Professional Documents
Culture Documents
T
e
m
p
o
r
a
r
y
o
r
P
e
r
m
a
n
e
n
t
(
w
a
l
l
s
w
i
t
h
e
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
)
General
3 times the proposed retained
height below the anticipated
bottom of excavation, unless
Rock is encountered (see below)
Wall length
greater than
100 ft,
or
Rock
1 boring at each end of
the wall
A boring at the point of
maximum wall height
Additional borings
between the ends of the
wall, spaced at 50-200,
depending on the
characteristics of the
site and structure, and
the soil/rock conditions
Rock
Minimum of 10 ft. (3 m) of NX
rock core with at least 85%
recovery
Minimum of 20 ft. (6 m) of NX
rock core where rock socketed
soldier piles might be used
Minimum of 15 ft. (4.5 m) of NX
rock core with at least 85%
recovery in the last 5 ft. (1.5 m)
where boulders exceeding 5 ft.
(1.5 m) are probable
Anchored Walls
(additional borings in
anchored zone)
2 times the proposed retained
height below the anticipated bottom
of excavation, unless Rock is
encountered
If Rock is encountered, minimum of
10 ft. (3 m) of NX rock core with at
least 85% recovery in the last 5 ft.
(1.5 m)
Wall length
less than 100
ft (30 m)
Minimum of 1 boring,
located 1.5 times the
retained height behind
the proposed wall.
Wall length of
100 ft (30 m)
or more
Borings spaced at 100-
200, located 1.5 times
the retained height
behind the proposed
wall.
Table 4-3 Retaining Walls - Minimum Requirements
CHAPTER 4
Geotechnical Field Investigation
NYSDOT Geotechnical Page 4-23 December 10, 2013
Design Manual Rev. 1
See Walls and Slopes Requiring Additional Explorations in NYSDOT GDM Chapter 17.
For example, retaining walls which are known to require ground anchors for support require
further investigation. Figure 4-3 identifies testing locations to be performed to adequately
explore the subsurface conditions for the retaining wall and for the anchor design.
Figure 4-3 Site Explorations for Anchored Walls
CHAPTER 4
Geotechnical Field Investigation
NYSDOT Geotechnical Page 4-24 December 10, 2013
Design Manual Rev. 1
4.5.3 Embankments
All roadway embankments shall have sufficient test borings taken along the proposed line of the
embankment to meet the minimum geotechnical site investigation indicated below.
Criteria for Test Boring Termination
Number and Locations
of Test Borings
General
2 times the maximum proposed fill height,
unless Organic or Plastic soil is encountered, or
if Rock is encountered
If Organic or Plastic (not till) soil is encountered,
10 ft. (3 m) below the Organic/Plastic deposit, or
to 4 times the proposed fill height, whichever is
shallower
If Rock is encountered, 5 ft. (1.5 m) of minimum
AX rock core
Undisturbed sampling in soft plastic deposits
1 boring every 200-500 along
the centerline or line of
maximum fill height
1 boring every 200-500 at toe
of existing embankment or
beyond
In all areas where soft or
unsuitable foundation soils may
be encountered
Table 4-4 Embankments - Minimum Requirements
4.5.4 Large Cuts and Excavations
All large cuts and excavations shall have sufficient test borings taken along the proposed cut area
to meet the minimum geotechnical site investigation indicated below.
Criteria for Test Boring Termination
Number and Locations
of Test Borings
General
10 ft. (3 m) below the anticipated
bottom of excavation or 10 ft. (3 m)
into rock, whichever is shallower
If Rock is encountered, minimum
AX rock core
1 boring every 100-300 along proposed cut
area
Where top of rock elevation and/or soil
conditions are variable, additional borings
may be warranted
Test pits and probes may be utilized to
obtain information between the borings
Table 4-5 Large Cuts and Excavations - Minimum Requirements
CHAPTER 4
Geotechnical Field Investigation
NYSDOT Geotechnical Page 4-25 December 10, 2013
Design Manual Rev. 1
4.5.5 Culverts
All culverts (pipe, box, floorless, etc) shall have sufficient test borings taken along the proposed
line of the culvert to meet the minimum geotechnical site investigation indicated below. Large
Culverts are culverts having an interior width greater than 5 feet, but no greater than 20 feet
(greater than 20 feet is considered a bridge). Small Culverts are culverts having an interior width
of 5 feet or less.
