Advance Fire Safety Training

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&efinition of Fire
Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion,
releasing heat, light, and various reaction products.
Fire in its most common form can result in conflagration, which has the potential to cause
physical damage through burning. Fire is an important process that affects ecological
systems across the globe. The positive effects of fire include stimulating growth and
maintaining various ecological systems. Fire has been used by humans for cooking,
generating heat, signaling, and propulsion purposes. The negative effects of fire include
water contamination, soil erosion, atmospheric pollution and hazard to life and property.
C!e*istry of fire
Fires start when a flammable and/or a combustible material, in combination with a sufficient
quantity of an oxidizer such as oxygen gas or another oxygenrich compound !though non
oxygen oxidizers exist that can replace oxygen", is exposed to a source of heat or
ambient temperature above the flash point for the fuel/oxidizer mix, and is
able to sustain a rate of rapid oxidation that produces a chain
reaction. This is commonly called the fire tetrahedron. Fire cannot
exist without all of these elements in place and in the right
proportions. For example, a flammable liquid will start burning
only if the fuel and oxygen are in the right proportions. #ome
fueloxygen mixes may require a catalyst, a substance that is
not directly involved in any chemical reaction during combustion,
but which enables the reactants to combust more readily.
$nce ignited, a chain reaction must take place whereby fires can sustain their
own heat by the further release of heat energy in the process of combustion and may
propagate, provided there is a continuous supply of an oxidizer and fuel.
Classes of Fire - +, B, C, &, and ,
Fires are classified by the types of fuel they burn.
Class +
%lass & Fires consist of ordinary combustibles such as wood, paper, trash or anything else
that leaves an ash. 'ater works best to extinguish a %lass & fire.
Class B
%lass ( Fires are fueled by flammable or combustible liquids, which include oil, gasoline,
and other similar materials. #mothering effects which deplete the oxygen supply work best to
extinguish %lass ( fires.
Class C
%lass % Fires. )nergized )lectrical Fires are known as %lass % fires. &lways deenergize the
circuit then use a nonconductive extinguishing agent. #uch as %arbon dioxide.
Class &
%lass * Fires are combustible metal fires. +agnesium and Titanium are the most common
types of metal fires. $nce a metal ignites do not use water in an attempt to extinguish it.
$nly use a *ry ,owder extinguishing agent. *ry powder agents work by smothering and
heat absorption.
Class ,
%lass - Fires are fires that involve cooking oils, grease or animal fat and can be
extinguished using ,urple -, the typical agent found in kitchen or galley extinguishers.
ec!anis* of Fire and #$plosion
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et!od of Fire Spread
.. *irect burning / the simplest method of fire spread where a flame front moves
along or through the burning material. For example, set fire to the corner of a piece
of paper and then watch the flame front spread across the paper.
0. %onvection / the principle that hot air rises and cold air sinks. 1ot gases
generated by the fire rise straight up from the fire2
/ 3nside a building these hot gases will hit the ceiling
and then spread out to form a layer underneath the
ceiling. 'hen these hot gases touch any combustible
material !such as a wooden curtain pole" they may heat
that material up sufficiently so that it bursts into flame.
/ $utdoors these convection currents will contain
burning embers that are carried on the currents until the
air cools and the embers are dropped to the ground.
This is a common way for forest fires to travel and 4ump over obstacles !such as
roads".
5. %onduction / the principle that heat can be transmitted
through solid materials. #ome metals, in particular, conduct
heat very efficiently !e.g. copper". &ny pipes, wires, ducts or
services running from room to room can act as conduits for
heat and spread the fire.
6. 7adiation / heat energy
can be radiated through air in the form of infrared heat waves
which travel in straight lines !4ust like light" and can pass
through transparent surfaces !such as glass". 7adiant heat
generated by a fire shines onto nearby surfaces and is
absorbed. 3f the material heats up sufficiently it can burst into
flames.
F23# #452N672S8#3S
Three things must be present at the same time to produce fire2
.. )nough $xygen to sustain combustion
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0. )nough 1eat to reach ignition temperature
5. #ome Fuel or combustible material
Together, they produce the chemical reaction that is fire.
Take away any of these things and the fire will be extinguished.
F7#L CL+SS2F2C+529NS
Fires are classified according to the type of fuel that is burning. 3f you use the wrong type of
extinguisher on the wrong class of fire, you might make matters worse. 3t is very important
to understand the four different fire !fuel" classifications2
%lass &2 'ood, paper, cloth, trash, plastics8solids that are not metals.
%lass (2 Flammable liquids8gasoline, oil, grease, acetone. 3ncludes
flammable gases.
%lass %2 )lectrical8energized electrical equipment. &s long as it is
9plugged in.:
%lass *2 +etals8potassium, sodium, aluminum, magnesium. 7equires
special extinguishing agents.
