Gas Dynamics-Rayleigh Flow

RAYLEIGH FLOW
Constant area Duct flow with Heat Transfer and negligible

friction is called Rayleigh flow (Simple diabatic flow)
•Many compressible flow problems encountered in practice involve
chemical reactions such as combustion, nuclear reactions, evaporation,
and condensation as well as heat gain or heat loss through the duct wall
•Such problems are difficult to analyze
•Essential features of such complex flows can be captured by a simple

analysis method where generation/absorption is modeled as heat transfer
through the wall at the same rate
•Still too complicated for introductory treatment since flow may involve
friction, geometry changes, 3D effects
•We will focus on 1D flow in a duct of constant cross-sectional area with

negligible frictional effects
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RAYLEIGH FLOW

RAYLEIGH FLOW- Assumptions
To isolate the effects heat transfer we make the following
assumptions:
1. The area of the flow passage or duct is constant.

2. The flow is steady and one-dimensional.
3. There is no work, body forces are negligible, and
the effects of friction are negligible.
4. Heat transfer is the only driving potential.

RAYLEIGH FLOW – Fundamental Equations
Continuity Equation
X-Momentum equation

RAYLEIGH FLOW – Fundamental Equations
Energy equation
CV involves no shear, shaft, or other forms of work, and potential
energy change is negligible.
For and ideal gas with constant cp, ∆h = cp∆T
Entropy change
In absence of irreversibility's such as friction, entropy changes by
heat transfer only

RAYLEIGH LINE
•Infinite number of downstream
states 2 for a given upstream
state 1
•Practical approach is to
assume various values for T2,
and calculate all other
properties as well as q.
•Plot results on T-s diagram

Called a Rayleigh line
•This line is the locus of all

physically attainable
downstream states
•S increases with heat gain to

point a which is the point of
maximum entropy (Ma =1)

RAYLEIGH LINE
Various flow parameters on Rayleigh Line

Variation of fluid Properties

Rayleigh Flow Relations
Pressure Impulse Function
F2 = F1
Stagnation Pressure Temperature

Cont..
Stagnation Temperature Density & Velocity
Change of Entropy Heat Transfer

Derivation Proof
Momentum
•
(p1 − p2 )A = m(c2 − c1 )
(p1 − p2 )A = ρ 2 Ac22 − ρ1 Ac12 ⇒ (p1 − p2 ) = ρ 2c22 − ρ1c12
p
We know that ρc = M 2γRT = pM 2γ 2
RT
Therefore p1 − p2 = γM 22 p2 − γM12 p1
(1 + γM12 ) p1 = (1 + γM 22 ) p2
p2 (1 + γM12 )
=
p1 (1 + γM 22 )

Derivation Proof
Stagnation Pressure
γ
 γ − 1 
P 0 = p  1 + M 2  γ − 1
 2 
γ
 γ − 1 2  γ −1
1+
p 2 
P 02 M 2 
= 2 
P 01 p1  γ − 1 2 
 1 + M 1 
 2
γ
 γ − 1 2  γ −1
P 02 1 + γM 1 2  1 + M 2 
= × 2 
P 01 1 + γ M 12  γ − 1 2 
 1 + M 1 
 2 

Derivation Proof
Temperature
• c1 ρ2
From Continuity m = ρ1 Ac1 = ρ 2 Ac 2 ⇒ = eqn (1)
c2 ρ1
From Mach number
1/ 2
M 2 c2 a 2 c2 γRT2 c 2  T1 
= = = ×   eqn (2)
M1 c1 a1 c1 γRT1 c1  T2 
From eqn 1 & 2
1/ 2
c1 ρ 2 M 1  T1 
= =   eqn (3)
c2 
ρ 1 M 2  T2  
We know that, p1= ρ 1 RT1 , p 2 = ρ 2 RT2

p2 ρ T
So = 2× 2 eqn (4)
p1 ρ 1 T1

Derivation Proof-Cont..
Substituin g from eqn (3) in (4)

1/ 2 2
p2 M 1  T2  T2  p2 M 2 
= ×   ⇒ =  × 
p1 M 2  T1  T1  p1 M 1 

p2
substitute in the above eqn
p1
2
 1 + γM 2 
T2  1 M2 
= × 
T1  1 + γM 2 M 1
 2 

