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NCCI: Determination of non-dimensional slenderness of I and H sections
SN002a-EN-EU
NCCI: Determination of non-dimensional slenderness of I
and H sections
This NCCI presents a method for determining the non-dimensional slenderness without
explicit determination of Mcr. The basic, conservative method can be refined to take
account of section geometry and bending moment distribution.

Contents
1. Simplified method 2
2. Economy from more complexity 3
3. Allowance for the effect of destabilizing loads 6

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SN002a-EN-EU
1. Simplified method
For straight segments of hot-rolled doubly symmetric I and H sections with lateral restraints
to the compression flange at both ends of the segment considered and with no destabilizing
loads, the value of
LT
required by EN1993-1-1 6.3.2.2 or 6.3.2.3 may be conservatively
taken from Table 1.1.
S 235 S 275 S 355 S420 S 460
104
z
LT
i L
=
96
z
LT
i L
=
85
z
LT
i L
=
78
z
LT
i L
=
75
z
LT
i L
=
Table 1.1
LT
for different grades of steel
where
L is the distance between points of restraint of the compression flange
i
z
is the radius of gyration of the section about the minor axis.
NOTES
Table 1.1 is derived from equation (1) taking C
1
=1,0, U =0,9, V =1,0 and
w
=1,0.
Improved economy can be gained by increasing the complexity of the slenderness calculation.
For beams designed as simply supported, there may be little gain, but for columns with
large moments, the gain may be significant.
It is advisable to detail structures to avoid destabilising loading. This may be achieved by
detailing so that the load and the beam flange are not free to move laterally. For example,
where a floor acts as a horizontal diaphragm restraining the beam, the loading is not
destabilising.
For further information, see also:
Economy from more
complexity
Non-uniform bending moment distribution reduces LT by
up to 40% where there is significant reversal of moment.
Section geometry reduces LT by up to 15%.
Lower yield strengths for thicker elements reduce LT by
up to 5%.
Allowance for the effects of
destabilising loads
Destabilising loads are rare but when they do exist the
bending resistance is reduced. Destabilising loads need to
be taken into account in design.
Background Theory Derivation of above simplified equations
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2. Economy from more complexity
A less conservative value of
LT
may be obtained by taking account of bending moment
diagram, section geometry and lower yield strengths.
There is little economy to be gained for simply supported beams by use of
1
1
C
, but in
columns with negative values of (see Table 2.1) and large bending moments, the economy
may be significant.
NOTE: For beams in simple construction (designed as Simple Supported beams), see
EN1993-1-8 5.1.1(2).
When the loading is not destabilising,
LT
is given by
w
z
1
w
1
z
1
LT
1 1

UV
C
UV
C
= =
(1)
where
C
1
is a parameter dependent on the shape of the bending moment diagram. Values of
1
1
C
for some bending moment diagrams are given in Table 2.1 and Table 2.2.
Values for other bending moment diagrams can be obtained from [SN003].
Conservatively, C
1
=1,0 (this value has been used in the simplified method above).
U is a parameter dependent on the section geometry and is given by:

w
z
y pl,
I
I
A
g W
U =
In which g allows for the curvature of the beam if it has zero vertical deflection
before it is loaded and is given by
=
y
z
1
I
I
g or, conservatively, g =1,0
Conservatively, U =0,9 (this value has been used in the simplified method above).
V is a parameter related to the slenderness. Where the loading is not destabilising, it
may be taken as:
either, conservatively, =1,0 for all sections symmetric about the major axis,
or as
4
2
f
z
20
1
1
1
+
=
t h
V
for doubly symmetric hot rolled I and H sections

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The exact definition of V, where the loading is not destabilising, is:

( )
4
z
w
t
2
2
z
2
w
1
I
I
I
A
G
E
k
k
V
=
If k =k
w
, then
( )
4
z
w
t
2
2
z
1
1
I
I
I
A
G
E
V
+
=

z
z
i
kL
= ,in which
L is the distance between points of restraint to the compression flange
k is the effective length parameter and should be taken as 1,0 unless it can be
demonstrated otherwise
y pl,
y
w
W
W
=
W
y
is the modulus used to calculate M
b,Rd

For Class 1 and 2 sections W
y
=W
pl,y

For Class 3 sections W
y
=W
el,y

y
1
f
E
= in which f
y
is the yield strength appropriate to the thickness of the steel.
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Table 2.1 Values of
1
1
C
for end moment loading, to be used with k=1,0

1
1
C

+1,00 1,00
+0,75 0,94
M
M
-1 +1

+0,50 0,87
+0,25 0,81
0,00 0,75
-0,25 0,70
-0,50 0,66
-0,75 0,62
-1,00 0,63
Table 2.2 Values of
1
1
C
for cases with transverse loading, to be used with k=1,0
Bending moment diagram
1
1
C

Loading and support
conditions

0,94

0,62

0.86

0,77
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SN002a-EN-EU
3. Allowance for the effect of destabilizing loads
The effect of a destabilising load may be taken into account by increasing the value of the
non-dimensional slenderness.
3.1 Beams with destabilizing loads
A beam with the load acting at a distance above the shear centre of the section is shown in
Figure 3.1b. If both the load and the beam are free to move laterally, such a load is described
as a destabilising load. The destabilising effect arises because when the beam buckles,
deflecting laterally and twisting, the line of action of the load remains vertical but moves
relative to the shear centre of the section. The load therefore applies an additional torque,
increasing the effect of lateral torsional buckling.
w
w
e

a) Load acting through b) Load acting at top flange
shear centre (destabilising load)

