TUGAS TERSTRUKTUR

ILMU HAMA TANAMAN

OLEH :
Nama
: Tadzkiroh
NIM
: 115040213111047
Kelas
:D
Dosen Pengasuh
: Dr.Ir.TOTO HIMAWAN, SU.

JURUSAN HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN

PROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI
FAKULTAS PERTANIAN
UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
MALANG
2014

1. Build a life table for an aphid population (aphids reproduce parthenogenetically). Estimate lx,
dx, mx, Ro, T, and r.

Age,
days
(x)

Number of
survivals
(ax)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

1000
900
820
750
680
620
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
100
50
0

Ro

= 18550

= 183850/18550
= 9,911

= ln18550/9,911
= 1,078

Mean
number of
offsprings
per parent
(mx)
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
5
10
12
10
8
6
3
1
0

Average
number
alive from
age interval
(lx)
1
0.9
0.82
0.75
0.68
0.62
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.1
0.05
0

Jumlah
individu yg
mati (dx)

0.1
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.07
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.1
0.5
0.5
0

lx.mx

0
0
0
0
0
0
550
1000
2250
4000
4200
3000
2000
1200
300
50
0
18550

x.lx.mx

0
0
0
0
0
0
3300
7000
18000
36000
42000
33000
24000
15600
4200
750
0
183850

2. Partial life-table. The European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer, cocoons were collected at the
beginning of August and dissected. Results of dissection of new (current year) cocoons are the
following:
Healthy sawfly eonymph
Eaten by predators
Exit hole of parasitoid Drino
inconspicua
Exit hole of parasitoid
Pleolophus basizonus
Larvae of parasitoid
Exenterus abruptorius
Exit hole or larvae of
gregarious parasitoid
Dahlbominus fuscipennis
Fungus disease
Total

144
125
15
78
210
23

205
800

Life-cycle information:
Excellent images of parasitoids are available from the PHERODIP homepage.

Parasitoids D.inconspicua, P.basizonus and D.fuscipennis have several generations per

year, whereas E.abruptorius has only 1 generation.

D.inconspicua (Tachinidae) is an endoparasite and attacks larvae (4-5 instar). It emerges

from the host immediately after host cocooning. It develops very fast and wins the
competition with any other parasitoids.

E.abruptorius is an ectoparasite, attacks host eonymphs a day prior to cocooning.

Parasitoid larvae emerges inside the cocoon, eats the host and overwinters as larvae
inside host cocoon. If the host was previously parasitized by D.inconspicua, then
E.abruptorius dies.

P.basizonus and D.fuscipennis attack host cocoons. They are ectoparasites. If another
parasite (E.abruptorius) is already present in the cocoon, it will be eaten first. D.
fuscipennis wins the competition with P.basizonus.

Estimate mortality caused by each natural enemy, convert it into k-value. Check that the sum of
all k-values is equal to the total k-value for sawfly cocoons. Write results in the table, putting
mortality processes in the order of their operation.
Mortality process

Eaten by predators
Exit hole of parasitoid

Number
of killed
eggs
125
15

Mortality

Survival
(S)

k-value

0.15625
0.01875

0.84375
0.98125

0.169
0.019

Drino inconspicua
Exit hole of parasitoid
Pleolophus basizonus
Larvae of parasitoid
Exenterus abruptorius
Exit hole or larvae of
gregarious parasitoid
Dahlbominus fuscipennis
Fungus disease
Total

78

0.0975

0.9025

0.102

210

0.2625

0.7375

0.304

23

0.02875

0.97125

0.029

205
656

0.25625
0.82

0.74375
0.18

0.296
1.715

k = -ln(s)

CARA PERHITUNGAN PENDUGAAN KEHILANGAN

HASIL
Untuk memperoleh taksiran kehilangan hasil untuk suatu petak atau hamparan/sawah
atau suatu daerah kita harus mempunyai data seperti:
1. Luas serangan LSR (dalam ha)
2. Intensitas serangan ISR (dalam % rumpun/tanaman terserang)
a
ISR = --------------------- x 100%
a