SLOPE OF RAYLEIGH LINE
W .K .T p + G 2ν = constant
For any two state points,
p1 + G2ν 1 = p2 + G2ν 2
2
•
p1 − p2  m
= −G 2 = − 
ν 1 −ν 2  A
 
 dp 
  = −G2 = tanθ = −( ρc)2 = − ρ 2a 2 M 2
 dv  R
(1)
Slope of S=cons. Line

Cont..
(2)
1 2

CONS. ENTHALPY LINE
Note: pv = RT = constant ; for T = constant line

Differenti ating yields , pdv + vdp = 0
dp p
=−
dv v

Cont..

Problem 1
In your opinion, which assumption(s) in the Rayleigh flow analysis
may be potential source(s) of error in solving a real life problem?
Answer:
•Heat transfer causes the total temperature to change significantly in the flow,
which leads to a large variation of static temperature. The perfect gas
assumption (constant specific heats) may not be appropriate. At higher and
higher temperatures, more and more energy modes are activated within the
molecules. In general, this causes the specific heats to rise with temperature.
•In cases where combustion occurs, chemical composition of the constituent

gases changes significantly. Reactant species will be consumed and product
species will be produced. Their relative ratio changes as combustion proceeds.
Values like gas constant R, and specific heat ratio, will no longer be constant
but depend on the extent of combustion.

Problem 2
Unchoked case: Air at 250 K and 1.0 bar is moving at 100 m/sec towards the
entrance of a combustion chamber. Determine the exit conditions if 300 kJ/kg
is added to the flow during the combustion process.
1 2
P= 1.0 bar
T= 250 K
V= 100 m/s
Heat addition
Solution: For T 1 = 250 K, V 1 = 100 m/s. This gives an inlet

Mach number of M 1 = 0 . 3156
T1
From the isentropic flow table we obtain = 0 . 9805
T 01
From which T 01 = 255 K

Problem 2- Cont..
From the Rayleigh flow table, we obtain
T01 T1 P1
*
= 0 . 3763 *
= 0 . 4427 *
= 2.106
T01 T1 P1
T02 q
From conservati on of energy, we have q = C p (T02 − T01 ) ⇒ = +1
T01 C p T01
T02 T02 T02* T02 T 02 T01
At station (2), = *
⇒ *
= × * = 2.172 × 0.3763 = 0.8173
T01 T01 T01 T02 T01 To1
From the rayleigh flow table, this correspond s to an exit Mach no. of
T P
M 2 = 0.5985 (subsonic) , and 2* = 0.9152 , 2* = 1.598
T2 P2
T2 T2 T2* T2 0.9152
The exit state is ⇒ = *
⇒ = ⇒ T2 = 517 K
T1 T1 T1 250 0.4427
P2 P2 P2* P2 1.598
= *
⇒ = ⇒ P2 = 0.7588 bar
P1 P1 P1 1 2.106

Problem 2- Cont..
Just choked case:
How much more heat that can be added without changing the conditions at
the entrance to the cumbustor?
Solution:
For the just choked case, M 2 = 1 . This implies T02 = T01

*
= T02
*
From the energy equation, we have q = C p (T02 − T01 )

but, for max. heat addition T0 max = T0* = T01
*
= T02
*
where M = 1
 T * 

Therfore, q = C p ( T0 − T01 ) = C p T01 
* 01
− 1 
 T01 
 1 
= 1004 × 255  − 1  = 424 kJ / kg
 0 .3763 
Hence, we can add an extra 124 kJ/kg into the flow before we choke it thermally.
At this choked condition, the stagnation temperatur e at station (2) is
T01*  1 
T02 = T02* = T01* = T01 =   ( 255 ) = 678 K
T01  0 .3763 

Problem 2- Cont..
Choked case:
Let us add sufficient fuel to the system so that the exit stagnation temperature
is raised to 1500 K now. Assume that the receiver pressure is very low. What
do you expect to happen in the system? Describe the flow both qualitatively
and quantitatively.
Solution:
• In this case T02 = 1500 K > 678 K (choking condition)
• The original flow cannot accommodate this large amount of

heat. Something has to happen in order to take in so much heat
addition. In other words, it cannot stay on the same Rayleigh
line.
•Recall that the upstream state can always communicate with

the downstream states in a subsonic flow by means of pressure
waves.

