CH 3

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0521609984c03.xml CUAT019-EVANS October 26, 2005 17:10

C H A P T E R
3
Matrices
Objectives
To be able to identify when two matrices are equal
To be able to add and subtract matrices of the same dimensions
To be able to perform multiplication of a matrix and a scalar
To be able to identify when the multiplication of two given matrices is possible
To be able to perform multiplication on two suitable matrices
To be able to find the inverse of a 2 2 matrix
To be able to find the determinant of a matrix
To be able to solve linear simultaneous equations in two unknowns using an
inverse matrix
3.1 Introduction to matrices
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers. The numbers in the array are called the entries in
the matrix.
The following are examples of matrices:
1 2
3 4
5 6
[2 1 5 6]
2 3
0 0 1
2 0
[5]
Matrices vary in size. The size, or dimension, of the matrix is described by specifying the
number of rows (horizontal lines) and columns (vertical lines) that occur in the matrix.
The dimensions of the above matrices are, in order:
3 2, 1 4, 3 3, 1 1.
The rst number represents the number of rows and the second, the number of columns.
61
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62 Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS
Example 1
Write down the dimensions of the following matrices.
a
1 1 2
2 1 0
1
2
3
4
c

2 2 3
Solution
a 2 3 b 4 1 c 1 3
The use of matrices to store information is demonstrated by the following two examples.
Four exporters A, B, C and D sell televisions (t), CD players (c), refrigerators (r) and
washing machines (w). The sales in a particular month can be represented by a 4 4 array of
numbers. This array of numbers is called a matrix.
r c w t
A
B
C
D
120 95 370 250