+ b

a: jumlah rumpun/batang terserang

b: jumlah rumpun/batang tak terserang
3. Hubungan antara intensitas serangan dengan hasil tanaman yang diperoleh dari pengalaman
petani atau dari hasil penelitian.
Suatu contoh:
Kita mengetahui dugaan hasil tanaman atau produksi tanaman dalam kondisi intensitas
serangan (%) tertentu, katakan 55% intensitas serangan, produksi atau hasil tanaman adalah
14 ton/ha. Kita sebut Produksi Tanaman Terserang (PTT)

4. Kita Mengetahui bahwa hasil tanaman yang tidak terserang hama atau produksi tanaman
sehat (PTS) adalah 23 ton/ha.
5. Harga dari produk/hasil tanaman pada tingkat petani katakan Rp 7500/kg atau Rp 7,5 juta/ton
(HG)
6. Kehilangan hasil (KH) dalam satuan berat (ton) = Luas serangan (LSR) x Produksi Tanaman
Sehat (PTS) --- Luas serangan (LSR) x Produksi Tanaman Terserang (PTT)
7. Nilai kehilangan hasil (NKH) dalam rupiah = Harga produk (HG) x KH
Suatu contoh: Untuk hama padi di suatu kecamatan ternyata LSR 650 ha. PTT= 14 ton/ha. PTS =
23 ton/ha dan harga padi kering panen (HG) Rp 7500/kg.
= (LSR x PTS) (LSR x PTT)

KH

= (650 x 23) (650 x 14)

= 14950 9100 ton
= 5850 ton atau 5850000 kg
NKH = (HG X KH)
= Rp 7500/kg x 5850000 kg
= Rp 43875000000

BP = Biaya pengendalian dengan pestisida seluas 1 ha = Rp 130.000 jika pada 650 ha maka
Rp 84500000

Nilai ambang pendapatan = biaya pengendalian / harga jual

= 84,5 x 106 / 7,5 x 103
= 11,27 x 103

ALE

= nilai ambang pendapatan / nilai kehilangan hasil

= 11,27 x 103 / 43875 x 106
= 25,7 x 10-6

(rumus ALE didapat dari jurnal berjudul AMBANG KENDALI HAMA Spodoptera exigua
(LEPIDOPTERA : NOCTUIDAE) PADA BAWANG MERAH DI DATARAN TINGGI)

ASSIGMENT 1
1. Population numbers of cockroaches double every month (30 d). What is their intrinsic rate of
increase (per day)?
N1 = 2
N0 = 30
N1 = N0 . R
2 = 30 . R
R = 2/30 = 0.067
2. What is the intrinsic rate of increase in a human population if every family has 3 children at
parent's age of 30 (there are no singles, no divorces, sex ratio 1:1)? What would be the
numbers of human population after 100 years if initial numbers are 4 billion?

N (t+1)

= Nt x R

= 10 x R

= 3/10 = 0.3

Setiap keluarga
30 = 3
100 = x
X = 100 x 3/ 30
X = 10
Pada 4 miliyar keluarga berarti 4.000.000.000 x 10 = 40.000.000.000 populasi

3. A new lake was created after building a dam. The number of fish censused after 2, 4, 6, 8 and
10 years since that time was 1000, 2000, 3500, 5000 and 6000. Estimate parameters of the
logistic model using non-linear regression. Plot the data and the model on one graph.

Time
2
4
6
8
10

N(t)
1000
2000
3500
5000
6000

7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0

10

12

4. Use Excel to simulate population dynamics with the discrete-time logistic model (Ricker's
model) for 60 generations. Use K=100; r = 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 1.9, 2.2; N0 = 10.
N(t+1) = N(t)*exp(r*(1-N(t)/K))

K = 100, r = 0.1

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0

Tine, t
0
1
2
3
4
5

20

N(t)
10
10.94174
11.9609
13.06168
14.24806
15.52377

40

60

80

100

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

16.89215
18.35601
19.91754
21.57819
23.33852
25.19805
27.1552
29.20714
31.34975
33.57751
35.88355
38.25963
40.69624
43.18268
45.70724
48.25742
50.82011
53.38192
55.9294
58.44936
60.92913
63.3568
65.72145
68.01335
70.22403
72.34646
74.37502
76.30551
78.13512
79.86235
81.48689
83.00952
84.43194
85.75666
86.98686
88.12623
89.17886
90.14912
91.04156
91.86081
92.61153
93.29832
93.92568
94.49795
95.01932

