EEE C364/INSTR C 364

Analog Electronics
Lecture 13
14-02-2012
A triangular wave which goes from -12 V to +12 V is
applied to the inverting input of the opamp. Assume that
the output of the opamp swings from +15 V to -15 V. The
voltages at the input of the noninverting input switches
between .. and ..
-
+
+ 3
2
6
7
4
OP2 !OPAMP


1
0
k


1
0
k
10k
V1 15
V2 15
Vi
T
Time (s)
0.00 1.00m 2.00m 3.00m
O
u
t
p
u
t
-20.00
-10.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
-
+
+ 3
2
6
7
4
OP2 !OPAMP


1
0
k


1
0
k
10k
V1 15
V2 15
Vi
3
0
V
V
i
=
Oscillators
Oscillation: an effect that repeatedly and
regularly fluctuates about the mean value
Oscillator: circuit that produces oscillation
Characteristics: wave-shape, frequency,
amplitude, distortion, stability
Application of Oscillators
Oscillators are used to generate signals:
Used as a local oscillator to transform the RF
signals to IF signals in a receiver;
Used to generate RF carrier in a transmitter
Used to generate clocks in digital systems;
Used as sweep circuits in TV sets and CRO.
Linear Oscillators
1. Wien Bridge Oscillators
2. RC Phase-Shift Oscillators
3. LC Oscillators
Non-linear Oscillators
Multivibrators or Relaxation oscillators
1. Astable 2. Bistable 3. Monostable
Positive feedback
How to generate a signal.
Regenerative
feedback
Amplifier
Oscillator
1
v v
A o =
10
Effects of |A
v
on oscillator operation.
Barkhausen criterion:
|A
v
=1
|A
v
<1
|A
v
>1
|A
v
=1
Properties of Linear Oscillators
For sinusoidal input is connected
Linear because the output is approximately sinusoidal
A linear oscillator contains:
- a frequency selection feedback network
- an amplifier to maintain the loop gain at unity
E
+
+
Amplifier (A)
Frequency-Selective
Feedback Network (|)
Vf
Vs Vo
Vc
Positive
Feedback
Basic Linear Oscillator
E
+
+
SelectiveNetwork
|(f)
Vf
Vs Vo
Vc
A(f)
) (
f s o
V V A AV V + = =
c
and
o f
V V | =
| A
A
V
V
s
o

=
1
If V
s
= 0, the only way that V
o
can be nonzero
is that loop gain A|=1 which implies that
0
1 | |
= Z
=
|
|
A
A
(Barkhausen Criterion)
No input signal is needed. Noise at the desired oscillation frequency
will likely be present at the input and when picked up by the
oscillator when the DC power is turned on, it will start the oscillator
and the output will quickly buildup to an acceptable level.
Wien Bridge Oscillator
Wien Bridge Oscillator
Frequency Selection Network
Let
1
1
1
C
X
C
e
= and
1 1 1 C
jX R Z =
2
2
1
C
X
C
e
=
2 2
2 2
1
2 2
2
1 1
C
C
C
jX R
X jR
jX R
Z

=
(

+ =

Therefore, the feedback factor,
) / ( ) (
) / (
2 2 2 2 1 1
2 2 2 2
2 1
2
C C C
C C
i
o
jX R X jR jX R
jX R X jR
Z Z
Z
V
V
+

=
+
= = |
2 2 2 2 1 1
2 2
) )( (
C C C
C
X jR jX R jX R
X jR


= |
Vi Vo
R1 C1
R2 C2
Z1
Z2
| can be rewritten as:
) (
2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1
2 2
C C C C C
C
X X R R j X R X R X R
X R
+ + +
= |
For Barkhausen Criterion, imaginary part = 0, i.e.,
0
2 1 2 1
=
C C
X X R R
Supposing,
R
1
=R
2
=R and X
C1
= X
C2
=X
C
,
2 1 2 1
2 1
2 1
/ 1
1 1
or
C C R R
C C
R R
=
=
e
e e
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
+
=
f
f
R
X R j RX
RX
C C
C
0
0
C
C
2 2
f
f
j 3
1
X
X
R
j 3
1

) ( 3
|
0.2
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.3
0.32
0.34
F
e
e
d
b
a
c
k

f
a
c
t
o
r
|
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
P
h
a
s
e
Frequency
|=1/3
Phase=0
f(R=Xc)
Example
Rf
+

R
R
C
C
Z1
Z2
R1
Vo
By setting , we get
Imaginary part = 0 and
RC
1
= e
3
1
= |
Due to Barkhausen Criterion,
Loop gain A
v
|=1
where
A
v
: Gain of the amplifier
1
1 3 1
R
R
A A
f
v v
+ = = = |
2
1
=
R
R
f
Therefore, Wien Bridge Oscillator
) ( 3
2 2
C C
C
X R j RX
RX
+
= |