430 380 1000 900
60 50 150 100
200 100 470 50
row 1
row 2
row 3
row 4
column 1 column 2 column 3 column 4
From the matrix it can be seen that:
exporter A sold 120 refrigerators, 95 CD players, 370 washing machines and 250
televisions
exporter B sold 430 refrigerators, 380 CD players, 1000 washing machines and 900
televisions.
The entries for the sales of refrigerators are made in column 1.
The entries for the sales of exporter A are made in row 1.
The diagram on the right represents a section of a road map.
The number of direct connecting roads between towns can be
represented in matrix form.
A B C D
A
B
C
D
0 2 1 1
2 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
B
A
C
D
If A is a matrix, a
ij
will be used to denote the entry that occurs in row i and column j of A.
Thus a 3 4 matrix may be written:
A =
a
11
a
12
a
13
a
14
a
21
a
22
a
23
a
24
a
31
a
32
a
33
a
34
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Chapter 3 Matrices 63
For B, an m n matrix may be written:
B =
b
11
b
12
. . . . . b
1n
b
21
b
22
. . . . . b
2n
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
b
m1
b
m2
. . . . . b
mn
Matrices provide a format for the storage of data. In this form the data is easily operated on.
Some calculators have a built-in facility to operate on matrices and there are computer
packages which allow the manipulation of data in matrix form.
A car dealer sells three models of a certain make and his business operates through two
showrooms. Each month he summarises the number of each model sold by a sales
matrix S:
S =
s
11
s
12
s
13
s
21
s
22
s
23
where s
i j
is the number of cars of model j sold by showroom i.
So, for example, s
12
is the number of sales made by showroom 1, of model 2.
If in January, showroom 1 sold three, six and two cars of models 1, 2 and 3 respectively, and
showroom 2 sold four, two and one car(s) of models 1, 2 and 3 (in that order), the sales matrix
for January would be:
S =
3 6 2
4 2 1
A matrix is, then, a way of recording a set of numbers, arranged in a particular way. As in
Cartesian coordinates, the order of the numbers is signicant, so that although the matrices
1 2
3 4
and
3 4
1 2
have the same numbers and the same number of elements, they are different matrices (just as
(2, 1), (1, 2) are coordinates of different points).
Two matrices A, B are equal, and can be written as A = B when:
each has the same number of rows and the same number of columns
they have the same number or element at corresponding positions.
For example,
2 1 1
0 1 3
1 +1 1 1
1 1 1
6
2
.
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Example 2
If matrices A and B are equal, nd the values of x and y.
A =
2 1
x 4
B =
2 1
3 y
Solution
x = 3 and y = 4
Although a matrix is made from a set of numbers, it is important to think of a matrix as a
single entity, somewhat like a super number.
Example 3
There are four rows of seats of three seats each in a minibus. If 0 is used to indicate a seat is
vacant and 1 is used to indicate a seat is occupied, write down a matrix that represents the
following:
a The 1st and 3rd rows are occupied but the 2nd and 4th rows are vacant.
b Only the seat on the front left corner of the bus is occupied.
Solution
a
1 1 1
0 0 0
1 1 1
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
Example 4
There are four clubs in a local football league.
Team A has 2 senior teams and 3 junior teams.
Team B has 2 senior teams and 4 junior teams.
Team C has 1 senior team and 2 junior teams.
Team D has 3 senior teams and 3 junior teams.
Represent this information in a matrix.
Solution
2 3
2 4
1 2
3 3
Note: rows represent teams A, B, C, D and columns represent the number of senior and junior
teams respectively.
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Exercise 3A
1 Write down the dimensions of the following matrices.
Example 1
a
1 2
3 4
2 1 1
0 1 3
c
[a b c d ]
d
p
q
r
s
2 There are 25 seats arranged in ve rows and ve columns. If 0, 1 respectively are used to
Example 3
indicate whether a seat is vacant or occupied, write down a matrix that represents the
situation when:
a only seats on the two diagonals are occupied
b all seats are occupied.
3 If seating arrangements (as in Question 2) are represented by matrices, consider the matrix
in which the i, j element is 1 if i = j , but 0 if i = j . What seating arrangement does this
matrix represent?
4 At a certain school there are 200 girls and 110 boys in Year 7, 180 girls and 117 boys in
Example 4
Year 8, 135 and 98 respectively in Year 9, 110 and 89 in Year 10, 56 and 53 in Year 11 and
28 and 33 in Year 12. Summarise this information in matrix form.
5 From the following, select those pairs of matrices that could be equal, and write down the
Example 2
values of x, y which would make them equal.
a
3
2
0
x
, [0 x ], [0 4 ]
b
4 7
1 2
1 2
4 x
x 7
1 2
, [4 x 1 2]
c
2 x 4
1 10 3
y 0 4
1 10 3
2 0 4
1 10 3
6 In each of the following nd the values of the pronumerals so that matrices A and B are
equal.
a A =
2 1 1
0 1 3
B =
x 1 1
0 1 y
b A =
x
2
B =
3
y
c A = [3 x] B = [y 4] d A =
1 y
4 3
B =
1 2
4 x
7 A section of a road map connecting towns A, B, C

and D is shown. Construct the 4 4 matrix that
shows the number of connecting roads between
each pair of towns.
B
D
A
C
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8 The statistics for the ve members of a basketball team are recorded as follows.
Player A: points 21, rebounds 5, assists 5
Player B: points 8, rebounds 2, assists 3
Player C: points 4, rebounds 1, assists 1
Player D: points 14, rebounds 8, assists 60
Player E: points 0, rebounds 1, assists 2
Express this data in a 5 3 matrix.
3.2 Addition, subtraction and multiplication
by a scalar
Addition will be dened for two matrices only when they have the same number of rows and
the same number of columns. In this case the sum of two matrices is found by adding
corresponding elements. For example,
1 0
0 2
0 3
4 1
1 3
4 3
and
a
11
a
12
a
21
a
22
a
31
a
32
b
11
b
12
b
21
b
22
b
31
b
32
a
11
+b
11
a
12
+b
12
a
21
+b
21
a
22
+b
22
a
31
+b
31
a
32
+b
32
Subtraction is dened in a similar way. When the two matrices have the same number of rows
and the same number of columns the difference is found by subtracting corresponding
elements.
Example 5
Find:
a
1 0
2 0
2 1
4 1
2 3
1 4
2 3
1 4
Solution
a
1 0
2 0
2 1
4 1
1 1
6 1
2 3
1 4
2 3
1 4
0 0
0 0
It is useful to dene multiplication of a matrix by a real number. If A is an m n matrix,

