MICROBIAL ENHANCED

OIL RECOVERY (MEOR)

LATAR BELAKANG
Keanekaragaman hayati Indonesia.
Bakteri dapat menghasilkan lebih dari
satu jenis bioproduk.
Penurunan produksi minyak indonesia.
Keterbatasan anggaran yang dimiliki
oleh pemerintah Indonesia.
MICROBIAL FLOODING
Two methods of flooding are employed using
microbial techniques to enhance oil production,
microbial flooding and cyclic microbial recovery.
Microbial flooding is performed by injecting a solution
of microorganisms and a nutrient such as industrial
molasses down injection wells drilled into an oil-
bearing reservoir. As the microorganisms feed on the
nutrient, they metabolically produce products ranging
from acids and surfactants to certain gases such as
hydrogen and carbon dioxide. These products act
upon the oil in place in a variety of ways, making it
easier to move the oil through the reservoir to
production wells.
The microbial and nutrient solution and the resulting
bank of oil and products are moved through the
reservoir by means of drive water injected behind
them, as shown in the drawing.
Bacteria which exist in the reservoir may
originate from the remaining bacteria
population at the formation of oil
Although bacteria penetration from
surface aquifer takes many years, but as
long as the water contains organic carbon
found in rocks, penetration with slow
bacteria growth is possible
Bacteria Growth
LARGE VARIETY
NEED NUTRIENTS
HAVE ENORMOUS CAPACITIES FOR CHEMICAL
SYNTHESIS
HAVE A WIDE RANGE OF ELABORATE PRODUCTS
SELF-PROPAGATING : NOT PASSIVE
SELF-RENEWING : KEEP PRODUCING
SUBSTANCES
DELICATE TO HOSTILE ENVIRONMENT
ECONOMIC
Microorganism
Characteristics
MEOR is a process to improve oil recovery by
using microbes
Microbe characteristics:
Able to live in high pressure and high
temperature
Anaerobe
Able to live in low pH and high salinity
Able to live in less nutrition environment
Able to use Hydrocarbon as nutrition source
MICROBIAL ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY (MEOR)
Producing acid
dissolve rock matrix so that will
increase porosity and permeability
Producing gas (basically similar with CO
2
flood)
Producing solvent (ethanol, butanol,
acetone, isopropanol)
miscible with oil, and reducing oil
viscosity and giving better mobility
ratio.
Basic Mechanism for MEOR
(Sublette, 1993)
Mechanisms of Microbial Methods
Producing surfactant
basically similar with surfactant flood
Selective plugging
Improves sweep efficiency in
heterogeneous reservoirs
Producing polymer
reducing water mobility and able to
control water mobility by increasing
water viscosity
Basic Mechanism for MEOR
Mechanisms of Microbial Methods
Mechanisms of Microbial Methods
Mechanisms of Microbial Methods
Mechanisms of Microbial Methods
Mechanisms of Microbial Methods
Formation plugging
Bacteria can plug pores of the rock which
affects porosity and permeability
Bacteria that can plug pores are sulfate
reducing bacteria (SRB) which belong to:
Desulfovibrio
Desulfotomaculum
Bacteria Effect in Reservoir
Oil Degradation in reservoir
Souring
Sulfides production in oilbearing formation
by sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) can make
produced oil & gas become sour
Bacteria Effect in Reservoir
Desirable Properties of Microbes for MEOR
project:
Resistant to high pressure and temperature
Capacity to use food anaerobically
Smaller size than the pores; able to pass through
pores
Able to live in low pH and high salinity
environment
Able to live in an environment with shortage of
nutrition
MEOR Mechanism
Desirable Properties of Microbes for MEOR project:
Able to use hydrocarbon as their nutrition (carbon
and energy) source
Able to multiply in reservoir
Produce agents which mobilize oil
Do not produce plugging and corrosive materials
BACTERIA IS THE MOST POTENTIAL GROUP OF
MICROORGANISMS
MEOR Mechanism
Microbial Methods (MEOR)
Microbial Methods (MEOR)
Typical application
Generally applied as single-well stimulation
50 100 liters microbial culture
1 100 MM cells/ ml cell count
50 100 m
3
nutrient solution, 2 4 % by wt.