Criteria for Test Boring Termination
Number and Location
of Test Borings
Large
Culverts
Same criteria as for
bridge foundations
1 boring at each end of the culvert
Additional borings between the ends
of the culvert, spaced at 100-300
For culvert extensions, 1 boring
every 50-100 (minimum 1)
Small
Culverts
10 ft. (3 m) below anticipated invert
elevation
In soil, continuous sampling for top
10 ft. (3 m) below anticipated invert
elevation
If Rock is encountered, minimum AX
rock core
1 boring every 100-300 along the
line of the proposed culvert
For culvert extensions, 1 boring
every 50-100 (minimum)
Table 4-6 Culverts - Minimum Requirements
CHAPTER 4
Geotechnical Field Investigation
NYSDOT Geotechnical Page 4-26 December 10, 2013
Design Manual Rev. 1
4.5.6 Noise Barrier Walls
All noise barrier walls shall have sufficient test borings taken along the proposed line of the wall
to meet the minimum geotechnical site investigation indicated below.
Criteria for Test Boring Termination
Number and Location
of Test Borings
General
40 ft. (12 m) below the anticipated
top of foundation or 10 ft. (3 m) into
rock, whichever is shallower, or 10
ft. (3 m) into rock (NX rock core),
whichever is shallower
If Organic or Plastic (not Till) soil is
encountered, 10 ft. (3 m) below the
Organic/Peat deposit or 40 ft. (12 m)
below the anticipated top of
foundation, whichever is deeper
1 boring at each end of the noise
barrier
Additional borings between the ends
of the noise barrier, spaced at 100-
300
Table 4-7 Noise Barrier Walls - Minimum Requirements
CHAPTER 4
Geotechnical Field Investigation
NYSDOT Geotechnical Page 4-27 December 10, 2013
Design Manual Rev. 1
4.5.7 Overhead Signs, Traffic Signals, and Light Standards
Overhead signs, traffic signals, and light standards are typically constructed on drilled shaft
foundations, with design sheets for overhead signs allowing for shallow footings. All overhead
signs, traffic signals, light standards, and similar structures shall have sufficient test borings
taken at each proposed foundation to meet the minimum geotechnical site investigation indicated
below.
Criteria for Test Boring Termination
Number and Location
of Test Borings
Overhead
Signs
Cont inuous 30 f t . (9m) of 10 blow
mat erial or 10 f t . (3 m) of rock (NX
rock core wit h at least 85% recovery),
whichever is shallower
Criteria begins below elevation of
potential shallow foundation
Continuous sampling for top 10 ft. (3 m)
below elevation of potential shallow
foundation
1 boring at each foundation
Traffic Signals
and Light
Standards
30 ft. (9 m) below the anticipated top of
foundation or 10 ft. (3 m) of rock (NX
rock core), whichever is shallower
If Organic or Plastic (not Till) soil is
encountered, 10 ft. (3 m) below the
Organic/Peat deposit or 30 ft. (9 m)
below the anticipated top of foundation,
whichever is deeper
1 boring at each foundation
Table 4-8 Overhead Signs, Signals, and Light Standards - Minimum Requirements
CHAPTER 4
Geotechnical Field Investigation
NYSDOT Geotechnical Page 4-28 December 10, 2013
Design Manual Rev. 1
4.5.8 Pavement Structures
Subsurface investigation requirements for pavement structure design vary with location, traffic
level, and project size. At a minimum, the subsurface exploration program must determine the
composition of the pavement structure, the thickness of the subbase layer, and the character of
the subgrade/embankment material. All pavement structures shall have sufficient test borings
taken within the proposed area of pavement work to meet the minimum geotechnical site
investigation indicated below.
Criteria for Test Boring Termination
Number and Location
of Test Borings
General
Minimum 10 ft. (3 m) below top
of pavement
Continuous sampling for top 5
ft. (1.5 m) or to bottom of former
pavement layers, whichever is
deeper.
