(Refe

Welc
discu
variet
like d
the ro
We h
equat
probl
also t
rough
the p
er Slide Tim
come back t
ussed variou
ties of probl
density, visc
oughness hei
have seen th
tion and rela
lems. In this
the Head los
hness height
ipe flow sys
D
India
e: 00:00)
to the video
us concepts
lems: first pr
osity, veloci
ight. These v
hat we can
ated equatio
the full prop
ss is given fr
t is given, w
stems. That
Fluid
Profes
epartment O
an Institute
Le
Pipe F
o course on
of pipe flow
roblem is ty
ity or discha
values are gi
directly solv
ons for type
perties like f
rom one sect
we have to fin
is type 2 pr
d Mechanic
sor: T.I.Eld
Of Civil En
of Technolo
ecture 39
Flow System
n fluid mech
w system de
ype 1 problem
arge and the
iven and we
ve this prob
1 problems
fluid density
tion to anoth
nd out the d
roblem. Here
cs
dho
ngineering
ogy, Bomba
ms
hanics. In th
esign. We h
m where, alr
pipe proper
have to find
blem by usi
. And then
y, dynamic v
her and also
discharge or
e, we see by
ay

he last lectu
have seen ty
ready the flu
rties like the
d out the hea
ing this Dar
we have see
viscosity nu
the pipe diam
velocity pas
y using vario
ure, we hav
ypically thre
uid propertie
diameter an
ad loss.
rcy Weisbac
en the type
are given an
meter and th
ssing throug
ous equation
ve
ee
es
nd
ch
2
nd
he
gh
ns
we ha
we c
then
will b
In the
dynam
given
assum
of th
some
with
(Refe
Befor
the b
differ
what
at low
locati
ave to go thr
annot calcul
calculate the
be solving th
e type 3 pro
mic viscosit
n. We have t
me certain v
e pipe throu
e other syste
the brazen p
er slide Time
re that one m
bottom syste
rent kinds of
we are doin
wer elevatio
ion we use
rough and it
late the Rey
e Reynoldss
his type 2 pro
oblems, it is
ty is given;
to design the
alues of f flo
ugh an itera
ms of pipes
piping system
e: 03:48)
more aspect
m used to t
f systems. A
ng is, if there
on. From upp
the siphon
terate a proc
ynoldss num
s number an
oblems.
given that f
velocity is g
e pipe or we
ow and the
ate procedure
like various
m.
we have to
transfer man
A typical sip
e are two rese
per elevation
. Siphon is
cedure to fin
mber, we wi
d then we se
fluid propert
given; the ro
have to find
friction fact
e as we disc
s pipes in se
discuss here
ny of the flu
phon is show
ervoirs one i
n to transfer
a closed c
nd out Q or v
ill assume s
ee that throu
ties like the
oughness he
d out the dia
tor and then
cussed in th
eries, piping
e is the siph
uids from on
wn in this sli
is at an uppe
r the fluid o
conduit whic
v. Since, wit
some friction
ugh an iterati
fluid densit
eight and the
ameter. Here
we find out
he last lectu
parallel sys

hon. Siphon i
ne location
ide. Here we
er elevation a
or water thro
ch lifts the
thout velocit
n value f an
ive procedur
ty, coefficien
e head loss
also, we wi
t the diamete
ure. We go t
stems and sa
is also one o
to another o
e can see tha
and other on
ough a raise
liquid to a
ty
nd
re
nt
is
ill
er
to
ay
of
or
at
ne
ed
an
elevation greater than the free surface level and discharges it to lower elevation. Siphon is
acting like this. Here, we have got higher elevator reservoir A and we have got a lower
elevator reservoir B. But gravity flow is not possible. Since, there is a raised portion here.
Through the raised portion we provide a pipe line but you can see that here the highest
point in the pipe line is much above the reservoir A, but we are transferring the liquid or
the water or fluid from A to B and B is set at a lower position. It is a closed conduct
which lifts the liquid to an elevation greater than the free surface level and discharge to a
lower elevation as we have seen.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:14)

Here
mean
from
air co
press
this c
press
The s
symb
eleva
We h
discu
Berno
vario
to operate
ns to start the
time to time
ollected insi
ure at the ra
continuous fl
ure has som
siphon analy
bol analysis.
ated clock lo
have to find
ussed with re
oullis equat
us paramete
the siphon
e flow and to
e. To get a c
ide the pipe
aised positio
low there ca
me limitation
ysis we can d
Since here
cation or we
out the head
espect to the
tion and then
ers with respe
system, it i
o continue th
ontinuous fl
for various
on and due t
an be some in
as for as the
do through t
what you h
e have to find
d losses in th
e pipe flow s
n we can als
ect to the sip
s necessary
he flow, air c
low or even t
s reasons.. Y
to the low pr
nterruptions
e siphon is co
the Bernoull
have to find
d out how m
he process. D
systems are
so use the Co
phon.
to exhaust
collected at
to start a flo
You can see
ressure at po
with respec
oncerned.
lis equation
out is the e
much liquid h
Different kin
applicable h
ontinuity eq