0.03 0.1% wt. Nitrates and phosphates
3 6 month incubation period
6 24 month production period
Problems:
Formation plugging
Inappropriate geological condition (faults,
stratigraphic phase out)
Inappropriate crude oil characteristics
Contamination by other microorganism
Short of nutrition
Failure of biological System
MEOR Mechanism
Two ways of injecting bacteria:
Huff-Puff like
bacteria with its nutrients is injected with
waterflood. Then well is closed and opened
again as producer (periodically).
Inject bacteria with specified time interval
MEOR Mechanism
Microbial Injection Process:
Treatment using chemical-flocculating agent to separate solids
Deaeration and biocide addition (to minimize bacteria growth)
Filtering through sand or dictomaceous-earth filter
Filtering through cartridge-filter
Filtering through polishing-filter before injection
Addition of biocide, corrosion inhibitor, oxygen-scavenger
Injection
General
CYCLIC MICROBIAL RECOVERY
(A well-stimulation method)
Microbial methods of flooding to enhance oil production include microbial
flooding and cyclic microbial recovery.
Cyclic microbial recovery, one of the newest EOR methods, requires the
injection of a solution of microorganisms and nutrients down a well into an oil
reservoir. This injection can usually be performed in a matter of hours,
depending on the depth and permeability of the oil-bearing formation. Once
injection is accomplished, the injection well is shut in for days to weeks.
During this time, known as an incubation or soak period, the microorganisms
feed on the nutrients provided and multiply in number. These microorganisms
produce substances metabolically that affect the oil in place in ways that
facilitate its flow, making it easier to produce. Depending on the
microorganisms used, these products may be acids, surfactants, and certain
gases, most notably hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
At the end of this period, the well is opened, and the oil and products
resulting from this process are produced.
This method eliminates the need for continual injection, but after the
production phase is completed a new supply of microorganisms and nutrients
must be injected if the process is to be repeated.
Performance of Microbial Methods
Performance of Microbial Methods
Recent Investigations
in Microbial Methods
Methods to get bacteria required:
Strain Isolation with selection
Genetic exchange between cells
Genetics engineering
General
Microbial Methods (MEOR)
CONCEPT
Bacteria
Nutrient
Metabolism &
Action on oil
More Bacteria
Useful
products for
EOR
Regenerate
Reservoir indigenous bacterial isolation and
cultivation
Reservoir indigenous bacterial characterization to
oil
Reservoir bacterial role simulation in laboratory
scale
the following year
Field application
Objectives
Oil sampling
Sequential isolation and oil
characterization
Adaptation to Oil Recovery Medium
Growth factor optimization
Oil characterization on bacterial activities
Oil recovery simulation
Procedures
Procedures
Oil sampling
Sequential isolation
Adaptation to Oil
Recovery Medium
Oil characterization
on bacterial activities
Growth factor
optimization
Oil recovery
simulation
Pengambilan
Sampel
PROSEDUR & HASIL
Pengamatan
Swelling
Pewarnaan&
Identifikasi
Inokulasi Karakterisasi
Isolasi
Screening
(Temperatur)
Adaptasi
Medium SMSS
Medium Air Formasi+oil+Amonium
DEFINISI
Mikroba / Mikroorganisme
Mahluk hidup dengan ukuran
diameter 0,5-30 mikrometer (10
-6
m)
Bakteri
Salah satu jenis dari mikroba
Isolasi
Pemisahan mikroba berdasar sifat
yang diinginkan dari kelompok
besarnya. Isolat: hasil isolasi
Inokulasi
Pemindahan bakteri ke medium baru
untuk dikembangkan. Inokulum:
bakteri yang dipindahkan
Medium
Fluida (cairan / gel) tempat
pembiakkan bakteri.
Adaptasi
Memindahkan Bakteri ke medium baru
ADAPTASI
Adaptasi dilakukan dalam medium baru
(sampel minyak + air formasi + amonium).