Borings spaced at 100 ft. 300 ft.,
depending on the characteristics of the
proposed area of pavement work
Where conditions are diverse, additional
pavement cores and borings at multiple
locations may be warranted
Table 4-9 Pavement Structure - Minimum Requirements
4.5.9 Infiltration Basins and Wetland Mitigations
Subsurface investigation requirements for infiltration basins or wetland mitigations vary with
application, site conditions, and facility geometry. All infiltration basins and wetland mitigations
shall have sufficient test borings taken within the proposed area of the facility to meet the
minimum geotechnical site investigation indicated below.
Criteria for Test Boring Termination
Number and Location
of Test Borings
General
Continuous sampling for top 10
ft. (3 m) below anticipated
bottom elevation or 10 ft. (3 m)
into rock (minimum AX rock
core), whichever is shallower
1 boring every acre within the proposed
area of the facility
Additional borings in irregular shaped or
separate areas that may be less than 1 acre
Additional borings, test pits, or percolation
tests may be utilized to obtain information
between the borings
Table 4-10 Infiltration Basins and Wetland Mitigations - Minimum Requirements
CHAPTER 4
Geotechnical Field Investigation
NYSDOT Geotechnical Page 4-29 December 10, 2013
Design Manual Rev. 1
4.5.10 Trenchless Pipe Installation
Subsurface investigation requirements for trenchless pipe installations must consider the
complexity of the installation, the size and depth of the jacking and receiving pits, the design of
dewatering system, and construction methods of the various installation techniques. All
trenchless pipe installations shall have sufficient test borings taken within the proposed area of
the pipe installation to meet the minimum geotechnical site investigation indicated below.
Criteria for Test Boring Termination
Number and Location
of Test Borings
General
15 ft (4.5 m) below anticipated pipe
invert
If Rock is encountered, minimum 10 ft.
(3 m) below anticipated pipe invert and
minimum 5 ft. (1.5 m) of rock
(minimum AX rock core)
1 boring every 50-200 within the
proposed area of trenchless pipe
installation
Where conditions are diverse,
additional borings may be warranted
Jacking
and
Receiving
Pits
25 ft. (7.5 m) below anticipated pipe
invert
If Rock is encountered, minimum 10 ft.
(3 m) below anticipated pipe invert and
minimum 5 ft. (1.5 m) of rock
(minimum AX rock core)
1 boring at the anticipated pit
locations
Table 4-11 Trenchless Pipe Installation - Minimum Requirements
4.5.11 Other Applications
Various other applications for subsurface explorations will be encountered, including, but not
limited to, landslide mitigation, environmental contamination, groundwater monitoring,
structural integrity, etc. Every application and each site will be different. It will be the
responsibility of the geotechnical engineer to establish an exploration program that provides the
information needed for efficient design and construction. The experience of the engineer and the
requirements presented in this section can serve as guidelines in developing the program.
4.6 SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION AND SAMPLE TYPES
NYSDOT has a protocol for identifying each type of subsurface exploration (e.g., cased drill
holes, test pits, seismic points, etc.), and each individual soil sample and rock core. Presented in
this section is an outline of the procedure to be used in identifying the type of subsurface
exploration progressed, the design element for which the exploration was progressed, and the
type of sample obtained.. The type of exploration utilized is typically based on project specific
information and the site conditions.
CHAPTER 4
Geotechnical Field Investigation
NYSDOT Geotechnical Page 4-30 December 10, 2013
Design Manual Rev. 1
4.6.1 Identification System for Subsurface Explorations
Table 4-12 provides abbreviations and symbols that are to be used to identify all subsurface
explorations on all State projects:
Abbreviation
Type of Exploration
DA 2 in. (65 mm) Cased Hole
DN 4 in. (100 mm) Cased Hole
FH Hollow Flight Auger
DM Drilling Mud
PA Power Auger
AH Hand Auger
CP Cone Penetrometer
PH Probe
RP 1 in. (25 mm) Sampler (Retractable Plug)
TP Test Pit
PT Percolation Test Hole
SP Seismic Point
The abbreviation PA is used for borings progressed with augers
having solid stem or single helix.
