Trouble in the balkins

1856 tanzimat of abdl majid he decided to liberlaize the nation. Attempted to pacify the Christians of
the balkins. The Christians of that part they were not treated equally, they were despised and treated as
conquered people. In court there word were not accepted. They were often exposed to extortion. There
life were at the mercy of the ottoman. 1856 tanzimat guaranteed personal liberty. Equality of the law,
religious freedom. Eligilbilty for office, civil and military. Equal representation. Equality in the supreme
court of justice. Most of all security for property. That was the ontention of abdl majid tanzimat.
However it wasnt fully applied. Abdl majid drank himself to death in 1861. Succeeded by abdl aziz 1861-
76.
The new sultan came in tough times. He was described as half insane. He lacked qualifications for a ruler
and a result he exposed himself in spending a lot of money, personal extravagance and the need of
more and more money.
Serbs
They wanted a greater Serbia. They claimed novi bazar, northern Macedonia and Kosovo should be
there part. They said they had a small territory and wanted a larger territory to reflect.
1867 russia started their historical state.( panslavison).
May 1867- the serbs convinced the turks to evacuate bulgray.
Everyone expected the serbs to begin the trouble. However it didnt come there. The signal insurrection
was given in Herzegovina.and not Serbia.
The original rising trouble social and economic and not political. The unbarable fiscal on the peasants.
They became Turkish provinces bosnia 1463 and Herzegovina 1482
Bosnia a land of large land owners who to save their property they embraced islam. Not only with
discreation but with zeil. The majority people of bosnia they were mainly Christians orthodox and little
catholic.
The orthodox leaned on Serbia. The aristoclocy in bosnia were muslims. Some bosnians muslims were
described more Turkish than the turks.
With that sort of backround. They decided to refuse to pay taxes they also witheheld their services.
When the turks sent rechemnd to subject them they defeated him.
1875 september- the insurgeonts issued a statement before european consultants
The rght to give evidence in court.
3- we want the right to form a local Christian militia
4- reform the tax
If we cant get these four points we have an alternative remedy
`1- give us a corner of land in some Christian state to which we might immigrate
2- make of bosnia and hertozgvina to autonomous state under the sultan however with a Christian
prince from wherever except bosnia.
3- as a minimum let us a have a temporary foreign occupation

Sultan promised genuine reform. But the insurrection deepered.
Eurpoean power like Russian Austria Germany wanted to end the insurrection but also urged for reform.
1876
Sultan argued couldnt reform because of armed rebellion.
The rebellion spread from bosnia to Serbia, montenegro and bulgaria
1876 may- five powers wanted the pacification of bosnia and threatened to interevene.
Britian opposed and the intervention was abandoned.
May 29 1876- abdel aziz was deposed and there was a coupe against him within the palace
And june 4
th
he commit suicide due to fail in policies and such
Succeeded by murad the fifth 1876. Ruled only for three months until august 31 1876 when he was
deposed and said he was insane.
Succeeded by his younger brother abdel hamid 2
nd
1876-1909. (clever, ruthless)
The Bulgarian peasants in support of the Bosnian peasants went out of their way to revolt and killed
ottoman officials
The sultan at that point may 1876 he crushed it. 1800 thousand men to Bulgaria (abdel aziz) with hordz
with irregular forces mainly circassians/ kurds. He unleashed them let them loose on the Bulgarians.
Unprepared unarmed and they crushed the Bulgarian revolt madly.
1876 june serbia and Montenegro helped the Bulgarians
March 31 1877- the powers met in London and issued a protocol stating the Christian subjects of the
sultan would be now guaranteed protection. Nd if there not guaranteed protection and this would
incompatible with European interest in general.
The sultan rejected the protocol
April 24 1877- after securing the neutrality. russians declared war on ottomans.
The turks belived the british supported them. But they didnt
Russia- turks 1877 war.
Montenegro joined Russia june 12 1877
Romania allowed Russia access of territory to reach constinople.
Russian and Romanian were held back until decemeber.
June 14 1877 serbia declared war on ottomans.
Russian troops occupied sofia on January 5
th
1878.
20
th
jan 1878 captured second largest city Adrianople. (Russians)
Earilier novemeber 1877 seized kars in the east and other territories in the cokesis.
After all ottomans were ready to sign an agreement.
In a village not far from constinople called san stephano imposed treaty on ottomans 1878
Serbia Montenegro and Romania were recognized as independent states.
Earlier reforms were recommended were to be excuted immediately and were to be directed Russia
Austria and hungary .
All ottomans fortresses on the denue to be gone.
5- Russia to acquire a new of money indemnity such as cars batum and other territories in central asia.
Dobroudja which to be exchanged with Romania with Russia to get back Bessarabia.
The creation an autnomist greater Bulgaria which would extend from denube to aegean sea.
April 17 1878 britian ordered 7000 indian troops to be placed in malta. This was a diplomatic threat.
Austria hungry wanted a congress at Vienna to settle the situation.
Besmark convinced the Austrians to discuss the problem in berlin and called a congress. (congress of
berlin)
June 30 1878 the congress met.
Decision of the congress of berlin:
1- Russia sole accquistion in Europe was the strip of besserabia.
In asia Russia retained batun, retained cars , ardahan and parts of Armenia.
2- Bosnia herIt was handed over for an unidentiefied term to be administered by Austria-hungry
Austria hungry was given novi bazar.
3- Romania fully recognized as an independent state and given dobrudja
4- Serbia and Montenegro recognized and remained what they were.
5- Bulgaria was stripped of two thirds territory given to them at san Stefano.
northern Bulgaria were to remain under ottomans sovereignty
southern Bulgaria (eastern Romalia) was restored to the ottomans who agreed to place it under
Christian governor. Governor had to be approved by the powers
Macedonia remained Turkish.
6- Greece wanted crete, Thessaly , Epirus. But received nothing. In a separate treaty a convention
on june 4 1878 between ottomans and britians, britian was to receive the island of Cyprus as
long as long as Russia retained cars and batun.