Problem 2- Cont..
• “Sensing” the super-critical heat addition downstream, the flow decelerates
from the free stream to the inlet. Spillage occurs ahead of the inlet. It is shown
schematically as follows:
Heat addition
∞
M=0.3156
P=1.0 bar
T=250 K 1 2
V=100 m/s
Spillage
•With a smaller flow rate in the combustion chamber, the flow moves to a
different Rayleigh line with a smaller mass flow rate/A value.
•Since the receiver (back) pressure is very low, we can assume that the flow is
choked at the station (2), i.e. M2 = 1

Problem 2- Cont..
With M 2 = 1 we conclude that
T 01 255
To 2 = *
T 01 = *
T 02 = 1500 K ; This leads to = = 0 . 17
* 1500
T 01
From the above temperatur e ratio ,
by refering Rayleigh table, we obtain
M 1 = 0 . 1977 < 0 . 3156 = M ∞
The flow decelerate s from M ∞ = 0 .3156 to M 1 = 0 . 1977 at the inlet
With M 1 = 0 . 1977 we obtain from the isentropic flow table
T1 P1
= 0 . 9922 = 0 . 9731
T 01 P 01
The inlet state is
T1 T1 T 01 0 . 9922
= = We know that T ∞ = 250 K ∴ T1 = 253 K
T∞ T∞ T0∞ 0 . 9805
P1 P P01 0 . 9731
= 1 = We know that P ∞ = 1 .0 bar ∴ P1 = 1 . 04 bar
P∞ P∞ P0 ∞ 0 . 932

Problem 2- Cont..
T o determine exit condition higher ‘s’ due to more
heat addition
T1 P1
@ M1 = 0.1977; = 0.2024& = 2.275
*
T1 *
P1
inlet exit
Recall that the exit state
is the referencestate due to choking,
exit
we can concludethe exit conditionto be, upstream
T* 1
T2 = T2* = T1* = 1 × T1 = × 253
T1 0.2024
= 1250 K •
m
smaller
A
P * 1
* *
P2 = P2 = P1 = 1 × P1 = × 1.04 = 0.457 bar
P1 2.275


Gas Dynamics-Rayleigh Flow

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RAYLEIGH FLOW

Constant area Duct flow with Heat Transfer and negligible

•Such problems are difficult to analyze

•Essential features of such complex flows can be captured by a simple

•We will focus on 1D flow in a duct of constant cross-sectional area with

GDJP Anna University

GDJP Anna University

1. The area of the flow passage or duct is constant.

GDJP Anna University

GDJP Anna University

For and ideal gas with constant cp, ∆h = cp∆T

GDJP Anna University

•Plot results on T-s diagram

•This line is the locus of all

•S increases with heat gain to

GDJP Anna University

Various flow parameters on Rayleigh Line

GDJP Anna University

GDJP Anna University

Stagnation Pressure Temperature

GDJP Anna University

Change of Entropy Heat Transfer

GDJP Anna University

GDJP Anna University

GDJP Anna University

We know that, p1= ρ 1 RT1 , p 2 = ρ 2 RT2

GDJP Anna University

Substituin g from eqn (3) in (4)

GDJP Anna University

Slope of S=cons. Line

GDJP Anna University

GDJP Anna University

Note: pv = RT = constant ; for T = constant line

GDJP Anna University

GDJP Anna University

•In cases where combustion occurs, chemical composition of the constituent

GDJP Anna University

Solution: For T 1 = 250 K, V 1 = 100 m/s. This gives an inlet

GDJP Anna University

GDJP Anna University

For the just choked case, M 2 = 1 . This implies T02 = T01

From the energy equation, we have q = C p (T02 − T01 )

GDJP Anna University

• The original flow cannot accommodate this large amount of

•Recall that the upstream state can always communicate with

GDJP Anna University

GDJP Anna University

GDJP Anna University

GDJP Anna University

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