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Title: WATER JET REACTION
SUBJECT : Experiment 3
PROF. : Yoon Kyunghwan
MAJOR : Mech. Engineering
STUDENT NO. : 321291910
NAME : Yolanda Putri Y
DATE : March 24
th
2014



1












1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose
The aim of this experiment is to know the relation
between impulse and momentum theory by
measuring the Water Jet Reaction Force.

1.1 Theory
Assume that the Water Jet Shoot at Y-direction
(outlet speed of nozzle is V
0
m/s, momentum is
QV
0
) and return to degree direction (final speed
U m/s, momentum is QVcos). Altitude difference
and hydrostatic pressure are ignored.












Fig.1 Y Direction of flat vane

























Based on the picture 1, the momentum change rate
at Y-direction is
W. v cos W.v
0
[kg.m/s]

So, the force F on Y-direction is equal to

F = W(v
0
- v cos ) [kg.m/s]

V
out

generally equals V
in
cos , where represents
the change in direction of the jet.

For the flat plat = 90, so that V
out

= 0.
The force for flat plate:

F = Q V
in
[kg.m/s]

For the Hemispherical cup = 180, so that V
out

=
- V
in
. The following relations are used for
calculating the predicted values force:

F = Q(V
0
Vcos) where (cos 180 = -1)

So, F = Q (V
0
+ V)
When the force is maximum, V = V
0
Fmax = 2 Q V
0

WATER JET REACTION



Key Words: Water Jet Reaction Force, Momentum, Impulse
Abstract:
In this paper, we have experimentally, numerically and theoretically investigated the water jet reaction. This
experiment aims to relate between impulse and momentum theory by measuring the Water Jet Reaction Force.
First we investigated about relation between Momentum and Force. Based on data gained during the
experiment (x in m, T in second) and the main data, we can calculate Q; V
0
; V; QV; also F. Refers to the
equation Q = V . A, the relation between V and A should be inversely proportional. But, the result of data
calculation shows that there are mistakes in 2
nd
opening flow in 6 kg and 12kg weight also 4
th
opening flow in
12 kg weight. It might be occurred because of error taking the reading or losses of the experiment apparatus.
In the other hand, our result confirmed Newtons second law F = m . v/t where the relation between Force and
Momentum are directly proportional both in 6kg and 12kg weight. It means that when the Force decrease, so
do the Momentum. Moreover, from the calculated data of the Force and Momentum, the relation between
Impulse and Momentum are clearly proved. Our result verified that based on derivative of Newtons second
law F x t = m (v
2
v
1
) which means I = P, the relation between Impulse and Momentum are always directly
proportional.





2

Force on vane is

F =

(N)

Flow (Q)
Q =

Velocity (V, V
0
)

1. V
0
(Outlet of Nozzle)

V
0
=

2. V (Final Velocity)

V
2
= V
0
2
2gs

Experiment Coefficient C

C =

Water Jet based on Newtons second law
Momentum measures the 'motion content' of an
object, and is based on the product of an object's
mass and velocity. When momentum doubles
means velocity doubles as well. Similarly, if two
objects are moving with the same velocity, one with
twice the mass of the other also has twice the
momentum. Force, on the other hand, is the push or
pull that is applied to an object to change its
momentum. Newton's second law stated that the
acceleration of an object is directly proportional
to the net force acting upon the object and
inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
When combined with the definition of acceleration
(a = change in velocity / time), the following
equalities result.
F = m x a
F = m x v/t
Since m x v is momentum, so that force x time is
equal to momentum.
Moreover, there is the change in
linear momentum of a body which means,
F x t = m (v
2
v
1
)

Where m (v
2
v
1
) = F x t = I (Impulse)
The equation stated that Impulse = Change in
momentum.
2. Experiment Method
2.1 Apparatus
By directly measuring the force exerted on the
plates by the water jet, experimentally study the
theoretical momentum laws used to solve jet impact
problems gained.

















Fig.2 Water Jet Apparatus

Water Jet Apparatus:
a. Water pumping table with a weight beam to
measure the mass flow rate of the jet.
b. Around tapered nozzle used to form the vertical
jet, which is deflected by hemispherical vane.
The nozzle and vane are contained within a
transparent cylinder.

Fig 3.Transparent Cylinder in Water Jet
1
2
3
4
3

Caption :
1. Vane
2. Nozzle
3. Supply hose
4. Weight beam

c. A force balancing lever device for finding the
resultant force on the vane.
d. Timing mechanism.
Where main variable of the experiment data given:
Diameter of Nozzle : 10 mm
Distance between center : 151 mm
of plate to pivot
Mass of mini weight : 610 g
Distance between center : 40 mm
of plate to exit nozzle

2.2 Procedures
1. Put mini weight on zero spot.
2. Put heavy weights (6kg and 12kg).
3. Turn on the pump and put mini weight on the
weight beam. Then measure distance between
zero spot to the balance point.
4. Record time until heavy weight touches the stop
plate.
5. Change the flow to 1,2,3,4 for both 6kg and
12kg.

3. Data Analysis
Table 1. Record of the data

Based on the record of the data above, data of Q, V
0
,
V, QV, F, and C calculated manually with the
sample calculation equation below (first data record
for mass 6kg):
Known:
m = 6 kg
T = 44 sec
x = 0.18 m


Fig 4. Lever in Water Jet
It means that to calculate the Mass Flow Rate (Q),
the mass must be timed with 3.