and k is a real number, then kA is an m n matrix whose elements are k times the
corresponding elements of A. Thus:
3
2 2
0 1
6 6
0 3
These denitions have the helpful consequence that if a matrix is added to itself, the result is
twice the matrix, i.e. A +A = 2A. Similarly the sum of n matrices each equal to A is nA
(where n is a natural number).
The m n matrix with all elements equal to zero is called the zero matrix.
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Example 6
Let X =
2
4
, Y =
3
6
, A =
2 0
1 2
, B =
5 0
2 4
Find X +Y, 2X, 4Y +X, X Y, 3A, 3A +B.

Solution
X +Y =
2
4
3
6
5
10
2X = 2
2
4
4
8
4Y +X = 4
3
6
2
4
12
24
2
4
14
28
X Y =
2
4
3
6
1
2
3A = 3
2 0
1 2
6 0
3 6
3A +B =
6 0
3 6
5 0
2 4
1 0
1 2
Example 7
If A =
3 2
1 1
and B =
0 4
2 8
, nd matrix Xsuch that 2A +X = B.

Solution
If 2A +X = B, then X = B 2A
X =
0 4
2 8
3 2
1 1
0 2 3 4 2 2
2 2 1 8 2 1
6 8
0 6
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Using a CAS calculator
Matrices are accessed through the Matrix Editor. Press
the APPS key and select 6:Data/Matrix Editor and then
3:New.
From the resulting menu select 2:Matrix. Call this
rst matrix a and dene it as a 2 2 matrix.
Press ENTER to obtain the edit screen. Note that
the status in the top left of the screen is now Mat 2 2.
The entries are made in the usual way. This is dened
as matrix a. The matrix b =
3 6
5 6.5
is dened in
a similar way. Return to the Home screen.
The two matrices can be viewed by entering a and then b
in the entry line.
Entering matrices in the Home screen
This can be done row by row. For the matrix
3 6
6 7
enter
[[3, 6][6, 7]] and press ENTER . The matrix can be named
by using STO . In the entry line [[3, 6][6, 7]] a.
Addition, subtraction and multiplying
by a scalar
Once a and b are dened as above, a +b, a b and ka can be determined in the Home
screen.
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Exercise 3B
1 Let X =
1
2
, Y =
3
0
, A =
1 1
2 3
, B =
4 0
1 2
Find X +Y, 2X, 4Y +X, X Y, 3A and 3A +B.

Example 6
2 Each showroom of a car dealer sells exactly twice as many cars of each model in February
as in January. (See example in section 3.1.)
a Given that the sales matrix for January is
3 6 2
4 2 1
, write down the sales matrix for

February.
b If the sales matrices for January and March (with twice as many cars of each model
sold in February as January) had been
1 0 0
4 2 3
and
2 1 0
6 1 4
respectively, nd the
sales matrix for the rst quarter of the year.
c Find a matrix to represent the average monthly sales for the rst three months.
3 Let A =
1 1
0 2
.
Find 2A, 3A and 6A.
4 A, B, C are m n matrices. Is it true that:
a A +B = B +A? b (A +B) +C = A +(B +C)?
5 A =
3 2
2 2
and B =
0 3
4 1
Calculate:
a 2A b 3B c 2A + 3B d 3B 2A
6 P =
1 0
0 3
, Q =
1 1
2 0
, R =
0 4
1 1
Calculate:
a P +Q b P +3Q c 2P Q+R
7 If A =
3 1
1 4
and B =
0 10
2 17
, nd matrices X and Y such that

Example 7
2A 3X = B and 3A +2Y = 2B.
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8 Matrices X and Y show the production of four models a, b, c, d at two automobile factories
P, Q in successive weeks.
X =
P
Q
a b c d
150 90 100 50
100 0 75 0
Y =
P
Q
a b c d
160 90 120 40
100 0 50 0
week 1 week 2
Find X + Y and write what this sum represents.
3.3 Multiplication of matrices
Multiplication of a matrix by a real number has been discussed in the previous section. The
denition for multiplication of matrices is less natural. The procedure for multiplying two
2 2 matrices is shown rst.
Let A =
1 3
4 2
and B =
5 1
6 3
Then AB =
1 3
4 2
5 1
6 3
1 5 +3 6 1 1 +3 3
4 5 +2 6 4 1 +2 3
23 10
32 10
and BA =
5 1
6 3
1 3
4 2
5 1 +1 4 5 3 +1 2
6 1 +3 4 6 3 +3 2
9 17
18 24
Note that AB = BA.