+ost fire extinguishers will have a pictograph label telling you which types of fire the
extinguisher is designed to fight.
For example, a simple water extinguisher might have a
label like this, which means it should only be used on %lass
& fires.
5:P#S 9F F23# #452N672S8#3S
*ifferent types of fire extinguishers are designed to fight different classes of fire. The three
most common types of fire extinguishers are2
'. ;ater <+P;=
;arge, silver fire extinguishers that stand about 0
feet tall and weigh about 0< pounds when full.
&,' stands for 9&ir,ressurized 'ater.:
Filled with ordinary tap water and pressurized air,
they are essentially large squirt guns.
&,'=s extinguish fire by taking away the 91eat: element of the Fire Triangle.
&,'=s are designed for %lass & fires only2 'ood, paper, cloth. 1ere are a couple of
reasons you need to be careful about which extinguisher you use2
>sing water on a flammable liquid fire could cause the fire to spread.
>sing water on an electrical fire increases the risk of electrocution. 3f you have no
choice but to use an &,' on an electrical fire, make sure the electrical equipment is
unplugged or deenergized.
&,'=s will be found in older buildings, particularly in public hallways, as well as in
residence halls on campus. They will also be found in computer laboratories. 3t is
important to remember, however, that computer equipment must be disconnected from
its electrical source before using a water extinguisher on it.
2. Car>on &io$ide <C92=
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The pressure in a %$0
extinguisher is so great, bits
of dry ice might shoot out of
the horn?
%$0 cylinders are red. They range in size from < pounds to .@@ pounds or larger.
$n larger sizes, the horn will be at the end of a long, flexible hose.
%$0=s are designed for %lass ( and % !flammable
liquids and electrical sources" fires only?
%$0=s will frequently be found in laboratories, mechanical rooms, kitchens, and
flammable liquid storage areas.
3n accordance with AF,& regulations !and manufacturers= recommendations" all %$0
extinguishers at $#> undergo hydrostatic testing and recharge every five years.
%arbon dioxide is a nonflammable gas that takes away the oxygen element of the
Fire Triangle. %$0 is very cold as it comes out of the extinguisher, so it cools the fuel
as well. & %$0 may not be very effective in extinguishing a %lass & fire because it
may not be able to displace enough oxygen to successfully put the fire out. %lass &
materials may also smolder and reignite.
). &ry C!e*ical <+BC, BC, &C=
&(% extinguishers are red. $n
campus, they range in size from
five pounds to 0@ pounds.
$n the $#> campus, &(% extinguishers are filled with a fine, yellow powder. This
powder is mostly composed of monoammonium phosphate. The extinguishers are
pressurized with nitrogen.
*ry chemical extinguishers put out fire by coating the fuel with a thin layer of dust.
This separates the fuel from the oxygen in the air. The powder also works to
interrupt the chemical reaction of fire. These extinguishers are very effective at
putting out fire.
*ry chemical extinguishers come in a variety of types. Bou may see them labeled2
*% !for dry chemical"
&(% !can be used on %lass &, (, or % fires"
(% !designed for use on %lass ( and % fires"
3t is extremely important to identify which types of dry chemical fire extinguishers are
located in your area?
&n 9&(%: extinguisher will have a label like this,
indicating it may be used on %lass &, (, and % fires.
Bou don=t want to mistakenly use a 9(%: extinguisher on a %lass & fire thinking that it
was an 9&(%: extinguisher.
Concepts Safety Services Pvt. Ltd.
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*ry chemical extinguishers with powder designed for %lass ( and % fires !9(%:
extinguishers" may be located in places such as commercial kitchens and areas with
flammable liquids.
$n campus you will find &(%=s in public hallways of new buildings, in laboratories,
break rooms, offices, chemical storage areas, mechanical rooms, >niversity vehicles,
etc.
89; 59 7S# + F23# #452N672S8#3
3t is easy to remember how to use a fire extinguisher if you remember the acronym, 9,&##.:
P P"ll t!e pin
5!is %ill allo% yo" to disc!arge t!e e$ting"is!er.
+ +i* at t!e >ase of t!e fire
8it t!e f"el?if yo" ai* at t!e fla*es, t!e
e$ting"is!ing agent %ill pass rig!t t!ro"g! and do no
good.
S S@"eeAe t!e top !andle
5!is depresses a >"tton t!at releases t!e press"riAed
e$ting"is!ing agent.
S S%eep fro* side-to-side "ntil t!e fire is co*pletely
o"t.
Start "sing t!e e$ting"is!er fro* a safe distance a%ay
and t!en slo%ly *ove for%ard. 9nce t!e fire is o"t,
keep an eye on t!e area in case it re-ignites.