Table 4-12 Abbreviations for Various Types of Subsurface Explorations
If a drill hole is started by one drilling method and finished by another method, it should be
identified by the second method. Any changes of drilling method or casing size should be noted
on the drillers field log.
The subsurface explorations in the DA, DN, FH, and DM category shall further be identified by
the abbreviations provided in Table 4-13.
CHAPTER 4
Geotechnical Field Investigation
NYSDOT Geotechnical Page 4-31 December 10, 2013
Design Manual Rev. 1
Abbreviation Design Element
B Bridge
C Cut
D Dam
F Fill
K Culvert
W Wall
X Miscellaneous
The abbreviation X is used when none of the other
designations apply at the time the exploration is made.
Table 4-13 Abbreviations for Various Design Elements
Each exploration shall be numbered sequentially. However, if a planned exploration is not made,
a gap in consecutive numbers is permitted. If past explorations will be incorporated into the
project design, new explorations shall be numbered to avoid repeating the identifying numbers of
past explorations.
If a subsurface exploration is ended prior to reaching the required termination criteria, an
adjacent continuation exploration should be designated with a lower case letter, starting with a,
added to the number of the original exploration.
The name of the structure, the road crossing, the stream, river or creek shall be shown in the
space provided on the bottom of the log. For example:
Mainline Southbound over Morris Road
West Avenue over Penn Central
Culvert at Roaring Brook
The following are examples of proper subsurface exploration identification:
DA-C-1 This is a 2 in. (65 mm) diameter boring progressed for a cut.
DN-B-2 This is a 4 in. (100 mm) diameter boring progressed for a bridge.
DN-B-2a This is an adjacent continuation of boring DN-B-2.
4.6.2 Identification System for Individual Soil and Rock Samples
Each jar, tube, bag or other container shall be identified by the following:
PIN
Exploration Number
Individual Sample Number
A typical sample number would be 3102.00-DA-B-1-J1. This number identifies the first jar
sample from a 2 in. (65 mm) boring designated as DA-B-1 on project number 3102.00.
CHAPTER 4
Geotechnical Field Investigation
NYSDOT Geotechnical Page 4-32 December 10, 2013
Design Manual Rev. 1
The abbreviation J is used to identify samples placed in jars and T is used to identify tube
samples. The J and T refer to the container that the sample is in when it leaves the field. If a
tube is pressed and the soil sample is put into a jar, it would be a "J" sample.
Number all soil samples in each exploration consecutively, i.e., J1, J2, T3, J4, T5, etc. Number
all rock core runs in each exploration as a separate consecutive sequence, i.e., R1, R2, R3, etc.
Likewise number all boulder runs as a separate consecutive sequence, i.e., B1, B2, B3, etc., or
J1, J2, B1, J3, B2, J4, etc. (when boulders are embedded among soil samples).
4.7 FIELD EXPLORATIONS AND SAMPLING
This section discusses items related to various methods of subsurface exploration, soil and rock
sampling, sample storage and transport, and in-situ field testing.
4.7.1 Soil and Rock Sampling in Test Borings
ASTM and AASHTO have procedures that must be followed for the collection of field samples.
All samples must be properly obtained, protected, and transported to a laboratory facility in
accordance with these procedures in order to preserve the samples in their original sampled
condition as best as possible. Methods used for collecting samples are described below.
4.7.1.1 Bulk Samples
Bulk samples are highly disturbed samples typically obtained from auger cuttings or test pits.
The quantity of the sample depends on the soil properties to be determined, but sample sizes can
range up to 50 lb (25 kg) or more. Typical laboratory testing performed on bulk samples include
natural moisture content, grain-size distribution, moisture-density relationship, and moisture-
plasticity relationship.
4.7.1.2 Split-Barrel Sampling
The most commonly used soil sampling method is the split-barrel, or split-spoon, sampler. The
samplers are typically 18 (450 mm) or 24 (600 mm) in length, and have a 2 (50 mm) OD and
a 1.5 (38 mm) or 1.375 (35 mm) ID. The sampler is driven into soil by means of hammer
blows. This method is used in conjunction with the Standard Penetration Test. This type of
sampling is adequate for moisture content, grain-size distribution, Atterberg Limits tests, and
visual identification.