If A is an m n matrix and B is an n r matrix, then the product AB is the m r matrix
whose entries are determined as follows.
To nd the entry in row i and column j of AB, single out row i in matrix A and column j in
matrix B. Multiply the corresponding entries from the row and column and then add up the
resulting products.
Note: The product AB is dened only if the number of columns of A is the same as the number
of rows of B.
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Example 8
For A =
2 4
3 6
and B =
5
3
nd AB.
Solution
A is a 2 2 matrix and B is a 2 1 matrix. Therefore AB is dened.
The matrix AB is a 2 1 matrix.
AB =
2 4
3 6
5
3
2 5 +4 3
3 5 +6 3
22
33
Example 9
Matrix X shows the number of cars of models a and b bought by four dealers, A, B, C and D.
Matrix Y shows the cost in dollars of model a and model b.
Find XY and explain what it represents.
a b
X =
A
B
C
D
3 1
2 2
1 4
1 1
Y =
26 000
32 000
a
b
Solution
a b
XY =
A
B
C
D
3 1
2 2
1 4
1 1
26 000
32 000
a
b
4 2 2 1
The matrix XY is a 4 1 matrix.
XY =
3 26 000 +1 32 000
2 26 000 +2 32 000
1 26 000 +4 32 000
1 26 000 +1 32 000
110 000
116 000
154 000
58 000
The matrix XY shows that:

dealer A spent $110 000
dealer B spent $116 000
dealer C spent $154 000
dealer D spent $58 000.
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Example 10
For A =
2 3 4
5 6 7
and B =
4 0
1 2
0 3
nd AB.
Solution
A is a 2 3 matrix and B is a 3 2 matrix. Therefore AB is a 2 2 matrix.
AB =
2 3 4
5 6 7
4 0
1 2
0 3
2 4 +3 1 +4 0 2 0 +3 2 +4 3
5 4 +6 1 +7 0 5 0 +6 2 +7 3
11 18
26 33

Multiplication of A =
3 6
6 7
and B =
3 6
5 6.5
.
AB and BA are shown.
Exercise 3C
1 If X =
2
1
, Y =
1
3
, A =
1 2
1 3
, B =
3 2
1 1
, C =
2 1
1 1
, I =
1 0
0 1
,
Examples 8,10
nd the products AX, BX, AY, IX, AC, CA, (AC)X, C(BX), AI, IB, AB, BA,
A
2
, B
2
, A(CA) and A
2
C.
2 a Are the following products of matrices given in Question 1 dened?
AY, YA, XY, X
2
, CI, XI
b If A =
2 0
0 0
and B =
0 0
3 2
, nd AB.
3 Matrices A and B are 2 2 matrices, and O is the zero 2 2 matrix. Is the following
argument correct?
If AB = O, and A = O, then B = O.
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4 If L = [2 1], X =
2
3
, nd LX and XL.
5 A and B are both m n matrices. Are AB and BA dened and, if so, how many rows and
columns do they have?
6 Suppose
a b
c d
d b
c a
1 0
0 1
.
Show that ad bc = 1. What is the product matrix if the order of multiplication on the
left-hand side is reversed?
7 Using the result of Question 6, write down a pair of matrices A, B such that
AB = BA = I, where I =
1 0
0 1
.
8 Select any three 2 2 matrices A, B and C.
Calculate A(B +C), AB +AC and (B +C)A.
9 It takes John ve minutes to drink a milkshake that costs $2.50, and 12 minutes to eat a
Example 9
banana split that costs $3.00.
Calculate the product
5 12
2.50 3.00
1
2
and interpret the result in milk bar economics.

