tube and
Fehlings solution gives a red-brown precipitate of Copper (I) Oxide.
Three samples are given, two of which are carbonyl compounds, one is an
aldehye and the other is a ketone.
Apparatus
and
Material
Procedure
1. Samples B, C and D
2. 2, 4 DNPH (dissolve 2 g of 2, 4DNPH in 4 cm3 of conc. H2SO4, 30
cm3 of methanol and 10 cm3 of
water.
3. Fehlings reagent
4. Aqueous NH3 and
AgNO3
5. Measuring cylinders
6. Test tubes
59 | P a g e
Table 1
Observation
s and
:
Results
Data
Analysis
and
Interpretati
on
Observations
Solution added
Sample B
Sample C
Sample D
2,4- DNPH
Orange
precipitate
formed
Orange
precipitate
formed
No visible reaction
No visible
reaction
Silver
mirror
formed on
test tube
No visible reaction
Fehlings reagent
No visible
reaction
Redbrown
precipitate
No visible reaction
60 | P a g e
Discussion
:
Conclusion
61 | P a g e
Lab # NA
Skills
Assessed:
Date:
O/R/
R
M/M
A/I
P/D
Title
: Organic Compounds
Aim
Theory
Orange
green
Apparatus
and
Material
Procedure
1. Ethanol
2. 5 g dm-3 Potassium dichromate
(VI) solution
3. Test tubes
4. Water bath
5. Concentrated sulphuric
acid
6. Measuring cylinders
7. Bunsen burner and
tripod stand
62 | P a g e
4. The mixture was then allowed to cool and the scent of vinegar was
identified coming from the reaction mixture.
Table 1: Observations
On addition of potassium dichromate (VI)
solution
Observation
s and
: On addition of concentrated H2SO4 and heat
Results
After cooling
Data
Analysis
and
Interpretati
on
Light green
yellow
blue
Initially, the colour of the solution is orange due to the dichromate ions. On
oxidation of ethanol, which is a primary alcohol, an aldehyde is formed
firstly.
Cr2O72-/H+
CH3CH2OH(aq)
CH3HC=O + 2H+ + 2eThe aldehyde is further oxidised to a carboxylic acid, ethanoic acid.
CH3HC=O + H2O
63 | P a g e
Discussion
Cr6+
Orange
Conclusion
Cr3+
Green
64 | P a g e
Lab # NA
Skills
Assessed:
Date:
O/R/
R
M/M
A/I
P/D
Title
: Organic Compounds
Aim
Theory
RCOOH(l) + R OH(l)
Apparatus
and
Material
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ethanol
Glacial ethanoic acid
Cold water
Bunsen burner and tripod
Boiling tube
6. Concentrated sulphuric
acid
7. Measuring cylinders
8. Beaker
9. Water bath
65 | P a g e
Table 1: Observations
On mixing ethanoic acid and ethanol
Observation
s and
: On addition of concentrated H2SO4 and heat
Results
On pouring mixture in beaker containing
ice cold water
Data
Analysis
and
Interpretati
on
No visible reaction
No visible reaction
Two distinct layers were visible. The top layer
was insoluble and cloudy and a sweet fruity
smell was emitted.
+ CH3CH2OH(l)
CH3COOHCH2CH3(l)
+ H2O(l)
Discussion
:
Conclusion
66 | P a g e
67 | P a g e
Lab # 15
Skills
Assessed:
Date:
O/R/
R
M/M
A/I
P/D
Title
Aim
Theory
Simple distillation is used to separate volatile liquids from non- volatile ones
with different boiling points. If the boiling points difference between two
: liquids is less than 60 degrees, then fractional distillation is used instead.
Ethanol and water are miscible solvents whose boiling points are 78C and
100C respectively, and hence fractional distillation is more appropriate for
their separation.
Apparatus
and
Material
Procedure
:
4. 50 cm3 measuring
cylinder
5. Anti-bumping granules
6. Hot plate
1. The class was divided into two groups. One group carried out simple
distillation and the other group carried out fractional distillation. The
information and data obtained by both groups were then shared
within the two groups.
2. The distillation apparatus was set up, using a measuring cylinder as
the collecting vessel.
3. 50 cm3 of ethanol- water mixture together with some anti-bumping
granules were added to the distilling flask. The flask was then
attached to the rest of the apparatus.