Refer to ASTM D1586 - Standard Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-Barrel Sampling
of Soils (AASHTO T206 - Standard Method of Test for Penetration Test and Split-Barrel
Sampling of Soils).
CHAPTER 4
Geotechnical Field Investigation
NYSDOT Geotechnical Page 4-33 December 10, 2013
Design Manual Rev. 1
4.7.1.2.1 Progressing the Test Boring for Sampling
The hole for the test boring is progressed by one or combinations of the following methods:
Advancing flush-joint casing by rotary drilling or by driving with a hammer
Utilizing hollow flight augers to create a cased opening
Opening a stable, uncased hole using a drilling mud process
Prior to sampling, the drill hole or casing is cleaned to the sampling elevation by using
equipment that will not disturb the material to be sampled. Bottom discharge bits, including
samplers, shall not be used for this operation. "N" size drill rods are typically used in casing
having an ID of 3 or larger.
When casing is advanced by driving, the blow count per foot should be recorded. Casing refusal
is considered as 300 blows for less than 12 in. of penetration. When refusal is encountered, the
casing is cleaned and coring then begins, unless otherwise directed by the Departmental
Geotechnical Engineer.
4.7.1.2.2 Obtaining a Sample
The sampler is placed on the bottom of the cleaned out hole, then driven the length of the
sampler using a 140 lb (625 N) hammer falling freely 30 (750 mm). The number of blows
required to drive the sampler each increment of 6 (150 mm) is recorded. The sum of the number
of blows required for the second and third 6 (150 mm) increments of penetration is termed the
"standard penetration resistance" or the "N-value".
Sampler refusal is 50 hammer blows for less than 6 of penetration. If refusal is encountered
before the desired sample length is attained, the sampler is removed from the hole and core
drilling started. When less than 6 of sample is retrieved in a split barrel sampler, the sampler
may be immediately re-driven in an attempt to obtain more material. Only the first set of blows
is recorded on the boring log, but a note is included under remarks indicating that a second
sampling attempt was made. A basket or other spring type retainer may be used on any or all
sampling attempts. When sampling material below the water table, the hole is kept full of fluid
during the removal of tools to prevent flow of soil into the casing.
After driving is completed, the sampler is retrieved and the soil sample is removed, then
packaged and identified as described in the following subsection.
Standard penetration tests and collection of samples is typically done at 5-foot intervals, although
continuous sampling in the upper 10-15 feet is common. Samples should also be taken at every
change in stratum. Specific sampling requirements may be directed by the Regional
Geotechnical Engineer.
CHAPTER 4
Geotechnical Field Investigation
NYSDOT Geotechnical Page 4-34 December 10, 2013
Design Manual Rev. 1
4.7.1.2.3 Packaging and Identification of Samples
Samples are placed in tied plastic storage bags and placed in jars in such a manner so as to
maintain the sampled condition of the soil. The side of the jar is labeled to show the project
name, PIN, hole number, sample number, the depth from which the sample was taken, and any
remarks that might pertain to that sample. Jars are placed in cartons clearly labeled to identify its
contents, specifically the project name, PIN, test boring numbers, enclosed jar sample numbers,
etc.
Samples must be protected from freezing or extreme heat. Refer to ASTM D4220 - Standard
Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil.
4.7.1.3 Thin-Walled Tube Sampling
Thin-walled tube samples are taken to obtain undisturbed samples of fine grained soils
containing silt and clay, and of some organic materials. To obtain a sample, a thin-walled metal
tube, e.g., 3 dia. x 36 long (75 mm x 900 mm), is pressed into the soil at the sample depth. The
sampler is removed from the bore hole and immediately sealed, then taken to a laboratory
facility. It is extremely important that the samples be pressed, handled, and transported with a
minimum amount of disturbance. Careless handling of samples can cause misleading test results
that could result in inadequate designs.