51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60

95.49376
95.92505
96.31673
96.67215
96.9944
97.28636
97.55072
97.78994
98.0063
98.20189

K = 100, r = 0.5
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0

Tine, t
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

N(t)
10
15.68312
23.90696
34.97504
48.41257
62.65833
75.52056
85.35356
91.83875
95.66386
97.76057
98.86136
99.4258
99.71166
99.85552
99.92768
99.96382
99.98191
99.99095
99.99548
99.99774
99.99887

20

40

60

80

100

22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60

99.99943
99.99972
99.99986
99.99993
99.99996
99.99998
99.99999
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

K = 100, r = 1.0
Tine, t N(t)
0
10
1 24.59603
2 52.28057

3 84.25257
4 98.6219
5 99.99042
6
100
7
100
8
100
9
100
10
100
11
100
12
100
13
100
14
100
15
100
16
100
17
100
18
100
19
100
20
100
21
100
22
100
23
100
24
100
25
100
26
100
27
100
28
100
29
100
30
100
31
100
32
100
33
100
34
100
35
100
36
100
37
100
38
100
39
100
40
100
41
100
42
100
43
100
44
100
45
100
46
100
47
100

48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

K = 100, r = 1.5
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0

Tine, t
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

N(t)
10
38.57426
96.92827
101.4988
99.24235
100.3766
99.81115
100.0943
99.95282
100.0236
99.98821
100.0059
99.99705
100.0015
99.99926
100.0004
99.99982
100.0001

20

40

60

80

100

18 99.99995
19
100
20 99.99999
21
100
22
100
23
100
24
100
25
100
26
100
27
100
28
100
29
100
30
100
31
100
32
100
33
100
34
100
35
100
36
100
37
100
38
100
39
100
40
100
41
100
42
100
43
100
44
100
45
100
46
100
47
100
48
100
49
100
50
100
51
100
52
100
53
100
54
100
55
100
56
100
57
100
58
100
59
100
60
100

K = 100, r = 1.9

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0

Tine, t
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32

N(t)
10
55.28961
129.2932
74.10717
121.2041
81.01204
116.2065
85.40845
112.6949
88.54232
110.0766
90.89646
108.0602
92.71635
106.4776
94.14731
105.2209
95.2843
104.2158
96.1937
103.4081
96.92419
102.7573
97.5126
102.2317
97.98742
101.8069
98.37105
101.4632
98.68125
101.1851
98.93221
100.9598

20

40

60

80

100

33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60

99.13532
100.7775
99.29975
100.6297
99.43288
100.5101
99.54068
100.4132
99.62798
100.3347
99.69868
100.2711
99.75594
100.2196
99.80232
100.1779
99.83988
100.1441
99.87031
100.1167
99.89495
100.0945
99.91491
100.0766
99.93108
100.062
99.94417
100.0502

K = 100, r = 2.2
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0

Tine, t
0
1
2
3

N(t)
10
72.42743
132.8448
64.49552

20

40

60

80

100

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48

140.8498
57.33997
146.5723
52.61118
149.2291
50.5237
150.0429
49.89784
150.2387
49.7482
150.2821
49.7151
150.2915
49.70792
150.2935
49.70637
150.2939
49.70603
150.294
49.70596
150.2941
49.70595
150.2941
49.70594
150.2941
49.70594
150.2941
49.70594
150.2941
49.70594
150.2941
49.70594
150.2941
49.70594
150.2941
49.70594
150.2941
49.70594
150.2941
49.70594
150.2941
49.70594
150.2941
49.70594
150.2941

49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60

49.70594
150.2941
49.70594
150.2941
49.70594
150.2941
49.70594
150.2941
49.70594
150.2941
49.70594
150.2941