air in the p
summit mus
ow we have t
that there w
oint P we ca
ct to the flow
n and Contin
either the pr
has to be tran
nds of probl
here also. W
quation toget
pipe by som
st be remove
to remove th
will be a low
an see that i
w and this low
nuity equatio
ressure at th
nsferred ove
em which w
We can use th
ther to get th
me
ed
he
w
in
w
on
he
er.
we
he
he
(Refe
(Refe
assum
and B
energ
L V
length
and K
The s
the g
frictio
Time
much
Here
A and
equal
dash
er Slide Tim
er Slide Tim
ming the siph
B, i.e., betw
gy equation w
square by 2
h of the siph
K is the coef
solution pro
iven H we m
on factor f.
e: 08:05] He
h lower here
to find out p
d P that will
l to minus y
A
is the minor
e: 06:58)
me: 06:58)
hon is flowi
ween the res
we can write
2 g D where
hon, D is th
fficient with
cedure for H
may have to
You want to
ere, at this r
are some tim
pressure at P
l give P
P.
As
A
minus V s
r loss coeffic
As we disc
ng full we c
servoir A an
e H is equal
e V is the v
e diameter i
h respect to t
H is straight
go to trial a
o find out th
raised locati
mes which m
P as in the fi
the Energy
square by 2g
cient and L d
cussed here
can apply the
nd B betwe
to V square
elocity of fl
is the siphon
the minor lo
forward, bu
and error. So
he pressure a
ion here we
may be negat
figure we can
equation be
g into 1 plus
dash is the le
e, with resp
e Energy equ
een these lo
by 2 g plus
flow, f is the
n, g is the ac
osses; this gi
ut in order t
o, division w
at P as show
e want to fin
tive pressure
n apply the E
etween A and
s K dash plu
ength betwee

pect to this
uation betwe
cations if y
K V square
e friction fa
cieration D
ives the ene
to find the v
with assumed
wn in figure.
nd out the p
e also.
Energy equa
d P gives P
P
us f L dash b
en A and P.
siphon here
een section A
you apply th
e by 2 g plus
ctor, L is th
2 and gravit
ergy equation
velocity V fo
d value of th
. [Refer Slid
pressure ver
ation betwee
by gamma
by D where K
e,
A
he
s f
he
ty
n.
or
he
de
ry
en
is
K
Here [Refer Slide Time: 08:38] you can see that this y
p
this is from B to A. This is H here
and y
p
is the vertical distance from A water level location to the top point P. If you want
to find out the pressure at P you can utilize this equation P
P
by gamma is equal to minus
y
P
minus V square by 2 g into 1 plus K dash plus f L dash by D where K dash is the
minor loss for coefficient for the system and m dash as the length between A and P.
Like this as far as siphon is concerned, we can solve the given system. Whether, we want
to find out the H that means, the head loss or whether we want to find out the velocity or
we want to find out any other parameter depending upon the different types of problems
we discussed earlier we can find out the type of the problem and then we can go for direct
solution by using by Bernoullis equation and the Continuity equation or we can go for a
trial and error solution as we discussed in the earlier lecture. Here, as we have seen this
siphon is one of the important piping systems used in so many places we use the siphon
action over the siphon to transfer liquid from one reservoir to another reservoir where
ever, whenever there is an elevated portion between the two reservoirs we can use this
siphon action or we can use the principle and the siphon. This is about the siphon.
Now, we will discuss the multiple pipe flow system. So far the problems which we
discussed are related to a single pipe system, when it is connected to a reservoir. Now we
will discuss in detail about the multiple piping systems. Mostly, we can see that if you
discuss about the water supply system or when we deal with the various other piping
systems either gas transfer or any other liquid transfer system most of the times we will
be dealing with multiple pipes. For long distances we cannot use a single pipe to transfer
liquid from one place to another, so we will be using a number of pipes. For that we have
to deal with the multiple piping systems and also many times at many locations we have
to deal with divided flow.
(Refe
The f
and t
system
one s
system
flow
you c
pipin
er Slide Tim
flow will be
this is the pi
m we can s
system to an
m you can s
you can see
can see it is
ng systems.
e: 11:29)
e coming fro
ipe from, sa
ee that depe
nother and th
see that we m
that the flow
flowing lik
om one loca
ay for examp
ending upon
hen again the
may have to
w is starting
ke this, flowi
ation, you ca
ple, just like
n the problem
ere will be v
o deal with m
g from this lo
ing like this
an see that,
e in the cas
m the flow w
various bran
multiple pip
ocation it is
s: so the flow

