A PROPOSAL ON

COMPARISION OF HOUSEHOLD AIR POLLUTION EMISSION BETWEEN

TRADITIONAL AND IMPROVED CLEAN STOVES, ITS EFFECTS AND
ADAPTIVE STRESS TO WOMEN OF THARU PEOPLE OF DANG DISTRICT
OF MID -WESTREN REGION OF NEPAL
(A study in Halawar VDC of Dang)


Supervisor:
Mr. Sunil Babu Khatrey
College of Applied Science


Submitted by:
Khem Raj Khanal
College of Applied Science
Anamnagar, Kathmandu
CHAPTER -1: INTRODUCTION
In Nepal, fuel wood is the main source of energy for cooking and heating purposes and forests
remain the single most important source for firewood, particularly for rural people. Forests
account for 78 per cent of energy consumption (MOPE 2001).It is perhaps obvious that the main
purpose of the household energy system is to meet the energy needs of the household. In general,
these needs may be classed in 6 categories: warmth, heat, light, mechanical power,
communication and comfort. It is in the combustion of fuel to meet these needs that source
emissions are generated, and the chain from emissions to eventual health effects begins.
The use of solid fuels for cooking and heating is likely to be the largest source of indoor air
pollution on a global scale.. When used in simple cooking stoves, these fuels emit substantial
amounts of toxic pollutants. In households with limited ventilation (as is common in many
developing countries), exposures experienced by household members, particularly women and
young children who spend a large proportion of their time indoors, have been measured to be
many times higher than World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines and national standards
(Bruce et al. 2000; Smith 1987).
MPFS(1988) has clearly focused on the necessity of alternative energy sources although the
combined impact of energy saving stoves and biogas plants can probably not reduce fuel wood
needs by more then 15% during the period of Master Plan 1988-2010 (MPFS 1988). Biogas is
most important and prominent technology which was developed and encouraged to use in Nepal
in the 70s decades due to global energy crisis. Biogas and improved cooking stoves are the
alternate energy to use the fuelwood efficiently and reduce the pressure on the forest for
firewood. They also enhance local livelihoods (Pokharel and Yadav, 1991).
CHAPTER-II: STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Poverty is the main reason behind the deforestation. People use the woods for cooking food.
Mostly people use the biomass energy in traditional cooking stoves which is not efficient for the
health facts and the environment. The pollutants released from indoor air pollution cause acute
health problems especially to women and children who are present during cooking like acute
respiratory infections, chronic obstructive lung disease, lung cancer, tuberculosis etc. Therefore
the pollutants released due to biofuels for cooking need to pay more attention to the state of mass
rural women living daily with exposure to indoor air pollutants and to cut down indoor air
pollutants exposure to acceptable level, access to clean fuel is requisite for the better health of
women.



CHAPTER-III: OBJECTIVES
Comparison of emission rate and economic analysis between between traditional and
modern cooking stoves.
Health effect and adaptive stress to the women of Tharu community.

CHAPTER-IV: METHODOLOGIES
Study site description and rationale for the selection of the study site
Dang, a district of Rapti Zone of Mid-Western Development Region of Nepal covers an area of
2,955 square kilometer, and is 280 Km west from the capital city, Kathmandu of Nepal. Dang
consists of 42 VDCs and 2 municipalities; Ghorahi (formerly Tribhuvannagar) is the district's
administrative center and largest city while Tulsipur to the west is a transportation hub and Rapti
Zone's administrative center.
Halawar VDC is selected for the study because being the nearest VDC to touch municipality it is
less developed then other VDCs. Mostly Tharu, lower castes people live in this area and the level
of poverty is high. The people of this area have little knowledge about environment.
Environment degradation is increasing day by day due to increment in economic activity in this
area. Most of the people use the fuel woods in traditional cooking stoves.

Research design
Research
Data Collection
Primary data collection
Key informants survey
Reconnaissance
Secondary data collection
Literature review
Synthesis of data
Analysis of data using different models
Draft report preparation
Synthesis and correction
Thesis writing

CHAPTER-V: TIME FRAME

Duration
Activities
Months
May June July August Sept Oct
Data Collection
Literature Review
Field visit
Data collection
Data analysis of traditional and modern
cooking stoves of the study area
Questionnaire survey
Data collection from NGO, meetings
with communities related in study area.
Thesis Writing
Thesis Presentation
Submission of Final Thesis
CHAPTER-VI: BUDGET
SN Activities Total
(Rs)
Justification

1 Collection of related literature and study
reports
5,000 Data purchase, internet browsing, printing,
photocopying
2 Field visit (Transportation and lodging/food) 4,500 To have first-hand idea of the study area
3 Transportation cost (appox. 20 visits) 3,000 To consult the Supervisor/different organization s
4 Draft report preparation 5,000 Computer typing, printing, photocopy, binding
5 Final report preparation and binding 5,000 Computer typing and hard binding for necessary copies
7 Miscellaneous 2,500 Phone, stationery etc.
Total 25,000 Complete report preparation