This process allows the sample to be as undisturbed as possible and is suitable for fine-grained or
organic soils that require strength and consolidation tests. Refer to ASTM D1587 - Standard
Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for Geotechnical Purposes (AASHTO T207 -
Standard Method of Test for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils) and ASTM D6519 - Sampling
of Soil Using the Hydraulically Operated Stationary Piston Sampler.
4.7.1.3.1 Progressing the Test Boring for Sampling
The hole shall be a minimum of 4 inches in diameter. Drilling mud may be used if permitted by
the Departmental Geotechnical Engineer. Hollow stem augers are not allowed. The hole shall be
cleaned using methods and equipment which will not disturb the soil to be sampled. Bottom
discharge bits, including samplers, will not be allowed as hole cleanout tools.
The 2-1/2 inches of soil directly above the sampling elevation shall be removed with a cleanout
jet auger without the use of water. "N" size drill rods or larger shall be used.
4.7.1.3.2 Obtaining a Sample
At the elevation to be sampled, the tube is pressed into the soil with a continuous motion a
distance of 18 inches. Care is taken to allow air and water to flow freely through the vent, thus
preventing compression of the soil sample. After pressing the tube to the required depth and
waiting a minimum of 5 minutes, the sampler is carefully rotated and removed from the hole.
CHAPTER 4
Geotechnical Field Investigation
NYSDOT Geotechnical Page 4-35 December 10, 2013
Design Manual Rev. 1
Thin-walled tube samples are taken in the strata identified by the Departmental Geotechnical
Engineer. Samples are recovered with a stationary piston type sampler or a hydraulically
operated piston sampler, modified to accept the thin-walled tubes. Samplers with piston rods
extending to the ground surface must be provided with clamps which positively lock the piston
against upward travel while lowering the sampler to the sampling depth. During the press the
piston rods are locked in a stationary position to eliminate any movements either up or down. In
addition, the sampler is provided with positive locks to secure the piston rods prior to removal of
the sampler after penetration.
During the removal of the sampler, the hole is kept full of fluid. Before the thin-walled tube is
removed from the piston, the piston rod is backed off to admit air past the flattened threads to
break the vacuum. For other approved types of equipment, the necessary vacuum breaking
measures are taken. The length of sample in the tube and also the distance pressed is measured,
recorded, and indicated on the tube label.
If a thin-walled sample can not be retained or a tube cannot be pressed, a 2-inch diameter split
barrel sampler is driven to obtain a sample.
A wax seal (consisting of a combination of 3 parts paraffin and 5 parts bees wax, or a wax of the
same consistency as this mixture) is used to keep the sample from drying. The bottom of the
sample is carefully squared off at least 1 in. back from the end of the tube and a wax seal,
approximately 1 in. thick, is poured in the bottom end of the tube. The soil at the top of the tube
is carefully squared off and a wax seal, approximately 1/2 in. thick, is poured. It is desirable to
have a thinner wax seal at the top than the bottom for ease of extruding soil sample. Any space
remaining at the top or bottom of the sample tube is filled with sawdust or paper after the wax
has hardened. The ends of the tubes are sealed with snugly fitting plastic caps which are secured
in place with friction tape. Wax is not placed on the outside of the tube. Labels shall be placed on
the tube below center and secured with strips of tape.
Figure 4-4 Undisturbed Sample Schematic
CHAPTER 4
Geotechnical Field Investigation
NYSDOT Geotechnical Page 4-36 December 10, 2013
Design Manual Rev. 1
Geotechnical Engineering Manual GEM-8 Techniques to Improve Undisturbed Sampling was
created to evaluate the effects of sampling disturbance on plastic clays. Therein, by comparing
the results of good and bad sampling procedures it was concluded that two main causes of
unsatisfactory undisturbed samples are improper cleanout and inaccurate measurements. The
information in the manual is presented to assist the Departmental Geotechnical Engineer and
drilling personnel in obtaining the highest quality undisturbed sample
4.7.1.3.3 Packaging, Identification, and Transporting of Samples
Thin-walled tubes are labeled to show the project name, PIN, Location, hole number, sample
number, depths from which the sample was taken, amount pressed, amount recovered, and any
remarks that might pertain to that sample. The samples are handled, stored, and transported using
care to prevent the samples from being subjected to freezing, drying, jarring, and any other
disturbance. The tubes properly packaged are stored and transported in an upright position at all
times.
