RELATIVE CLAUSES!

Klauza je relativna ukoliko se moze zameniti participom! Kao I ako mozemo izbaciti
relative pronoun, a da znacenje ostaje isto (Have you seen those people who we met on
holiday- Have you seen those people we met on ..
I told you about the woman who lives ne!t door. " I told you about the woman living ne!t
door.
#o you see the cat which is lying on the roo$% " #o you see the cat lying on the roo$%
Defining and Non-defining
Defining BEZ ZAREZA, dodatno objasnjava nesto & Im going to wear the skirt that I
bought in London.
Non-defining ZAREZ, tipicna apozicija & ukoliko se izbaci, znacenje ostaje isto&
My eldest son, whose work takes him all over the world, is in Hong Kong at the moment.
'y boss, who is very nice, lives in 'anchester.
FINITE AND NON-FINITE
Finie ima vreme
Non- finie ! in$initive, participle, (erund
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
TI"E ! a$ter, as, as lon( as, as soon as, be$ore, no sooner than, since, until, when, or
while.
#LACE ! )n adverb o$ place o$ten starts with a preposition (e.(., in, on, near or one o$
the $ollowin( subordinatin( conjunctions& anywhere, everywhere, where, or wherever.
"ANNER ! is used to say $O% someone does somethin(, or how somethin( is done.
as
as i$ * as thou(h
as + adverb + as ,.. as, like, or the way.
the $orm -verb+in(- is not used $or makin( a manner clause. .e use a prepositional
phrase $ormed with -by*without + verb in in(- to e!press manner.
He began his speech by telling a joke.
CO"#ARISON! than, as...as, so...as, or the...the.
- ) vacuum is a hell o$ a lot better than some o$ the stu$$ that nature replaces it
with.
- He is as smart as he is tall.
- /he is not so bri(ht as she thinks she is.
CONDITION ! 0nder what conditions% i$, unless, lest, provided (that,

1acey won2t win the pero(y-eatin( contest if she keeps eating aster than Hank can
count.
CONCESSION ! althou(h, thou(h, while, hou(h, althou(h, even thou(h, while,
whereas, or even i$.
3 )lthou(h (ol$ was ori(inally restricted to wealthy, overwei(ht 4rotestants,
today it2s open to anybody who owns hideous clothin(.
3 ) loud voice cannot compete with a clear voice, even i$ it2s a whisper.
REASON ! %h&' as, because, given, or since, $or, so that
A( she wanted to practise her spoken 5n(lish, 6arrie re(ularly took part in
the 5167s 8i( 'outh 6orner.
'ark joined the 5n(lish #rama 6lub )e*a+(e he wanted to improve his
intonation.
#on7t use so in sentences be(innin( with since, as or because. Here is a common
mistake&
!ince he was interested in movies, so #avid joined the 4oly0 International 9ilm
/ociety.
#UR#OSE ! .hy% (.hat was the reason $or doin( this%
in order to, so that, in order that
- :hey had to take some o$ his land so that they could e"tend the chuchyard.
/entence + so that # in order that + subject + verb + complement.
/entence + so as to # in order to + verb + complement.
RESULT ! so, so... that, or such , that.
:he lecture was borin( and irrelevant, so some o$ the students be(an to $all
asleep.
4eter was havin( problems with mathematics, so he went to see his tutor to ask
$or advice.
:here were so many books on the subject that 6indy didn7t know where to be(in.
:here was such a lot o$ material to cover that Ivan $ound it di$$icult to keep up
with his studies.
/ubject + verb + so + adjective*adverb + that + subject + verb + comp
- /he is so hun(ry that she has lunch early.
/ubject + verb + such + noun(s + that + subject + verb + complement
- /he acts such a rude manner that no man loves her.
- :hat no man loves her, she acts such a rude manner.
DE,REE ! .e use adverb clause o$ de(ree to modi$y verb in main clause.
S+)o-dinaing Con.+n*ion(! according to as, according to how
- /he will be paid accordin( to how she works.
- )ccordin( to how she works, she will be paid.
NO"INAL CLAUSES!
) nominal clause (noun clause $unctions like a noun or noun phrase. It is a (roup o$
words containin( a subject and a $inite verb o$ its own and contains one o$ the $ollowin(&
that | if | whether
Nominal clauses may begin with interrogatives:
who whom what which whoever whomever whatever
when where how why