Suppose two friends join John.
Calculate
5 12
2.50 3.00
1 2 0
2 1 1
and interpret the result.

10 The reading habits of ve students A, B, C, D and E are shown in the rst matrix below
where the columns p, q, r, and s represent four weekly magazines. The second matrix
shows the cost in dollars of each magazine. Find the product of the two matrices and
interpret the result.
p q r s
A
B
C
D
E
0 0 1 1
1 0 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1
p
q
r
s
2.00
3.00
2.50
3.50
11 Let S =
s
11
s
12
s
13
s
21
s
22
s
23
be the sales matrix for two showrooms selling three models of

cars. Here s
ij
is the number of cars of model j sold from showroom i. Let the prices of the
three models of cars be $c
1
, $c
2
, $c
3
.
Call the 3 1 matrix, C =
c
1
c
2
c
3
the price matrix.

a Find SC. b What is the practical meaning of SC?
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c Suppose the car dealer sells both new and used cars and the price of two-year-old used
cars for the three models is $u
1
, $u
2
and $u
3
respectively.
Form a new cost matrix.
C =
c
1
u
1
c
2
u
2
c
3
u
3
Find SC and state its meaning.

d Suppose the car dealer makes 30% prot on his selling of new cars and 25% on used
cars.
If V =
0.3 0
0 0.25
, what is the meaning of CV?

3.4 Identities, inverses and determinants
for 2 2 matrices
Identities
A matrix with the same number of rows and columns is called a square matrix. For square
matrices of a given dimension (e.g. 2 2) a multiplicative identity I exists.
For example, for 2 2 matrices I =
1 0
0 1
and for 3 3 matrices I =
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
If A =
2 3
1 4
, AI = IA = A, and this result holds for any square matrix multiplied by the
appropriate multiplicative identity.
Inverses
Given a 2 2 matrix A, is there a matrix B such that AB = BA = I?
Let B =
x y
u v
and A =
2 3
1 4
Then AB = I implies
2 3
1 4
x y
u v
1 0
0 1
i.e.
2x +3u 2y +3v
x +4u y +4v
1 0
0 1
2x +3u = 1 and 2y +3v = 0

x +4u = 0 y +4v = 1
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These simultaneous equations can be solved to nd x, u, y, and v and hence B.
B =
0.8 0.6
0.2 0.4
B is said to be the inverse of A, as AB = BA = I.

Let A be a 2 2 matrix with A =
a b
c d
and let B =
x y
u v
, where B is the inverse of A.

Then AB = I. In full this is written
ax +bu ay +bv
cx +du cy +dv
1 0
0 1
Hence ax +bu = 1 ay +bv = 0

cx +du = 0 cy +dv = 1
which form two pairs of simultaneous equations, for x, u and y, v respectively.
Taking the x, u pair and eliminating u, (ad bc)x = d
Similarly, eliminating x, (bc ad)u = c
These two equations can be solved for x and u respectively, provided ad bc = 0.
x =
d
ad bc
and u =
c
cb ad
=
c
ad bc
In a similar way it can be found that:
y =
b
ad bc
and v =
a
cb ad
=
a
ad bc
Therefore the inverse =
d
ad bc
b
ad bc
c
ad bc
a
ad bc
.
The inverse of a square matrix A, is denoted by A
1
. The inverse is unique.
ad bc has a name, the determinant of A. This is denoted det(A).
For example,A =
a b
c d
, det(A) = ad bc.
A 2 2 matrix has an inverse only if det(A) = 0.
A square matrix is said to be regular if its inverse exists. Those square matrices which do
not have an inverse are called singular matrices; for a singular matrix det(A) = 0.
The operation of matrix inverse is obtained by entering
a