P P"ll
+ +i*
S S@"eeAe
S S%eep
37L#S F93 F26852N6 F23#S
Fires can be very dangerous and you should always be certain that you will not endanger
yourself or others when attempting to put out a fire. For this reason, when a fire is
discovered,
.. &ssist any person in immediate danger to safety, if it can be accomplished without
risk to yourself.
Concepts Safety Services Pvt. Ltd.
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0. %all C.. or activate the building fire alarm. The fire alarm will notify the fire
department as well as other building occupants and shut off the air handling system
to prevent the spread of smoke.
3f the fire is small !and $nly after having done these two things", you may attempt to use an
extinguisher to put it out.
8o%ever, before deciding to fight the fire, keep these things in mind2
,no% %!at is >"rning. 3f you don=t know what is burning, you won=t know what kind
of extinguisher to use.
)ven if you have an &(% fire extinguisher, there might be something in the fire that is
going to explode or produce toxic fumes.
%hances are you will know what is burning, or at least have a pretty good idea, but if
you don=t, let the fire department handle it.
3s the fire spreading rapidly beyond the point where it startedD The time to use an
extinguisher is at the beginning stages of the fire.
3f the fire is already spreading quickly, it is best to simply evacuate the building.
+s yo" evac"ate a >"ilding, close doors
and %indo%s >e!ind yo" as yo" leave.
5!is %ill !elp to slo% t!e spread of
s*oke and fire.
Concepts Safety Services Pvt. Ltd.
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&o not fig!t t!e fire ifB
Bou don=t have adequate or appropriate equipment.
3f you don=t have the correct type or large enough extinguisher, it is best not to try
fighting the fire.
Bou might inhale toxic smoke.
'hen synthetic materials such as the nylon in carpeting or foam padding in a sofa
burn, they can produce hydrogen cyanide, acrolein, and ammonia in addition to
carbon monoxide. These gases can be fatal in very small amounts.
Bour instincts tell you not to.
3f you are uncomfortable with the situation for any reason, 4ust let the fire department
do their 4ob.
The final rule is to always position yourself with an exit or means of escape at your back
before you attempt to use an extinguisher to put out a fire.
3n case the extinguisher malfunctions, or something unexpected happens, you need to be
able to get out quickly. Bou don=t want to become trapped.
Control of Fire 3isk at %orkplace
Ca"se of fire in %ork place
Lack of a%areness of t!e properties of t!e s">stance or *aterial
9perator #rror, d"e to lack of training in safe "se, !andling and storage.
8ot %orks, close to fla**a>le s">stancesC*aterials
2nade@"ate design of e@"ip*ent
Fail"re or *alf"nction of e@"ip*ent
#$pos"re of fla**a>le *aterialsCs">stances to !eat so"rce
is"se of s">stances <accelerant on >onfireD=
2nade@"ate control of ignition so"rces <+llied Colloids=
#lectrostatic disc!arge
8eating of *aterials a>ove t!eir a"to ignition te*perat"re
Prevention of fire involving Fla**a>leCe$plosive *aterial %it!in t!e %orkplace
ini*al @"antities of s">stances to >e kept. 6ood stock control.
3ed"ce a*o"nt of fla**a>les stored inside t!e %orkplace <*a$ /( litres= in
fire resistant container.
#$ternal storage favo"red. )( *in"tes *ini*"* fire resistance via fire %all.
Storage area to >e %ell ventilated.
;!ere possi>le storage s!o"ld >e >"nded, spill and drip control *eas"res
in place.
#*pty fla**a>le containersCLP6 s!o"ld >e stored separately fro* f"ll ones.
Concepts Safety Services Pvt. Ltd.
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Protect containers fro* e$ternal da*age.
3ed"ce risks >y separation of stocks and stacking restrictions.
Fire #afe %hecklist
Start of &ayB
&re flammables stored in suitable containers.
&re electrical circuits been overloaded.
&re materials stored away from hot surfaces/works.
&re electrical motors and machines free from flammable substances or deposits.
&re waste bins neat and not overflowing.
3s flammable waste stored in suitable containers.
&re means of escape doors free from waste and obstruction.
&re escape routes clear, with fire equipment free and unobstructed
Close of &ayB
&re all flammable substances suitably stored with sealed lids securely closed.
&ll unnecessary electrical equipment closed down.
&ll materials stored away from hot surfaces.
Ao smouldering fires.
'aste bins emptied.
Ao accumulation of waste product or dusts.
Fire doors and windows closed.
)ntry to building or site closed.
#ecurity measures in place are working.