68 | P a g e
Observatio
ns and
Results
:
Table 1 : Temperature readings for distillate collected during fractional distillation
Volume of Distillate / cm3
Temperature / C
1st drop
03
06
09
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
Temperature / C
03
06
09
69 | P a g e
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
Graph
Data
Analysis
Data
Analysis and
:
Interpretati
on
Discussion
Conclusion
70 | P a g e
Lab # 16
Skills
Assessed:
Date:
O/R/
R
M/M
A/I
P/D
Title
: Organic Compound
Aim
: To analyse substance X4
Theory
Apparatus
and
Material
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sample X4
Bromine solution
Solid Na2CO3
Test tubes and test tube racks
5. 2, 4 DNPH
6. Bench reagents :
AgNO3(aq), NH3(aq),
NaOH(aq), I2(aq)
7. Measuring cylinder
71 | P a g e
On addition of Solid
Na2CO3
On addition of 2,4
DNPH
On addition of Tollens
Reagent
On addition of Iodine
Solution
Discussion
Conclusion
72 | P a g e
Lab # 17
Skills Assessed:
Date:
O/R/
R
M/M
A/I
P/D
Title
Soil pH is a measure of hydronium ion (H3O+, or more commonly the H+) activity
in the soil solution. Soil pH influences many facets of crop production and soil
chemistry, including availabilities of nutrients and toxic substances, activities and
nature of microbial populations, and activities of certain pesticides. Soils with pH
values below 7 are referred to as "acid" and those with pH values above 7 as
"alkaline"; soils at pH 7 are referred to as "neutral." Most crops grow best if the
soil pH is between 6.0 and 7.5.
Case
:
Mr. Smith, a farmer, wants to increase his yield of vegetables, but of lately, he
finds that his plants are not thriving well. His neighbour tells him that his soil
may be too acidic for the plants to grow well, and suggests that he test the pH of
his soil to confirm.
Plan and Design an experiment to test for the pH of the soil, using a pH meter.
Apparatus
and
Material
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
pH meter
Electronic balance
Paper cups
Standard buffer solutions of pH 2, 4, 7
and 9 for calibrating pH meter
5.
6.
7.
8.
Pipettes
Soil sample
Deionized water
Stirrer
1. Calibrate the pH meter over the appropriate range using the standard
buffer solutions.
2. Weigh 5 g of sieved, air dried soil sample and place into a paper cup.
3. Add 5 ml deionized water to the sample of soil in the paper cup
73 | P a g e
4. Stir the sample for a minute, and then leave to settle for 30 minutes to
form a slurry
5. After formation of slurry, place electrodes of the pH meter into the slurry
and read the pH, ensuring that the electrodes tips are in the slurry.
6. Repeat the above procedure at least twice for accuracy.
Observatio
ns and
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
pH
: Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
Which type of water (distilled, deionized, tap water) is preferred, and give
reasons why?
Give two precautions that should be undertaken when carrying out your
experiment?
Lab # NA
Skills Assessed:
Date:
O/R/
R
M/M
A/I
P/D
Title
Case
: Rock salt, also known as halite, or impure NaCl, is typically formed by the
evaporation of salty sea water which contains dissolved Na+ and Cl- ions, as well
as other impurities such as potassium and sulphates. Rock salt is also applied to
74 | P a g e
road beds in cold climates to help reduce the freezing point of water on the road,
and since saline has a lower freezing point that water, putting rock salt on ice will
cause it to melt.
Table salt is essential for human life. A large amount of the commercially mined
rock salt is prepared for human consumption. Plan and design an experiment to
obtain pure NaCl, or table salt, from a sample of impure rock salt. Include how
you would be able to find the percentage of mass of salt crystals recovered from
the sample of rock salt.
Apparatus
and
Material
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Conical flasks
Distilled water
Ice bath
Beakers
Observatio
ns and
Results
Data
Analysis
75 | P a g e
paper (g)
2. Percentage by mass of salt crystals recovered from the sample of rock salt
= mass of purified crystals (g)mass of rock salt (g) x
100
Discussion
Conclusion
Lab # 18
Skills Assessed:
Date:
O/R/
R
M/M
A/I
P/D
Title
Aim
Theory
An aspirin tablet can be hydrolyzed with excess sodium hydroxide and then back
titrated with hydrochloric acid. The amount of alkali used for the hydrolysis can
then be calculated and from this information, the mass of 2-ethanoylhydroxybenzoic acid in an aspirin tablet can be determined.
