9/1/13 Aerodynamic heating - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Aerodynamic heating
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Aerodynamic heating is the heating of a solid body produced by the passage of fluid (such as air) over a body
such as a meteor, missile, or airplane. It is a form of forced convection in that the flow field is created by forces
beyond those associated with the thermal processes. The heat transfer essentially occurs at the vehicle surface
where aerodynamic viscous forces ensures that the flow is at zero speed relative to the body for a very thin layer
of molecules at the surface.
When fluid flow slows down its kinetic energy is converted to heat; in high speed flows, tremendous energy is
represented by the mean motion of the flow. As the flow is slowed to near zero speed, its temperature
increases, the gradient in the speed in a direction normal to the surface allows small scale mass transport effects
to dissipate the temperature in the outward direction and thus the temperature at the surface is less than the
stagnation temperature; the actual temperature is referred to as the recovery temperature. These viscous
dissipative effects to neighboring sub-layers make the boundary layer slow down via a non-isentropic process.
Heat then conducts into the surface material from the higher temperature air. The result is an increase in the
temperature of the material and a loss of energy from the flow. The forced convection ensures that other material
replenishes the gases that have cooled to continue the process.
The stagnation and the recovery temperature of a flow increases with the speed of the flow and are greater at
high speeds. The total thermal loading of the structure is a function of both the recovery temperature and the
mass flow rate of the flow. Aerodynamic heating is greatest at high speed and in the lower atmosphere where
the density is greater. In addition to the convective process described above, there is also radiative heat transfer
from the flow to the body and vice versa with the net direction set by the relative temperature of each.
Aerodynamic heating increases with the speed of the vehicle and is continuous from zero speed. It produces
much less heating at subsonic speeds but becomes more important at supersonic speeds. At these speeds it can
induce temperatures that begin to weaken the materials that compose the object. The heating effects are greatest
at leading edges. Aerodynamic heating is dealt with by the use of high temperature alloys for metals, the addition
of insulation of the exterior of the vehicle, or the use of ablative material.
Aircraft
Aerodynamic heating is a concern for supersonic and hypersonic aircraft. The Concorde dealt with the
increased heat loads at its leading edges by the use of high temperature materials and the design of heat sinks
into the aircraft structure at the leading edges. Higher speed aircraft such as the SR-71 deal with the issue by the
use of insulating material and material selection on the exterior of the vehicles. Some designs for hypersonic
missiles would employ liquid cooling of the leading edges (usually the fuel en route to the engine).
Reentry vehicles
Aerodynamic heating is also a topic of concern in reentry vehicles. The heating induced by the very high speeds
of reentry of greater than Mach 20 is sufficient to destroy the structure of the vehicle. The early space capsules
such as those on Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo were given blunt shapes to produce a stand-off bow shock. As a
result most of the heat is dissipated to surrounding air without transferring through the vehicle structure.
Additionally, these vehicles had ablative material that sublimates into a gas at high temperature. The act of
sublimation absorbs the thermal energy from the aerodynamic heating and erodes the material away as opposed
to heating the capsule. The surface of the heat shield for the Mercury spacecraft had a coating of aluminum with
glassfiber in many layers. As the temperature rose to 2,000 F (1,100 C) the layers would evaporate and take
the heat with it. The spacecraft would become hot but not harmfully so.
[1]
The Space Shuttle used insulating tiles
9/1/13 Aerodynamic heating - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamic_heating 2/2
on its lower surface to absorb and radiate heat while preventing conduction to the aluminum airframe. The
compromise of the heat shield during liftoff of Space Shuttle Columbia contributed to its destruction upon
reentry.
References
1. ^ "How Project Mercury Worked". How Stuff Works. http://science.howstuffworks.com/project-
mercury2.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-04.
Moore, F.G., Approximate Methods for Weapon Aerodynamics, AIAA Progress in Astronautics and
Aeronautics, Volume 186
Chapman, A.J., Heat Transfer, Third Edition, Macmillan Publishing Company, 1974
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