Figure 3.1 An example of a destabilising load

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SN002a-EN-EU
3.2 Slenderness with destabilising loads
Where the loading is destabilising,
LT
is given by
w
z
1
w
1
z
1
LT
1 1
UVD
C
UVD
C
= =
(2)
where
( )
( )
25 , 0
w
z
2
2
z
w
t
2
2
2
w
1
+ +
=
I
I
z C
I
I
I
A
G
E
k
k
V
g
z

For doubly symmetric hot rolled I and H sections, V may be taken conservatively as:
( )
4
w
z 2
2
2
f
20
1
1
1
I
I
z C
t h
V
g
z
+
+
=

C
2
is a parameter dependent on the shape of the bending moment diagram. Values of C
2

are given in SN003.
z
g
is the height of the destabilising load above the shear centre
5 , 0
w
z
g 2
2
1
1
=
I
I
z C V
D
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SN002a-EN-EU
Annex A Background Theory
The theoretical consistency between the simplified method and the explicit method using M
cr

for calculating values of
LT
is demonstrated below.
The elastic critical buckling moment may be written:
( )
( )
( )

+ +
=
g 2
2
g 2
z
2
t
2
z
w
2
w
2
z
2
1 cr
z C z C
EI
GI kL
I
I
k
k
g kL
EI
C M
where g is the correction factor for the increase in critical buckling moment caused by
increased curvature, which may be taken as
=
y
z
1
I
I
g , or conservatively as g =1,0.
EN 1993-1-1 defines the non-dimensional slenderness as
cr
y y
LT
M
f W
=
( )
( )
( )

+ +
=
g 2
2
g 2
z
2
t
2
z
w
2
w
2
2
1
z C z C
EI
GI kL
I
I
k
k
g kL
EI
C
f W
z
y y

( )
( )
( )
=
g 2
w
z
2
g 2
w
z
2
z
2
2
w z
w
y
2
2
1
1 1 1
z C
I
I
z C
I
I
E A
GI
A
I
kL
k
k
I
I
f
E
A
I
kL
A
g W
C
t
z
y

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

+ +
=
w
z
g 2
2
g 2
w
z t
2 2
z
2
2
w
z
w
y
2 2
2
1
1 1 1 1
I
I
z C
I
I
z C
AI
I I
E
G
i
kL
k
k
I
I
f
E i
kL
A
g W
C
w
z
z
y

defining
y
1
f
E
= and
z
z
i
kL
=

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SN002a-EN-EU

( )
( )
( )
( )
+ +
=
w
z
g 2
w
z
2
g 2
z
w
t
2
2
2
w
2
1
2
z
y
1
1 1 1
I
I
z C
I
I
z C
I
I
I
A
G
E

k
k
I
I
A
g W
C
z
w
z

defining
( )
( )
w
z
2
g 2
z
w
t
2
2
2
w
1
I
I
z C
I
I
I
A
G
E

k
k
V
z
+ +
=
( )
( )
=
w
z
g 2
2
2
1
2
z
w
z
y pl,
pl.y
y
1
LT
1
1 1
I
I
z C
V
I
I
A
g W
W
W
C

defining
y pl,
y
w
W
W
= and
w
z
y pl,
I
I
A
g W
U =
( )
( )
=
w
z
g 2
2
2
2
1
2
z 2
W
1
LT
1
1
I
I
z C V
V
U
C

defining
=
w
z
g 2
2
1
1
I
I
z C V
D
( )
( )
2 2
2
1
2
z 2
W
1
LT
1
D V
U
C
=
W
1
z
1
LT
1
UVD
C
=

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SN002a-EN-EU

V may be simplified as follows. Where k =k
w
and the load is applied through the shear centre
of the section, V reduces to
( ) ( )
4
z
w
t
2
2
z
z
w
t
2
2
z
1
1
1
1
I
I
I
A
G
E

I
I
I
A
G
E

V
+
=
+
=
For hot-rolled I-sections,
2
f z
w
t
2
20

t
h
I
I
I
A
G
E

Therefore, for hot-rolled I-sections, and where the loads are not destabilising, V may be
taken as:
4
2
f
z
20
1
1
1
+
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SN002a-EN-EU
Quality Record
RESOURCE TITLE NCCI: Determination of non-dimensional slenderness of I and H
sections
Reference(s)
ORIGINAL DOCUMENT
Name Company Date
Created by J ames Lim The Steel Construction
Institute

Technical content checked by Charles King The Steel Construction
Institute

Editorial content checked by D C Iles SCI 2/3/05
Technical content endorsed by the
following STEEL Partners:

1. UK G W Owens SCI 1/3/05
2. France A Bureau CTICM 1/3/05
3. Sweden A Olsson SBI 1/3/05
4. Germany C Mueller RWTH 1/3/05
5. Spain J Chica Labein 1/3/05
Resource approved by Technical
Coordinator
G W Owens SCI 21/04/06
TRANSLATED DOCUMENT
This Translation made and checked by:
Translated resource approved by:

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NCCI: Determination of non-dimensional slenderness of I and H sections

for doubly symmetric hot rolled I and H sections

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