1 in the entry line. The determinant is obtained
through the MATH menu, which is obtainable by
pressing 2ND 5 and selecting 4:Matrix and then the
appropriate operation. a is the matrix dened on page 68.
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Example 11
For the matrix A =
5 2
3 1
nd:
a det(A) b A
1
Solution
a det(A) = 5 1 2 3 = 1 b A
1
=
1
1
1 2
3 5
1 2
3 5
Example 12
For the matrix A =
3 2
1 6
nd:
a det(A) b A
1
c X, if AX =
5 6
7 2
d Y, if YA =
5 6
7 2
Solution
a det(A) = 3 6 2 = 16 b A
1
=
1
16
6 2
1 3
c AX =
5 6
7 2
Multiply both sides (from the left)

by A
1
.
A
1
AX = A
1
5 6
7 2
IX = X =
1
16
6 2
1 3
5 6
7 2
=
1
16
16 30
16 0
1 2
1 0
d YA =
5 6
7 2
Multiply both sides (from the right) by

A
1
.
YAA
1
=
1
16
5 6
7 2
6 2
1 3
YI = Y =
1
16
24 8
40 8
Y =
3
2
1
2
5
2
1
2
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Exercise 3D
1 For the matrices A =
2 1
3 2
and B =
2 2
3 2
nd:
Example 11
a det(A) b A
1
c det(B) d B
1
2 Find the inverse of the following regular matrices ( is any real number, k is any non-zero
real number).
a
3 1
4 1
3 1
2 4
1 0
0 k
cos sin
sin cos
3 If A, B are the regular matrices A =
2 1
0 1
, B =
1 0
3 1
, nd A
1
, B
1
.
Also nd AB and hence nd, if possible, (AB)
1
.
Also, from A
1
, B
1
, nd the products A
1
B
1
and B
1
A
1
. What do you notice?
4 Let matrix A =
4 3
2 1
.
Example 12
a Find A
1
. b If AX =
3 4
1 6
, nd X. c If YA =
3 4
1 6
, nd Y.
5 Let A =
3 2
1 6
, B =
4 1
2 2
and C =
3 4
2 6
.
a Find X such that AX +B = C. b Find Y such that YA +B = C.
6 If A is a 2 2 matrix, a
12
= a
21
= 0, a
11
= 0, a
22
= 0, then show that A is regular and
nd A
1
.
7 Let A be a regular 2 2 matrix, B a 2 2 matrix and AB = 0. Show that B = 0.
8 Find all 2 2 matrices such that A
1
= A.
3.5 Solution of simultaneous equations
using matrices
Inverse matrices can be used to solve certain sets of simultaneous linear equations. Consider
the equations
3x 2y = 5
5x 3y = 9
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This can be written as
3 2
5 3
x
y
5
9
If A =
3 2
5 3
the determinant of A is 3(3) 5(2) = 1

which is not zero and so A
1
exists.
A
1
=
3 2
5 3
Multiplying the matrix equation
3 2
5 3
x
y
5
9
on the left hand side by A

1
and using
the fact that A
1
A = I yields the following:
A
1
x
y
= A
1
5
9
x
y
= A
1
5
9
x
y
3
2
since A
1
5
9
3
2
This is the solution to the simultaneous equations.

Check by substituting x = 3, y = 2 in the equations.
When dealing with simultaneous linear equations in two variables which represent parallel
straight lines, a singular matrix results.
For example the system
x +2y = 3
2x 4y = 6
has associated matrix equation
1 2
2 4

x
y
3
6
Note that the determinant of
1 2
2 4
= 1 4 (2 2) = 0.
There is no unique solution to the system of equations.
This situation will be considered in Chapter 8.
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Example 13
If A =
2 1
1 2
and K =
1
2
, solve the system AX = K where X =
x
y
.
Solution
If AX = K, then X = A
1
K
A
1
K =
1
5
2 1
1 2
1
2
0
1
X =
0
1
Example 14
Solve the following simultaneous equations.
3x 2y = 6
7x +4y = 7
Solution
The matrix equation is
3 2
7 4
x
y
6
7
.
Let A =
3 2
7 4
Then A
1
=
1
26
4 2
7 3
and
x
y
=
1
26
4 2
7 3
6
7
=
1
26
38
21

Enter
3 2
7 4
(1)
6
7
.
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Exercise 3E
1 If A =
3 1
4 1
, solve the system AX = K, where X =
x
y
, and:
Example 13
a K =
1
2
b K =
2
3
2 If A =
3 1
2 4
, solve the system AX = K, where:

a K =
0
1
b K =
2
0
3 Use matrices to solve the following pairs of simultaneous equations.