Str"ct"ral eas"res to Prevent Fire Spread
Co*part*entation2
-eeping fire 3A or $>T of area of building
%reating enclosed/sealed boxes
Fireresistant floors and walls
Fireresistant doors!selfclosing"
&utomatic shutters for ventilation shafts
3ntumescent sealants for gaps !EfirestoppingE
Fire &oors
+>le to %it!stand fire for a set ti*e
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Fitted %it! self-closing devices
Fitted %it! int"*escent strip
Fitted %it! a cold s*oke seal
8ave vision panels of fire-resistant glass
Clearly la>elled
6ases, -apo"rs
ists
&"st
)xplosive atmosphere present for long
periods
Fone @ Fone 0@
)xplosive atmosphere likely to occur
occasionally
Fone . Fone 0.
)xplosive atmosphere not likely to occur Fone 5 Fone 05
Fire +lar* and fire fig!ting #@"ip*ents
5!e sop!istication %ill depend on t!e co*ple$ity of %orkplace
#implest system
/ someone shouts EFireDE
#imple with more noise
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/ hand bell, whistle or air horn
+anuallyoperated fire alarm
/ manual call points
&utomatic fire detection and alarm
/ automatic detectors, manual call points, linked to sounders/lights

#moke detectors
/ *etect small smoke particles
/ Two main types2 ionising and optical
/ %an give rise to false alarms
1eat detectors
/ *etect excess heat generated by a fire
/ >sually less sensitive and give later warning
/ Two main types2 rate of rise and fixed temperature
/ +ay not detect fires that are giving off smoke but not much heat

Fire #$ting"is!ers are disc"ssed a>ove.
9t!er Fire #@"ip*ents
Fire blankets
/ physically smothers fires, e.g. fat fires in kitchens
1ose reels
/ used in large buildings for fire teams
#prinkler systems
/ sited in buildings and warehouses
/ automatically dowses the fire
eans of #scape
&vailable to every person in the workplace
Ao use of lifts
+ust take staff to a place of safety
Two or more separate routes may be required
5ravel distance
Travel distance should be short
&dequate width
%learly signed
&ppropriately lit
)mergency lighting
Ao obstructions
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*epends upon2
Aumber of people occupying a room
Fire risk2
G e.g. low risk, low number . exit up to 6<m distance
G e.g. high risk, high number several exits less than 0<m distance
Final exit place of total safety
#torey exit protected stairway
#eparate fire compartment to a final exit
Stairs and corridorsB
Fireresistant protection
&dequate width
>nobstructed
Ao storage of materials or equipment
%onsider wheelchair users
&oorsB
)asy to open
&dequate width
$pen in direction of travel
Aot locked
Fire e$it and direction signs
)scape routes
)asy to understand
%learly visible
#ited correctly
+eet local regulations/standards
#afe distance from building
#afe location
Further escape possible if needed
+ust not impede firefighters
%learly signed
E7efugesE for disabled workers
+sse*>ly Point
#afe distance from building
#afe location
Further escape possible if
needed
+ust not impede firefighters
%learly signed
E7efugesE for disabled workers
#*ergency Lig!ting
)mergency )xit *oors.
Concepts Safety Services Pvt. Ltd.
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Aear #tairs !so that each flight is illuminated".
Aear a %hange in level.
+andatory )mergency )xit and )scape #igns.
%hange of *irection.
&t an intersection of corridor.
$utside and near to final exit doors.
Aear to each Fire ,oint.
Aear to %all points.
;ift %ars.
+oving #tair ways.
Toilets lobbies and closets !over Hm
0".
+otor generator and control rooms.
#vac"ation Proced"re
'hen devising emergency procedures the responsible person will need to consider2
The characteristics of the occupants, their disposition within the building, their physical
and mental state
The characteristics of the building in terms of its size, use and construction
The physical provisions for means of escape in the building
The circumstances under which it will be necessary to evacuate
'hat the arrangements are for fi ghting the fi re
'hat type of evacuation will be appropriate, e.g. phased or full
1ow the evacuation is to be initiated
'hat arrangements are needed to call the fi re service
'hat special roles are required to support the procedure, e.g. fi re warden and fire
incident controllers
'hat information, instruction and training is necessary to support the procedure.
Fire ars!al role and responsi>ilityB
%heck if alarm is IrealI
%heck all areas are evacuated
&ssist disabled workers
)nsure fire escape routes are kept clear
)nsure windows and doors are closed
%onduct roll call at assembly point
Fire &rillsB
)vacuation Times / 5 +ins??
7egularity of *rills
Type of *rill, Table top, +arshall &ssembly
>sage of Final )xits !%ontrol"
,ersons with sensory impairment
#afety 7efuges **& !*iscouraged by (rigade"
)vacuating the public
Concepts Safety Services Pvt. Ltd.
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Concepts Safety Services Pvt. Ltd.
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