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Steam Power Plant units

1- Steam turbine:-
A steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal energy from
pressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating
output shaft. Its modern manifestation was invented by Sir Charles
Parsons in 1884.
Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to
be used to drive an electrical generator. The steam turbine is a form
of heat engine that derives much of its improvement in thermodynamic
efficiency from the use of multiple stages in the expansion of the steam,
which results in a closer approach to the ideal reversible expansion
process
Impulse turbines
An impulse turbine has fixed nozzles that orient the steam flow into
high speed jets. These jets contain significant kinetic energy, which is
converted into shaft rotation by the bucket-like shaped rotor blades, as
the steam jet changes direction. A pressure drop occurs across only the
stationary blades, with a net increase in steam velocity across the stage.
As the steam flows through the nozzle its pressure falls from inlet
pressure to the exit pressure (atmospheric pressure, or more usually, the
condenser vacuum). Due to this high ratio of expansion of steam, the
steam leaves the nozzle with a very high velocity. The steam leaving the
moving blades has a large portion of the maximum velocity of the steam
when leaving the nozzle. The loss of energy due to this higher exit
velocity is commonly called the carry over velocity or leaving loss.
Reaction turbines
In the reaction turbine, the rotor blades themselves are arranged to form
convergent nozzles. This type of turbine makes use of the reaction force
produced as the steam accelerates through the nozzles formed by the
rotor. Steam is directed onto the rotor by the fixed vanes of the stator. It
leaves the stator as a jet that fills the entire circumference of the rotor.
The steam then changes direction and increases its speed relative to the
speed of the blades. A pressure drop occurs across both the stator and
the rotor, with steam accelerating through the stator and decelerating
through the rotor, with no net change in steam velocity across the stage
but with a decrease in both pressure and temperature, reflecting the
work performed in the driving of the rotor.

Steam turbine governing

Throttle governing
In throttle governing the pressure of steam is reduced at the turbine
entry thereby decreasing the availability of energy. In this method steam
is allowed to pass through a restricted passage thereby reducing its
pressure across the governing valve.
[6]
The flow rate is controlled using
a partially opened steam control valve. The reduction in pressure leads
to a throttling process in which the enthalpy of steam remains
constant.
[5]



2-Boiler: [4]
Definition of boiler
A boiler can be defined as a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is
heated under pressure. This fluid is then circulated out of the boiler for
use in various processes or power generation. In the case of power
generation steam is taken out of the steam boiler at very high pressure
and temperature.
Types of boiler
There are mainly two types of boiler water tube boiler and fire tube
boiler.
In fire tube boiler, there are numbers of tubes through which hot gases
are passed and water surrounds these tubes..
Water Tube Boiler
A water tube boiler is such kind of boiler where the water is heated
inside tubes and the hot gasses surround them.

This is the basic definition of water tube boiler. Actually this boiler is
just opposite of fire
tube boiler where hot gasses are passed through tubes which are
surrounded by water
Working principle of Water Tube Boiler
It consists of mainly tow drums
1- Upper drum (steam drum) 2- lower drum (mud drum).
These upper and lower drums are connected with two tubes namely
down-comer and riser tube. Water in the lower drum and in the riser
connected to it, is heated and steam is produced in them which comes to
the upper drums naturally. In the upper drum the steam is separated
from water naturally and stored above the water surface. The colder
water is fed from feed water inlet at upper drum and as this water is
heavier than the hotter water of lower drum and that in the riser, the
colder water push the hotter water upwards through the riser. So there
is one convectional flow of water in the boiler system.


