Solution Set 5

1) What is a fully developed flow? Simplify the Navier-Stokes equations in polar

coordinate for a fully developed in a pipe, and find the steady state solution
(Poiseuille Flow) considering boundary conditions as: (1) no slip at the tube wall
and, (2) finite velocity at the center (80 points):

Fully developed flow implies that the velocity profile does not change in the fluid flow
direction hence the momentum also does not change in the flow direction. In such a case,
the pressure in the flow direction will balance the shear stress near the wall. In other
words, a fully developed flow profile, by definition, is a flow velocity distribution pattern
that does not change along a pipe. Any other flow profiles that have symmetric velocity
distributions around the pipe centerline, but with an evolving flow velocity distribution
along the pipe, are in this description referred to as partially developed flow profiles.
There are two possible causes for partially developed flow profiles. One is a transitional
profile between turbulent and laminar flows that can happen in high-viscosity fluids.
Another is due to the presence of a flow conditioning device that does not have enough
downstream length for the profile to fully develop.
The rate at which an incompressible viscous fluid flows through a cylindrical pipe can be
calculated from the Navier-Stokes equation. The result is called Poiseuille's Law. We
begin by calculating the velocity field of such a flow.
We expect the velocity field to be zero at the boundaries, where it touches the walls of the
pipe. Just inside the boundary, we expect the steady state velocity to be same, all the way
around the circumference. That is we expect the velocity field to have circular symmetry,
with surfaces of equal velocity being cylinders parallel to the axis of the pipe. (Compare
this with the planes of equal velocity between two flat plates.)
In other words, we assume laminar flow, with the layers being cylinders co-axial with the
pipe. (Note that these cylinders also contain the streamlines for the flow.) As a reminder,
the Navier-Stokes equation is repeated below:
Due May 16, 2013
In class

May 09, 2013
BME110c
Arash Kheradvar

We seek a steady state solution, so the time derivative of the velocity field on the left side
of the Navier-Stokes equation is zero. In addition, since the streamlines have constant
velocity, there is no acceleration associated with change of position of our sample
volume. This means that

is zero. Finally, to keep the calculation simple, we assume that the gravitational effects
are negligible. The Navier-Stokes equation becomes

with

We will work on this equation in cylindrical coordinates, with the x-axis down the axis of
the pipe, as sketched in the figure. For cylindrical coordinates we accept as a gift from
mathematicians the following expressions for our derivative operators:
; ;
and

The assumption of cylindrical symmetry, plus the assumption that the (symmetry-
breaking) gravitational field is zero, means that our fields must be independent of the
angle , so derivatives with respect to are zero. Note well that

is not a function of or x, but

is still allowed to be a function of r.
We have already argued that surfaces of constant velocity are cylinders parallel to the x-
axis. This means that derivatives of the velocity with respect to x must be zero. The x
component of the Navier-Stokes equation reduces to:

or
.
Since the only non-zero component of the velocity is the x component, the other two
components of the Navier-Stokes equation are even simpler:

and

These two equations tell us that the pressure is a function of only x. Since the left side of

is independent o r, the right side (a function of r only) must be constant. Let us guess an
expression for the velocity. We will try the polynomial form
,
since higher powers of r will not differentiate to a constant. A more complete treatment
shows that the proper form is:

Since we must allow r=0, and the logarithm of zero goes to infinity, it cannot appear in
our solution. See "Fluid Mechanics," by Pijush K. Kundu, Academic press, 1990, p270.)
Our solution has the form of a parabola, as sketched in the figure. In general the
parabola is "offset" by the term linear in, as shown. In this case the velocity field is as
sketched. The viscous force on the small volume is in the downstream direction, from
both above and below. Since the net force is not zero, the small volume must accelerate.
This violates our requirement of a steady state solution.
Only if b=0 will the velocity field avoid the "kink" that causes an acceleration at the
center of the pipe.
We have another condition to apply: The velocity field must be zero when r=R where R is
the radius of the pipe. This means that
,
so that

Our guess for the velocity has the form:

Plugging this into the x component of the Navier-Stokes equation gives

so that
.
After some algebra, we find
) (
4
1
2 2
R r
x
P
v
x

c
c
=
q

2) Considering the cube law for the arterial branching, based on the assumption of
Poiseuille flow, derive the optimum branching angle to minimize the pumping
power required to drive the flow through the junction (50 points).