Asked:
Q, V
0
, V, QV, F, and C
Answer:
1. Q =

= 0.00040909 m
3
/s

2. V
0
=

= 5.2113 m/s

3. V =

= 5.1355 m/s

4. QV = 1000 kg x 0.00040909 m
3
/s x 5.1355 m/s
= 2.1009 N

5. F =

= 7.1334 N

4

6. C =

= 3.395
Table 2. Data Calculation
Water
Weight
Q T x V
0

m
3
/s s m m/s
6 kg 1
0.000409 44 0.18 5.2113
2
0.000439 41 0.18 5.5927
3
0.000217 83 0.09 2.7626
4
0.000200 90 0.04 2.5478
12kg 1
0.000468 77 0.19 5.9558
2
0.000480 75 0.19 6.1146
3
0.000231 156 0.04 2.9397
4
0.000237 152 0.04 3.0171

Table 3. Data Calculation
Water
Weight
V QV F C
m/s N N
6 kg 1
5.1355 2.1009 7.1334 3.395
2
5.5221 2.4243 7.1334 2.942
3
2.6168 0.5675 3.5667 6.285
4
2.3888 0.4778 1.5852 3.318
12kg 1
5.8896 2.7536 7.5297 2.735
2
6.0501 2.9041 7.5297 2.593
3
2.8031 0.6469 1.5852 2.451
4
2.8841 0.6831 1.5852 2.321

From the data calculation above, graph established
to compare and find relation between velocity,
momentum, and force.

Figure 4.1 Comparison between V and V
0
in 6kg


Figure 4.2 Comparison between V and V
0
in 12kg

Figure 5.1 Relation between Momentum and Force
in 6kg
1 2 3 4
V0 5.2113 5.5927 2.7626 2.5478
V 5.1355 5.5221 2.6168 2.3888
0.0000
2.0000
4.0000
6.0000
8.0000
10.0000
12.0000
6

k
g

Comparison V and V0
1 2 3 4
V0 5.9558 6.1146 2.9397 3.0171
V 5.8896 6.0501 2.8031 2.8841
0.0000
2.0000
4.0000
6.0000
8.0000
10.0000
12.0000
14.0000
1
2


k
g

Comparison V and V0
1 2 3 4
F 7.1334 7.1334 3.5667 1.5852
rQV 2.1009 2.4243 0.5675 0.4778
0.0000
2.0000
4.0000
6.0000
8.0000
10.0000
12.0000
6


k
g

Relation Between
Momentum and Force
5


Figure 5.2 Relation between Momentum and Force
in 12kg

Figure 6. Comparison of Experiment Coefficient
with different mass (6 kg and 12 kg)
4. Conclusion
From the results obtained and the plots graphed, the
following points were concluded:
1. The relation between V nozzle and V impact of
water jet with opening flow (1, 2, 3, 4) is as
increase the opening flow of the water, the
velocity decrease. So that, from opening flow 1
to 4, the smallest velocity of the water flow is in
the 4
th
opening flow. Because, as the larger of
opening flow, the area of water flow increase,
and the velocity decrease. It is related with the
equation:

V
0
. A = Q

Based on the equation, the relation between V
and A are inversely proportional. But, the
experiment result stated that it is not all in
inversely proportional, there is mistake in 2
nd

opening flow in 6 kg and 12kg also 4
th
opening
flow in 12 kg (Opposite the equation).
This might be occurred for the following
reasons:
Errors in taking the reading.
Losses in the experiment apparatus.

2. From the plotted graph both 6kg and 12kg,
clearly stated that the relation between force and
momentum are directly proportional. This is
equal to Newtons second law which stated that
Force is directly proportional with
Momentum.
F = m x v /t
3. From the relation between force and momentum
which is plotted in graph, the conclusion
towards relation between impulse and
momentum is directly proportional. It means
that as decrease the change of the momentum in
an object, the impulse will decrease equivalent
with the momentum.
4. The comparison between Coefficient of
Experiment with different mass (6kg and 12kg)
based on the graph plotted state that the
coefficient of mass ( C ) in 6kg is higher than in
12 kg. It means that force and momentum of
6kg weight is higher than 12kg weight. But in
3
rd
opening flow 6kg, there is significant
difference of Coefficient of the mass. This is
because the force of 3
rd
opening flow in 6kg is
too high. The high of the Force in 3
rd
opening
flow in 6kg might be occurred because of an
error taking the reading of the Weight Beam (x).

5. Reference

1. Fleischmann, S: "Impact of a Jet (Reaction of a
Jet)." Fluid Mechanics - EGR 365 Design-
Based Fluid Mechanics Laboratory. Padnos
College of Engineering and Computing, 2006.
2. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston: Newtons first
and second law. Chapter 12 section 1.
3. Guidelines of water jet reaction experiment.
2014. Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Dankook University, South Korea.
1 2 3 4
F 7.5297 7.5297 1.5852 1.5852
rQV 2.7536 2.9041 0.6469 0.6831
0.0000
2.0000
4.0000
6.0000
8.0000
10.0000
12.0000
1
2


k
g

Relation Between
Momentum and Force
1 2 3 4
6 3.395 2.942 6.285 3.318
12 2.735 2.593 2.451 2.321
0.000
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
6.000
7.000
E
c
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

Comparison of C with
different mass