4.7.1.4 Rock Core Sampling
The most common method for progressing a test boring through rock is diamond core drilling.
As the core advances through the rock, a core sample of the rock can be collected in a core
barrel. There are three basic types of core barrels: single tube, double tube, and triple tube. Refer
to ASTM D2113 - Standard Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of Rock for Site
Investigation (AASHTO T225 - Standard Method of Test for Diamond Core Drilling for Site
Investigation).
4.7.1.4.1 Obtaining a Rock Core
The hole is progressed through the overburden until refusal on the casing or soil sampler is
encountered. Unless directed otherwise, continuous core drilling should then be progressed in
boulders and ledge rock to depths determined by the Departmental Geotechnical Engineer.
Cores having a diameter of 1-1/6 in. to 2-1/6 in. (30 mm to 55 mm) are typically obtained using a
double tube, swivel type, core barrel capable of continuous coring lengths of 5 feet (1.5 m). If at
any time the core barrel is withdrawn by more than 1 inch (25 mm), the core barrel is removed
from the hole and the core removed from the barrel.
Rock core recoveries of less than 85% of each run are typically considered unacceptable and
coring shall continue for another 5 foot (1.5 m) run, unless in the judgment of the Departmental
Geotechnical Engineer, the necessary information has been obtained.
CHAPTER 4
Geotechnical Field Investigation
NYSDOT Geotechnical Page 4-37 December 10, 2013
Design Manual Rev. 1
4.7.1.4.2 Packaging and Identification of Rock Cores
The rock core is placed in a wooden core box and secured to maintain it in its sampled condition.
Rock cores and the core box are labeled in accordance with the Geotechnical Engineering
Bureau drawing entitled "Instructions for Labeling Rock Cores". Where sections of the core
contain numerous small pieces, the pieces shall be bagged and placed back into their original
position within the core length. The bagged pieces shall be numbered as a singular piece
within the rock core.
4.7.2 Test Boring Logs
All information obtained during the progression of a test boring is recorded in the field on a
Drillers Field Log (Fig 4-5). All information from the field log shall be included in a finalized
drill log (Fig 4-6). A log will be prepared for each boring. In addition to the information
identified for inclusion on the log, the following should also be noted, if encountered:
1. Groundwater - where it was encountered
2. Artesian - where it was encountered and the height of flow
3. Boulders, cobbles, and other obstructions - where they were encountered
4. Voids and/or gas pockets - where they were encountered
CHAPTER 4
Geotechnical Field Investigation
NYSDOT Geotechnical Page 4-38 December 10, 2013
Design Manual Rev. 1
Figure 4-5 Drillers Field Log
CHAPTER 4
Geotechnical Field Investigation
NYSDOT Geotechnical Page 4-39 December 10, 2013
Design Manual Rev. 1
Figure 4-6 Typical Boring Log
CHAPTER 4
Geotechnical Field Investigation
NYSDOT Geotechnical Page 4-40 December 10, 2013
Design Manual Rev. 1
4.8 REFERENCES
American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Manual on
Subsurface Investigations, AASHTO MSI-1, January, 1988.
American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO), T206,
Standard Method of Test for Penetration Test and Split-Barrel Sample of Soils, 444 North
Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249, Washington, D.C. 20001.
American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO), T207,
Standard Method of Test for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils, 444 North Capitol Street
N.W., Suite 249, Washington, D.C. 20001.
American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO), T223,
Standard Method of Test for Field Vane Shear Test in Cohesive Soil, 444 North Capitol Street
N.W., Suite 249, Washington, D.C. 20001.
American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO), T225,
Standard Method of Test for Diamond Core Drilling for Site Investigation, 444 North Capitol
Street N.W., Suite 249, Washington, D.C. 20001.
American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO), T306,
Standard Method of Test for Progressing Auger Borings for Geotechnical Explorations, 444
North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249, Washington, D.C. 20001.