Types of Water Tube Boiler
There are many types of water tube boilers, such as
1) Horizontal Straight Tube Boiler 2) Bent Tube Boiler 3) Cyclone
Fired Boiler.
Advantages of water tube boiler
1) Larger heating surface can be achieved by using more numbers of
water tubes.
2) Due to convectional flow, movement of water is much faster than
that of fire tube boiler; hence rate of heat transfer is high which results
into higher efficiency.
3) Very high pressure in order of 140 kg/cm
2
can be obtained smoothly.
Disadvantage of water tube boiler
1) The main disadvantage of water tube boiler is that it is not compact in
construction.
2) Its cost is not cheap.
3) Size is a difficulty for transportation and construction.
3-Condensing Unit
There're many types of condensers, like:
Surface condenser
A surface condenser is a commonly used term for a water-cooled shell
and tube heat exchanger installed on the exhaust steam from a steam
turbine in thermal.
[1][2][3]
These condensers are heat exchangers which
convert steam from its gaseous to its liquid state at a pressure below
atmospheric. Where cooling water is in short supply, an air-cooled
condenser is often used. An air-cooled condenser is significantly more
expensive and cannot achieve as low a steam turbine exhaust pressure
as a water-cooled surface condenser.
Surface condensers are also used in applications and industries other
than the condensing of steam turbine exhaust in power plants.
Purpose:-
The primary purpose of a surface condenser is to condense the exhaust
steam from a steam turbine to obtain maximum efficiency, and also to
convert the turbine exhaust steam into pure water (referred to as steam
condensate) so that it may be reused in the steam generator or boiler as
boiler feed water.


Why it is required?
The steam turbine itself is a device to convert the heat in steam to
mechanical power. The difference between the heat of steam per unit
mass at the inlet to the turbine and the heat of steam per unit mass at the
outlet from the turbine represents the heat which is converted to
mechanical power. Therefore, the more the conversion of heat
per pound or kilogram of steam to mechanical power in the turbine, the
better is its efficiency. By condensing the exhaust steam of a turbine at a
pressure below atmospheric pressure, the steam pressure drop between
the inlet and exhaust of the turbine is increased, which increases the
amount of heat available for conversion to mechanical power. Most of
the heat liberated due to condensation of the exhaust steam is carried
away by the cooling medium (water or air) used by the surface
condenser
Diagram of water-cooled surface condenser:-


The adjacent diagram depicts a typical water-cooled surface condenser
as used in power stations to condense the exhaust steam from a steam
turbine driving an electrical as well in other applications.
[2][3][4][5]
There
are many fabrication design variations depending on the manufacturer,
the size of the steam

4-Boiler Feed Pumps [7]
The boiler feed pump (BFP) is one of the most important auxiliary
equipment in coal-fired power plants.
With the increase in steam parameters of thermodynamic cycle
and the growth of unit capacity, the power capacity of boiler feed
pumps is also growing.
The power consumption of BFP has been accounted for about 5%
of power generation capacity in the large generating units.
The reasonable choice for boiler feed pump driving mode plays
an important role in the operation economy of the entire power
plant.
The type and number of BFP and the design of its water supply
system have a great impact on thermal efficiency and operation
cost
References
1. Jump up^ Robert Thurston Kent (Editor in Chief) (1936). Kent
Mechanical Engineers Handbook (Eleventh edition (Two
volumes) ed.). John Wiley & Sons (Wiley Engineering Handbook
Series).
2. ^ Jump up to:
a

b
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (2005). Steam: Its
Generation and Use (41st edition ed.).ISBN 0-9634570-0-4.
3. ^ Jump up to:
a

b
Thomas C. Elliott, Kao Chen, Robert Swanekamp
(coauthors) (1997). Standard Handbook of Power plant
Engineering (2nd edition ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0-
07-019435-1.
4-from the website: http://www.electrical4u.com/water-tube-boiler-
operation-and-types-of-water-tube-boiler/
5- ^ Jump up to:
a

b

c

d
1966_jachens_steam turbines their
construction.pdf Steam Turbines: Their Construction, Selection and
Operation. W. B. Jachens (Proceedings of the South African Sugar
Technologists Association -1966
6-^ Jump up to:
a

b

c

d

e

f
Thermal engineering Rathore and Mahesh. M
(2010) Tata McGraw-hill.p.739.
7- P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
I I T Delhi

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