if this is a r
e of water s
will be divid
ching like th
ing systems
flowing like
w is divided
reservoir her
supply pipin
ding betwee
his. In all th
with divide
e this but her
d between th
re
ng
en
is
ed
re
he
(Refe
The k
loopi
system
conne
kinds
a pipi
pipin
flow
the p
system
series
This
have
Time
er Slide time
kind of pro
ing pipes, br
m include: t
ecting say f
s of pipes wh
ing series. H
ng series. Her
is series, pi
roblem we m
m like this w
s. This is cal
is another:
seen earlier
e: 14:14] that
e: 12:30)
blems in m
anching pipe
the first case
for example,
hich may be
Here you can
re the differe
pe connectio
may have, p
with respect
lled piping p
first one is p
r here we ca
t branching f
multiple pipe
es, and pipe
e is the pipin
, a reservoir
of larger dia
n see that this
ent pipes are
on in series.
pipes .in par
t to various
parallel.
piping serie
an see branc
from one pip
systems in
networks. T
ng series, [R
r to another
ameter or sm
s is the typic
e connected
. Sometimes
rallel system
systems. W
s; next is pi
ched piping
pe to another
nclude the p
Typical probl
Refer Slide T
r reservoir w
maller diame
cal case whe
serially. Tha
s we will be
m. For examp
We can have
iping paralle
systems. So
r of it is Bra

pipes in cds
lems in this
Time: 12:53]
we may depe
eter. Like thi
enever the flo
at is why we
e having, dep
ple we can h
different kin
el system an
o we can see
anched pipe s
(12:35) the
multiple pip
when we ar
end upon th
s it may be i
ow is throug
e say that pip
pending upo
have a pipin
nds of pipin
nd then as w
e [Refer slid
system.
en
pe
re
he
in
gh
pe
on
ng
ng
we
de
(Refe
We c
water
like t
system
comin
this i
here
Depe
series
of th
major
equat
the pr
inclu
When
the pi
er Slide Tim
can also hav
r supply sys
this. It will
m. This is s
ng back to t
s a reservoir
there will
ending upon
s pipes, loop
ese cases se
r losses that
tion. Compa
roblem say f
ded in the ca
n we deal wi
ipe systems
e: 14:19)
e pipe netw
stem which w
be dependin
tarting from
the system.
r and here w
be loop he
the problem
ping pipes, b
eparately in
t means, the
ared to these
for some pro
alculation fo
ith the pipe
and electrica
orks. Depen
we provide
ng upon the
m this is a
This is calle
we got anothe
ere, one loo
m we will be
branching pip
detail. Most
e friction lo
major losse
oblems you m
or better pred
flow system
al circuits is
nds on the pr
to cities has
problem it
piping syste
ed a network
er system re
op, another
e having with
pes or pipe
t of this mu
sses which
es minor loss
may neglect
diction.
ms [Refer Slid
also helpful
roblem say
s a network
may come
em where y
king of pipin
servoir or ot
loop, so,
h multiple p
network. W
ultiple piping
we calculat
s will be ver
t the minor l
de Time: 15
l in some of

for example
of piping s
and joins w
ou can see t
ng. So we c
ther location
this is netw
pipe system
We will be dis
g system co
te using Dar
ry small. Dep
osses but tha
:58] the ana
f the calculat
e, most of th
ystems goin
with the sam
that it will b
can see that
n. We can se
work system
we may hav
scussing eac
ompare to th
rcy Weisbac
pending upo
at also can b
alogy betwee
ions.
he
ng
me
be
if
ee
m.
ve
ch
he
ch
on
be
en
(Refe
We c
flow
it is b
to iR
way
can s
resist
We c
exam
simil
drop
the re
in ter
equat
circu
soluti
er Slide Tim
can have an a
analogy wit
balance betw
R. You can s
for fluid cir
see that there
tance in term
can have on
mple, if we c
ar way with
with respect
esistance the
rms of the
tion which w
it system. Li
ion of the pi
e: 16:11)
analogy betw
th respect to
ween the volt
ee that here
rcuit just like
e is a balanc
ms of the fric
ne to one co
can just con
h an analogy
t the voltage
e in electrica
friction fac
we seen earl
ike that we c
pe flow syst
ween the pip
the electrica
tage e curren
this is for t
e in the netw
ce between t
ction factor a
orresponden
nsider the oh
between th
e the flow or
al circuit we
ctor and the
lier with resp
can have an
tem.
pe flow syste
al circuit.. In
nt i and resis
the electrical
work pipe n
the pressure
as we have se
ce with resp
hms law the
e fluid circu
r velocity wi
can compar
en we can
pect to the e
analogy and
em and the e
n the electric
tance R give
l network or
network or th
e drop flow
een the Darc
pect to the
ere with resp
uit we can co
ith respect to
re with resp
compare wi
electrical cor
d then we ca

electrical circ
cal circuit w
en by ohms l
r electrical c
he pipe flow
rate or velo
cy Weisbach
electrical ci
pect to that
ompare with
o current and
ect to the flo
ith the Dar
rresponding
an use this an
cuit. The pip
e can see tha
law e is equa
circuit simila
w systems w
city and flow
h equation.
ircuit say fo
we can ver
h the pressur
d then we ca
ow resistanc
rcy Weisbac
for electrica
nalogy for th
pe
at
al
ar
we
w
or
ry
re
an
ce
ch
al
he