ASTM International, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), D1586, Standard
Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO
Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
ASTM International, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), D1587, Standard
Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for Geotechnical Purposes, 100 Barr Harbor
Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
ASTM International, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), D2113, Standard
Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of Rock for Site Investigation, 100 Barr Harbor
Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
ASTM International, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), D2573, Standard
Test Method for Field Vane Shear Test in Cohesive Soil, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
ASTM International, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), D4043, Standard
Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method in Determining Hydraulic Properties by Well
Techniques, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
ASTM International, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), D4044, Standard
Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug) Tests for
CHAPTER 4
Geotechnical Field Investigation
NYSDOT Geotechnical Page 4-41 December 10, 2013
Design Manual Rev. 1
Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifers, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
ASTM International, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), D4050, Standard
Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Withdrawal and Injection Well Tests for Determining
Hydraulic Properties of Aquifer Systems, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
ASTM International, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), D4220, Standard
Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
ASTM International, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), D4719, Standard
Test Method for Prebored Pressuremeter Testing in Soils, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
ASTM International, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), D5778, Standard
Test Method for Performing Electronic Friction Cone and Piezocone Penetration Testing of
Soils, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
ASTM International, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), D6151, Standard
Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geotechnical Exploration and Soil Sampling, 100
Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
ASTM International, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), D6635, Standard
Test Method for Performing the Flat Plate Dilatometer, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
ASTM International, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), D7012, Standard
Test Method for Compressive Strength and Elastic Moduli of Intact Rock Core Specimens under
Varying States of Stress and Temperatures, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
Das, M. Braja, Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, 3rd edition, PWS Publishing Company,
Boston MA, 1994.
Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC), Soil Mechanics,
Design Manual 7.1, May, 1982.
Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC), Foundations and
Earth Structures, Design Manual 7.2, May, 1982.
Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC), Soil Dynamics,
Deep Stabilization, and Special Geotechnical Construction, Design Manual 7.3, April, 1983.
Geotechnical Engineering Bureau, Techniques to Improve Undisturbed Sampling, Geotechnical
Engineering Manual GEM-8, New York State Department of Transportation, Office of Technical
CHAPTER 4
Geotechnical Field Investigation
NYSDOT Geotechnical Page 4-42 December 10, 2013
Design Manual Rev. 1
Services,
https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/technical-services-
repository/GEM-8b.pdf
Lunne, T., Robertson, P.K. and Powell, J.J.M., Cone Penetration Testing in Geotechnical
Practice. E & FN Spon, London, 1997.
Mayne, P. W., Christopher, B.R., and DeJong, J., 2002, Subsurface Investigations
Geotechnical Site Characterization, Publication No. FHWA NHI-01-031, National Highway
Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, 300 pp.
Meyerhoff, G. G., Penetration Tests and Bearing Capacity of Cohesionless Soils, Journal of Soil
Mechanics and Foundation Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 82, No. SM1,
Proc. Paper 866, pp. 1-19, January, 1956.
New York State Comprehensive Pavement Design Manual (CPDM), Department of
Transportation, Office of Technical Services,
https://www.dot.ny.gov/portal/page/portal/divisions/engineering/design/dqab/cpdm
Peck, R. B., Hanson, W. E. and Thornburn, T. H., 1974, Foundation Engineering, 2nd Edition,
John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Sabatini, P.J., Bachus, R.C., Mayne, P.W., Schneider, J.A., Zettler, T.E., Evaluation of Soil and
Rock Properties, Geotechnical Engineering Circular No. 5, FHWA-IF-02-034, April 2002.
Sowers, G.F., Introductory Soil Mechanics and Foundations: Geotechnical Engineering, 4th
edition, Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., New York, NY, 1970.
Sowers, G.F. and Hedges, C.S, Dynamic Cone for Shallow In-Situ Penetration Testing, Vane
Shear and Cone Penetration Resistance Testing of In-Situ Soils, ASTM STP399, 1966
Spangler, M.G., and Handy, R.L., Soil Engineering, 4th edition, Harper & Row, Publishers, New
York, NY, 1982.
Wightman, W. E., Jalinoos, F., Sirles, P., and Hanna, K., Application of Geophysical Methods to
Highway Related Problems, Federal Highway Administration, Central Federal Lands Highway
Division, Lakewood, CO, Publication No. FHWA-IF-04-021, September 2003.