Mengetahui daya taham bakteri yang
telah lulus screening dalam medium
baru.
Lima isolat bakteri hasil screening dapat
bertahan hidup.
Isolat
GM 2 GM 3 GM 6 GM 7 GM11
HASIL PEWARNAAN& PENGAMATAN
NO ISOLATE BENTUK GRAM
1 GM 1 Batang Negatif
2 GM 2 Batang Negatif
3 GM 3 Batang Negatif
4 GM 4 Batang Negatif
5 GM 5 Batang Negatif
6 GM 6 Batang Negatif
Bakteri dikembangkan dalam
Erlenmeyer yang berisi garammineral
yang mengandung glukosa sebagai
media fermentasi untuk
berkembangbiak. Suhu pada gelas
Erlenmeyer dijaga konstan pada 37
o
C
sambil diaduk/digoyang dengan mesin
dengan kecepatan 180 rpm.
Mikroorganisme, Medium Dan Kondisi
Pertumbuhan Bakteri
Isolasi Dan Ekstraksi Biosurfaktan Mentah
(Crude Biosurfactant)
Setelah dikembangbiakkan, produksi biosurfactant dipisahkan
dengan metode pengendapan asam(acid precipitation).
Dimana sel-sel bakteri dipisahkan dari biosurfactant yang
dihasilkannya dengan cara mengaduknya (centrifuge) dengan
kecepatan 10.000 kali kecepatan gravitasi selama 20 menit.
Setelah memisah, kemudian biosurfactant mentah tersebut
(supernatant) dipindahkan ke media lain lalu ditambahkan 6 N HCl
sehingga pH-nya menjadi 2,0.
Setelah itu dibiarkan semalam pada suhu 4
o
C sehingga
biosurfactant menjadi mengendap.
Setelah itu pH nya dinaikkan menjadi 8,0 sambil diaduk dan
dilakukan proses penghilangan kandungan air dengan cara
mendinginkan dan memvakumnya (lyophilization) sehingga akhirnya
diperoleh kristal biosurfactant.
Kemudian kristal biosurfactant tersebut diekstrak dengan methanol
untuk selanjutnya dilakukan proses pemurnian dengan metode HPLC.
Bacterial suspension
Sampling every 12 hours with
pour plate method while colony
counting
Growth Curve
Bacteria
OD measure, = 620nm
Suspension on OD = 0,5
10% bacterial suspension in
100 mL recovery medium +
20% sterile crude oil
Incubated 4 days on 50
0
C with
120 rpm agitation
Turned into suspension in
sterile NaCl
10% suspension taken to
new medium
Bacterial suspension in sterile medium (100 mL
SMSSe + 2% crude oil)
Activated on gradually increased temperature
(50C, 60C, 70C, 80C, 90C).
3 day of each temperature, 10% bacterial taken and
incubated to the next temperature
Bacteria
Active Bacterial
Turned into suspension in sterile NaCl
Bacterial on the last temperature (90C)
Store in sterile medium (SMSSe + 2% crude oil)
Activation
Bacterial on the first temperature
(50C)
Pure indigenous bacterial
100 ml SMSSe sterile + 2% brine water & crude
oil Suratmi non sterile
Microbial growth
Incubated several days on certain temperature
(70
0
C) with 120rpm agitation
Inoculated every day
resuspension
Microbial colony
Purification
Unpure Isolates
Isolation Phase 1
SMSSe + 2% crude oil
sterile + bacterial from
isolation phase 1
Isolation Phase 2
SMSSe + 2% crude oil
non sterile
10 % inoculum & residual
oil degradation
Residual oil degradation
Incubated several days on certain
temperature (70
0
C) with 120rpm
agitation
Incubated several days on certain
temperature (70
0
C) with 120rpm
agitation
Pure indigenous bacterial
Inoculated every day
resuspension
Microbial colony
Purification
Unpure Isolates
ADAPTATION
Pure Bacterial
Turned into suspension in
sterile NaCl
10% suspension with OD 0,5 in medium
Incubated on reservoir temperature
with 120 rpm agitation. By 4
th
day,
10% bacterial moved to new medium
Bacterial incubated again on reservoir
temperature for 4 days
Adapted Bacterial
Bacterial platted and store in
sterile medium