Example 14
a 2x +4y = 6
3x + y = 1
b x +2y = 1
x +4y = 2
c 2x +5y = 10
y = x +4
d 1.3x +2.7y = 1.2
4.6y 3.5x = 11.4
4 Use matrices to nd the point of intersection of the lines given by the equations
2x 3y = 7 and 3x + y = 5.
5 Two children spend their pocket money buying books and CDs. One child spends $120 and
buys four books and four CDs. The other child buys three CDs and ve books and spends
$114. Set up a system of simultaneous equations and use matrices to nd the cost of a
single book and a single CD.
6 Consider the system 2x 3y = 3
4x 6y = 6
a Write this system in matrix form as AX = K.
b Is A a regular matrix?
c Can any solutions be found for this system?
d How many pairs does the solution set contain?
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Chapter summary
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers.
Two matrices A and B are equal when:
r
each has the same number of rows and the same number of columns, and
r
they have the same number or element at corresponding positions.
The size or dimension of a matrix is described by specifying the number of rows (m) and the
number of columns (n). The dimension is written m n.
Addition will be dened for two matrices only when they have the same dimension. The sum
is found by adding corresponding elements.
a b
c d
e f
g h
a +e b + f
c + g d +h
Subtraction is dened in a similar way.

If A is an m n matrix and k is a real number, kA is dened to be an m n matrix whose
elements are k times the corresponding element of A.
k
a b
c d
ka kb
kc kd
If A is an m n matrix and B is an n r matrix, then the product AB is the m r matrix

whose entries are determined as follows.
To nd the entry in row i and column j of AB, single out row i in matrix A and column j in
matrix B. Multiply the corresponding entries from the row and column and then add up the
resulting products.
The product AB is dened only if the number of columns of A is the same as the number
of rows of B.
If A and B are square matrices of the same dimension and AB = BA = I then A is said to
the inverse of B and B is said to be the inverse of A.
If A =
a b
c d
then A
1
=
d
ad bc
b
ad bc
c
ad bc
a
ad bc
det(A) = ad bc is the determinant of matrix A.

A square matrix is said to be regular if its inverse exists. Those square matrices which do
not have an inverse are called singular matrices.
Simultaneous equations can be solved using inverse matrices, for example
ax +by = c
dx +ey = f
can be written as
a b
d e
x
y
c
f
and
x
y
a b
d e
c
f
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Multiple-choice questions
1 The matrix A =
1 0
2 1
2 3
3 0
has dimension
A 8 B 4 2 C 2 4 D 1 4 E 3 4
2 If A =
2 0
1 3
and B =
1 3 4
1 3 1
then A +B =
A
3 3
2 0
3 4
2 2
1 2
2 3
2 1
1 3
E cannot be determined
3 If C =
2 3 1
1 0 2
and D =
1 3 1
2 3 1
then D C =
A
1 0 0
1 3 1
2 6 4
2 0 4
1 0 0
1 3 1
1 6 0
1 3 1
E cannot be determined
4 If M=
4 0
2 6
then M=
A
4 0
2 6
0 4
6 2
4 0
2 6
0 4
6 2
4 0
2 6
5 If M=
0 2
3 1
and N =
0 4
3 0
then 2M 2N =
A
0 0
9 2
0 2
6 1
0 4
12 2
0 4
12 2
0 2
6 1
6 If A and B are both m n matrices, where m = n, then A +B is an

A m n matrix B m m matrix C n n matrix
D 2m 2n matrix E cannot be determined
7 If P is an m n matrix, and Q is a n p matrix, the dimension of matrix QP is
A n n B m p C n p D m n E cannot be determined
8 The determinant of matrix A =
2 2
1 1
is
A 4 B 0 C 4 D 1 E 2
9 The inverse of matrix A =
1 1
1 2
is
A 1
B
2 1
1 1
1 1
1 2
1 1
1 2
2 1
1 1
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10 If M=
0 2
3 1
and N =
0 2
3 1
then NM=
A
0 4
9 1
4 2
2 8
0 4
9 1
6 2
3 5
6 2
3 5
Short-answer questions (technology-free)

