EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE It contains oraganelles functionally specialized, regulated compartments surrounded by one or more membranes. Nucleus an organelle that contains the genome and is surrounded y a double membrane thus segregating the genomic compartment from the metabolic machinery of the cell cytoplasm. Mitochondria contain DNA and the enzymes for aerobic repiration. Chloroplasts also have DNA and are the sites for photosynthesis Internal membrane system Endoplasmic reticulum is a mazelike, tubular or lamellar network that functions in the synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, and, when ribosomes are present, proteins. Golgi body stack of flattened vesicles that receives products of the endoplasmic reticulum, then modifies and releases them in vesicle for transport elsewhere, often to the surface of the cell Lysosomes are Golgi-derived membrane-bound vesicles that contain enzymes for intracellular digestion. Cytoskeleton a protein filament of different types and diameters which serves a support - has the form of three dimensional network and is responsible for the maintenance of cell shape - can be dynamic and temporary. - Essential for cell motility because it can transmit force from one part of the cell to another. Actin filaments (microfilaments) polymers of monomeric actin Microtubules cylindrical polymers of the protein tubulin.
Motor molecules force for movement is generated Myosin binds to actin as well as to other structures and is responsible for ameboid movement, streaming, cyclosis, cell division. Dynein motor molecule associated with microtubules which are important for the movement of cilia and flagella as well as for shuttling vesicles inside of the cell. Cytoplasm fluid that surrounds the organelles and cytoskeleton of the eukaryotic cell. - Enclosed by the cell membrane Cell membrane a phospholipid bilayer that separates the internal environment of the cell from the exterior. - It regulates the biochemical conditions of the cells interior for the processes of life - It controls what may leave and enter the cell - The responsiveness of the cell to external stimuli - The selectiveness with which the cell binds to other cells or to a substratum - The maintenance of cell shape - Cholesterol - a common component of cell membranes which stiffens the membrane Glycocalyx a surface coat which is an important physiological barrier. - It forms a template on which the exoskeleton is secreted and regulates binding to signal molecules and to surfaces. Endocytosis the process of ingesting food in a wide range of sizes. Eukaryotic cells are capable of intracellular signaling. CELL MOTILITY Ameboid Movement a kind of cell crawling These cells include mesenchyme cells, cells of the immune system, migrating cancer cells, and a variety of others. Pseudopodia flowing extensions of the cell which protrude outward in the direction of travel. - Formed at an ectoplasmic site where the gel liquefies and allows the outflow of fluid endoplasm Ectoplasm outer cytoplasmic rind, is a stiff gel Endoplasm inner cytoplasm, is a fluid sol. The liquid gel phase transition of the cytoplasm is the result of assembly and disassembly of the actin cytoskeleton. The myosin of ameboid cells is monomeric and is not present as the thick polymeric filaments that typify animal muscles. Monomeric myosin still forms cross-links with actin and, in the presence of Ca+ and ATP, causes contraction. Flagella typically long and their motion is a whiplike undulation Cilia short and their motion stiff and oarlike. Axoneme a microtubular core which consists of 9 outer doublet microtubules that encircle two central singlet microtubules, forming the typical 9 x 2 + 2 pattern. Bending of the flagellum is caused by active sliding of adjacent doublets past each other. Basal body where ciliary and flagellar axoneme arises from and anchored that lies immediately below the cell membrane Centrioles when basal bodies are distributed to daughter cells during mitosis, they typically arrange themselves at each pole of the mitotic spindle. Microtubule organizing center (MTOC) a region around basal bodies and centrioles that controls the polymerization of microtubules while the basal body is the template on which developing axonemes are organized. Metachronal waves waves that pass over the surface of the cell like wind passes in waves over a wheat field. UPTAKE BY CELLS Endocytosis a process of some extracellular materials enter a cell in minute pits on the cells membrane that later pinch off internally. Micropinocytosis a nonspecific form of endocytosis in which the rate of uptake is in simple proportion to the external concentration of the material being absorbed. Micropinocytosis brings in proteins and other macromolecules at a rate greater, than predicted by the concentration gradient. Clathrin protein coated. Phagocytosis larger particles are taken up in large vesicles which requires binding of a particle to membrane receptors and dynamic alteration of the cell membrane involving the actin cytoskeleton. INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION Once food enters the cell, lysosomes fuse with the endocytic vesicles or food vacuoles. Lysosomes contain acids and hydrolytic enzymes. Exocytosis process where indigestible material is released from the cell to the exterior by fusion of the residual vacuole with the cell membrane. CIRCULATION IN CELLS Circulatory systems are required when the supply of a substance by simple diffusion cannot keep pace with the metabolic demand for it. Steaming/shuttling directional transport within a pseudopodium or cell. Cyclosis flow is in circuit
CELL SECRETIONS Many cell secretions, such as enzymes and pheromones, are exported away from the cell that produces them Mucus a mucopolysaccharide with a large carbohydrate and a smaller protein component. - it utilizes as an adhesive, protective cover, and a lubricant. Chitin is a cellulose-like polysaccharide that is laid down as an exoskeleton around the bodies of some protozoans. SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN CELLS Zoochlorellae photosynthetic symbionts are green unicellular algae or diatoms. Zooxanthellae symbionts which are yellow or brown - A nonmotile stage of flagellated protozoans called dinoflagellates Lynn Margulis author of Sybiosis in Cell Evolution.