- Counted number of bacteria and measured pH value in first day
Rock sample
- Incubated for 14 day, t = 50 C
- Observated of rock sample
- Cleaned and measured of porosity and permeability
Rock sample
Rock sample saturated
with crude oil
- Saturated with crude oil
Recovery medium
sterile
- 10% (V/V)
from volume
recovery
medium
- Set in Erlemeyer flask aseptically
- Measured volume of oil in rock sample
Microbe starter
Day 1 of
treatment, H
= 0
Day 14 of
treatment, H
= 14
TREATMENT
- Cleaned and measured of porosity and permeability
CONTROL
Rock sample
- Incubated for 14 day, t = 50 C
- Observated of rock sample
- Cleaned and measured of porosity and permeability
Rock sample
Rock sample saturated
with crude oil
- Saturated with crude oil
Recovery medium
sterile
- Set in Erlemeyer flask aseptically
- Measured volume of oil in rock sample
Day 1 of
treatment, H
= 0
Day 14 of
treatment, H
= 14
- Cleaned and measured of porosity and permeability
Sequential Isolation
First Stage
SMSSe medium
2% Crude oil
(bacterial source)
Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7
bacteria bacteria bacteria bacteria bacteria
SMSSe agar + oil
Sequential Isolation
Second Stage
SMSSe medium
2% Crude oil
(bacterial source)
Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7
Day 3-7 Day 3-7 Day 3-7 Day 3-7 Day 3-7
SMSSe + 1
st
stage
degraded oil
SMSSe agar + 1
st
stage degraded oil
bacteria bacteria bacteria bacteria bacteria
Sequential Isolation
Third Stage
SMSSe medium
2% Crude oil
(bacterial source)
Week 2 Week 4
Day 3-7 Day 3-7
SMSSe + 2
nd
stage
degraded oil
Week 3
Day 3-7
SMSSe agar + 2
nd
stage degraded oil
bacteria bacteria bacteria
Sequential Isolation
SMSSe medium
bacteria
Crude oil
(microbial source)
bacteria
SMSSe+1
st
stage
degradated oil
bacteria
SMSSe+2
nd
stage
degradated oil
STAGE I
STAGE II STAGE III
Growth Factor Optimization
Performing growth curve
Temperature optimization
Medium pH optimization
Inoculum concentration optimization
Bacterial isolate
First-stage bacterium isolate (x 1000)
Micrographs Of Bacterial Cells Under Gram And
Endospore Staining With 1000x Magnification.
Flavimonas sp
Amphibacillusxylanus
Bacillus polymyxa
Bacillus macarens B. stearothermophilus Clostridium butyricum
Oil Swelling
Control First-stage degraded oil
Results
Crude oil chromatogram
First-stage degraded oil chromatogram
Oil viscosity and interfacial tension
Samples Viscosity (cps)
Interfacial
tension
(dynes/cm)
Control 260
35,2
First
-
stage
degraded oil
64
34,7
Results
Oil Recovery Simulation
Volume of
oil recovery (mL)
oil recovery
increase
Control 7 3,5%
Repetition 1 24 12%
Repetition 2 22 11%
Mean 23 11,5%
The Oil Recovery Simulation Oil Recovery Simulation
by Modified Lazar Collector
density
0,8904
0,8792
0,8831 0,8853 0,8825 0,884 0,8897
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
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density
interfacial tension
15,46
12,07
12,53
13,65
11,74
11,28
14,92
0
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4
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interfacial tension
viscosity
3,324
3,205
2,875
3,132
2,968
3,165
3,282
2,6
2,7
2,8
2,9
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3,1
3,2
3,3
3,4
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viscosity
Oil Swelling
0
0,9
0,95
1,05
0,95
1
0,7
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0,6
0,8
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Oil Swelling