1 If A =
0 2
3 4
and B =
1 3
0 5
, nd:
a A +B b A B c AB d det(A) e A
1
2 If A =
1 0
2 3
and B =
1 0
0 1
, nd:
a (A +B)(A B) b A
2
B
2
3 Find all possible matrices A which satisfy the equation
3 4
6 8
A =
8
16
.
4 Let A =
1 2
3 1
, B = [3 1 2], C =
6
1
, D =
2 4
and E =
5
0
2
.
a State whether or not each of the following products exist: AB, AC, CD, BE
b Evaluate DA and A
1
.
5 If A =
1 2 1
5 1 2
, B =
1 4
1 6
3 8
and C =
1 2
3 4
, evaluate AB and C
1
.
6 Find the 2 2 matrix A such that A
1 2
3 4
5 6
12 14
.
7 If A =
2 0 0
0 0 2
0 2 0
, nd A
2
and hence A
1
.
8 If
1 2
4 x
is a singular matrix, nd the value of x.

9 a If M=
2 1
1 3
, nd the value of:

i MM= M
2
ii MMM= M
3
iii M
1
b Find x and y, given that M
x
y
3
5
.
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Extended-response questions
1 A =
3 1
1 4
, B =
2 1
5 2
a Find:
i A +B ii A B iii 2A +3B iv C such that 3A +2C = B
b Find:
i AB ii A
1
iii X such that AX = B iv Y such that YA = B
2 If A =
1 2 2
2 0 1
1 3 4
, B =
2 0 1
4 2 2
1 3 3
and C =
2 0 2
3 0 1
1 3 1
, nd:
a AB b AC c BC
d X such that AX = C e Y such that YA = B
f X such that AXC = CB g Y such that CYA = BA
3 a Consider the following system of equations:
2x 3y = 3
4x + y = 5
i Write this system in matrix form, as AX = K.
ii Find detA and A
1
.
iii Solve the system of equations.
iv Interpret your solution geometrically.
b Consider the following system of equations:
2x + y = 3
4x +2y = 8
i Write this system in matrix form, as AX = K.
ii Find detA and explain why A
1
does not exist.
c Interpret your ndings in part b geometrically.

CH 3

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P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS

0521609984c03.xml CUAT019-EVANS October 26, 2005 17:10

120 95 370 250

P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS

7 A section of a road map connecting towns A, B, C

It is useful to dene multiplication of a matrix by a real number. If A is an m n matrix,

Find X +Y, 2X, 4Y +X, X Y, 3A, 3A +B.

, nd matrix Xsuch that 2A +X = B.

P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS

Find X +Y, 2X, 4Y +X, X Y, 3A and 3A +B.

, write down the sales matrix for

, nd matrices X and Y such that

Note that AB = BA.

The matrix XY shows that:

Using a CAS calculator

and interpret the result in milk bar economics.

and interpret the result.

be the sales matrix for two showrooms selling three models of

the price matrix.

Find SC and state its meaning.

, what is the meaning of CV?

and for 3 3 matrices I =

2x +3u = 1 and 2y +3v = 0

B is said to be the inverse of A, as AB = BA = I.

, where B is the inverse of A.

Hence ax +bu = 1 ay +bv = 0

Multiply both sides (from the left)

Multiply both sides (from the right) by

P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS

3 If A, B are the regular matrices A =

the determinant of A is 3(3) 5(2) = 1

Multiplying the matrix equation

on the left hand side by A

This is the solution to the simultaneous equations.

Note that the determinant of

, solve the system AX = K where X =

Using a CAS calculator

, solve the system AX = K, where X =

, solve the system AX = K, where:

3 Use matrices to solve the following pairs of simultaneous equations.

Subtraction is dened in a similar way.

If A is an m n matrix and B is an n r matrix, then the product AB is the m r matrix

det(A) = ad bc is the determinant of matrix A.

P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS

6 If A and B are both m n matrices, where m = n, then A +B is an

P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS

Short-answer questions (technology-free)

is a singular matrix, nd the value of x.

, nd the value of:

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