3
2
3
4
3
4
3
1
) 1 ( 2
1 ) 1 (
o
o o
u
+
+ +
= Cos and
3
2
3 2
4
3
4
3
2
) 1 ( 2
1 ) 1 (
o o
o o
u
+
+ +
= Cos where
1
2
a
a
= o
The problem of optimum branching is simply to determine the optimum geometry of the
arteries in a given branching mode. In order to deal with this problem mathematically it
is necessary to "replace" the arteries by their respective center lines and consider the
geometry of these center lines rather than that of the vessels themselves. Further, we
recall that these center lines are straight lines since, in fact, they represent the tangents
to the center lines of the vessels at the junction point.
Thus the geometry of blood vessels in a given branching mode can be specified simply by
specifying the angles at which the center lines of these vessels meet at the junction point.
Now, since the position of each of these straight centre lines is completely determined by
specifying any two points on that line, it follows that the geometry of a junction can also
be specified by specifying the position of the junction point and that of an arbitrary point
on the center line of each vessel. The latter will be referred to as the "end point" of the
vessel and it is important to appreciate that this end point can be chosen freely anywhere
on the centre line of that vessel to specify its orientation. In summary then, the geometry
of a junction can be specified (a) by specifying the angles at which the centre lines meet
or (b) by specifying the positions of the junction point and one end point for each vessel.
We shall find it convenient to employ both of these methods of specification and,
therefore, we proceed to establish certain relations between them.
Optimality principles for the branching of blood arteries are generally based on the
hypothesis that the geometry of an arterial junction is so designed as to minimize a
certain property H of either the blood flow and/or the blood vessels in that junction. Here
we establish the general mathematical conditions for H to be a minimum in the present
basic branching mode. For the purpose of this analysis .we assume only that His an
additive property, so that we can write I
H = hl
where l is the length of a vessel segment and h is the amount or value of H per unit length
of that segment. For the present branching mode, we must consider all the three arteries
involved and thus write:
H = h
0
l
0
+h
1
l
1
+h
2
1
2
= h
0
{(x-x
0
)
2
}

+ h
l
{(x-x
1
)
2
+(y-y
1
)
2
}

+ h
2
{(x-x
2
)
2
+(y-y
2
)
2
}

We seek the position of the junction point J(x, y), or the values of the branching angles
1
,
and
2
, for which H is a minimum. Differentiating the above equation first with respect to
x and then with respect to y we get:
2
1
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
1
2
1
2
1
1 1
0
} ) ( ) {(
) (
} ) ( ) {(
) (
y y x x
x x h
y y x x
x x h
h
x
H
+

+
+

+ =
c
c
and
2
1
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
1
2
1
2
1
1 1
} ) ( ) {(
) (
} ) ( ) {(
) (
y y x x
y y h
y y x x
y y h
y
H
+

+
+

=
c
c

which can be written as:
0 cos cos
2 2 1 1 0
= + + =
c
c
u u h h h
x
H
and 0 sin sin
2 2 1 1
= + =
c
c
u u h h
y
H

Therefore:
1 0
2
2
2
1
2
0
1
2
cos
h h
h h h +
= u and
2 0
2
1
2
2
2
0
2
2
cos
h h
h h h +
= u
In a fully developed Poiseuille flow through a vessel segment of radius r and length l, if q
denotes the flow and denotes the viscosity of blood, the pumping power H, can be
written as:
H=h.l
Where h=8q
2
/r
4
.
For a given branching mode, therefore, the optimum branching angles for minimum
power, can be obtained simply by substituting for the general property h in the
expressions obtained in the previous section. Thus, we obtain the following result:
4
1
2
1
4
0
2
0
8
2
4
2
8
1
4
1
8
0
4
0
1
2
cos
r
q
r
q
r
q
r
q
r
q
+
= u and
4
2
2
2
4
0
2
0
8
1
4
1
8
2
4
2
8
0
4
0
2
2
cos
r
q
r
q
r
q
r
q
r
q
+
= u
Considering the fact that
3
r q for a circular cross-sections when the power is
minimized (cube law), and substituting
2
1
2
2
r
r
= o :
3
2
3
4
3
4
3
1
) 1 ( 2
1 ) 1 (
o
o o
u
+
+ +
= Cos and
3
2
3 2
4
3
4
3
2
) 1 ( 2
1 ) 1 (
o o
o o
u
+
+ +
= Cos
2) Consider pulsatile flow in a rigid tube with frequency =3.0 and driving pressure
gradient of the form KsCost. Using the equation:
t i
s
e
J
J
u
t r u
e

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
) (
) (
1
4

) , (
0
0
2

and value of Bessel functions (for =3.0, =-2.1213+2.1213i and J
0
()=-
0.2214+1.9376i), find the velocity at the center of the tube (a) at the beginning of the
cycle and (b) At a quarter way through the cycle (50 points).
At the center of the tube (r=0 ), =0. Knowing that J
0
(0)=1, we then have after
simplifying:
) sin )(cos 4703 . 0 2264 . 0 ( ) 4703 . 0 2264 . 0 (

) , 0 (
t i t i e i
u
t u
t i
s
e e
e
+ = =
The velocity corresponding to the given pressure gradient in given by the real part of the
above expression, since K
s
cost is the real part of the pressure gradient. Therefore:
a. At the beginning of the cycle where t=0, the required velocity is 0.2264
b. At a quarter away through the cycle where t=90 degree, the required velocity is
0.4703