Apparatus
and
Material
1. Aspirin tablets
2. Standard 0.2 mol dm-3 NaOH
3. Standard 0.1 mol dm-3 HCl
5. 25 cm3 pipette
6. 3 conical flasks
7. Bunsen burner
76 | P a g e
4. 50 cm3 burette
Procedure
:
8. Phenolphthalein indicator
1. 25 cm3 of NaOH was pipetted into a conical flask and one aspirin tablet
was added to this flask. The solution was then warmed gently to allow the
tablet to dissolve.
2. The solution was then cooled, and three drops of Phenolphthalein indicator
was then added to it.
3. This solution was then titrated with hydrochloric acid.
4. Steps 1 to 3 were then repeated until accurate results were obtained.
Accurate
8.6
17.2
25.8
34.3
0.0
8.6
17.2
25.8
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.5
25 cm3 of aspirin and NaOH required 8.6 cm3 of HCl in the titration.
Discussion
1. Write a balanced equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and
sodium hydroxide
2. Calculate the number of moles of NaOH in the 25 cm3 of alkali used.
3. F ind the number of moles of HCl used in the titration
4. How many moles of NaOH reacted with HCl in the titration
5.
77 | P a g e
78 | P a g e
Lab # 19
Skills
Assessed:
Date:
O/R/
R
M/M
A/I
P/D
Title
: Environmental
Aim
Theory
Pollutants found in water include cyanide, lead (II) ions, nitrates and
phosphates. Cyanide is converted to thiocyanate when it reacts with sulphur.
This ion is found in effluents from mining and industrial factories. Certain
pesticides also contain thiocyanate ion as the main ingredient. Phosphates are
nitrates are present in fertilizers and detergents, and these can also pollute the
waterways.
:
Carry out the following procedure to test for SCN-, NO3-, PO43- and Pb2+.
SCN- gives a blood red colour on addition of aqueous iron (III) nitrate.
PO43- gives a bright yellow precipitate when warmed with ammonium
molybdate
NO3- is identified via the brown ring test
A white precipitate is formed with Pb2+ on addition of hydrochloric acid.
Apparatus
and
Material
Procedure
7. Conc. H2SO4
8. Conc. HNO3
9. Bench HCl and H2SO4
10. Test tubes
11. Water bath
79 | P a g e
2. 2 cm3 of sample P in a test tube was acidified with dilute H2SO4. Half
a spatula of solid iron (II) sulphate was then added to the acidified
sample.
3. To this acidified sample of P, 0.5 cm3 of Conc. H2SO4 was then
carefully added, by letting it flow down the side of the test tube. The
mixture was then left undisturbed until two separate layers were
formed within the test tube. Observations were made ad recorded.
4. 2 cm3 of sample P in a test tube was acidified with Conc. HNO3. A
little amount of ammonium molybdate was then added and the tube
was then gently warmed in a water bath. Observations were made and
recorded.
5. Dilute HCl was added to 2 cm3 of sample P in a test tube. The
mixture was then heated for one minute and then allowed to cool.
Any observations were recorded.
6. Steps 1-5 were then repeated for both sample Q and R
Table 1 : Observations made during the experiment for all three samples P, Q
and R
Observations with:
Observatio
ns and
Results
Sample
s
Fe(NO3)3(aq)
Fe2+(aq)/conc.
H2SO4
(NH4)2
MoO4(a
HCl (aq)
q)
P
Q
R
Data
:
Analysis and
Interpretati
on
1.
80 | P a g e
Conclusion
81 | P a g e
Lab # NA
Skills
Assessed:
Date:
O/R/
R
M/M
A/I
P/D
Title
Aim
: Organic
Case
Mr. Smith wants to buy a new car. He has a choice of vehicles which run on
leaded gasoline, unleaded gasoline, compressed natural gas, and diesel. His
: environmentally conscious friend suggests he buys a car which contributes to
the least amount of pollution. Suggest which fuel is most environmentally
friendly and plan and design an experiment to test your suggestion.
Apparatus
and
Material
1.
:
Procedure
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Observatio
ns and
Results
82 | P a g e
Data
Analysis and
:
Interpretati
on
Discussion
Conclusion
83 | P a g e
Lab # 20
Skills
Assessed:
Date:
O/R/
R
M/M
A/I
P/D
Title
Aim
Case
84 | P a g e
Apparatus
and
Material
1.
:
Procedure
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Diagram
Observatio
ns and
Results
Data
Analysis and
:
Interpretati
on
Discussion
Conclusion
85 | P a g e