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Solubility

The Solubility Product Constant


This is the equilibrium constant for a slightly soluble compound. The symbol for the solubility
product constant is Ksp. For sparingly soluble ionic compounds, equilibrium exists between
the solid ionic compound and its dissociated ions in solution.
e.g. a saturated solution of lead (II) sulfate in water
b!"#(s) b
$%
(aq) $ !"#
&%
(aq)
Ksp ' (b
$%
)(!"#
&%
)
Practice
*rite the equilibrium equation and Ksp expressions for
a. +alcium hydroxide
+a(",)%(s) +a
$%
(aq) $ %",
&
(aq)
Ksp ' (+a
$%
)(",
&
)
%
b. -luminum hydroxide
c. .ead (II) sulfate
d. /arium phosphate
Molar Solubility
Molar solubility is the number of moles of a substance (the solute) that can be dissol0ed
per liter of solution before the solution becomes saturated. It can be calculated from a
substance1s !olubility roduct constant (Ksp) and !toichiometry. The units are mol2.,
sometimes written as 3.
Types of Ksp Problems
4. 5eterming Ksp from measured !olubilities
%. 5etermining Ksp from p,
6. +alculating 3olar !olubility from Ksp
4. 5eterming Ksp from measured !olubilities
7xample -8 The solubility of lead (II) chromate in water is #.# x 49
&:
g2.. +alculate
the solubility in mol2. and calculate Ksp
3olar mass of b+r"# ' 6%6.% g2mol
!olubility in mol2. ' #.# x 49
&:
g x 4 mol ' 4.6; x 49
&<
mol2.
. 6%6.% g
7quation ' b+r"# b
$%
$ +r"#
&%
Ksp ' (b
$%
) (+r"#
&%
)
' (4.6; x 49
&<
)
%
' 4.= > 49
&4#
7xample /8 The solubility of sil0er carbonate is in water is 4.6 x 49
&#
mol2.. +alculate the
Ksp
7quation ' -g%+"6 %-g
$
$ +"6
&%
(-g
$
) ' % x 4.6 x 49
&#
mol2.
' %.; x 49
&#
mol2.
(+"6
&%
) ' 4.6 x 49
&#
mol2.
Ksp ' (-g
$
)
%
(+"6
&%
)
' (%.; x 49
&#
)
%
x

(4.6 x 49
&#
)
' ?.? > 49
&4%
%. The p, of a saturated solution of manganese hydroxide is =.49. *rite the equilibrium
equation expression for Ksp. +alculate (,6")
$
, (",)
&
and (3n
%$
), and then calculate
Ksp.
7quation ' 3g(",)% 3g
$%
$ %",
&
p, ' =.4
p", ' 4#&=.4 ' #.=
p", ' &log (",
&
)
49
&#.=
' (",
&
)
4.%x49
&:
' (",
&
)
(,6")
$
' 4.9x49
&4#
4.%x49
&:

' ?.6 x 49
&49
(3n
%$
) ' 4.%x49
&:
2% ' ;.% x 49
&;
Ksp ' (3n
%$
) (",
&
)
%
' (;.% x 49
&;
)

(4.%x49
&:
)
%
' ?.=x 49
&4;
6. -t %:+, the Ksp for bI% is =.? x 49
&=
. *hat is the molar solubility of bI%@
7quation ' bI% b
$%
$ %I
&
Ksp ' (b
%$
) (I
&
)
%
' =.? x 49
&=
bI% b
$%
$ %I
&
Initial & 9.9 9.9
+hange & $x $%x
7quilibrium & x %x
Ksp ' (b
%$
) (I
&
)
%
' =.? x 49
&=
=.? x 49
&=
' x x (%x)
%

#x
6
' =.? x 49
&=

x '
3 9
4 / 10 8 . 9

x

x ' 4.6 x 49
&6
mol2.
Problems
1. The maximum solubility of sil0er cyanide, -g+A, is 4.: x49
B?
mol2. at %:C+.
+alculate Ksp for sil0er cyanide.
%. - saturated solution of copper(II) phosphate, has a concentration of ;.4 x 49
&<
g +u6("#)%
per 499 m. of solution at %:C+. *hat is Ksp for +u6("#)% at %:C+ @
6. - saturated solution of +aF% contains 4.% x 49
&%9
formula units of calcium fluoride per
litre of solution. +alculate Ksp for +aF%.
4. Iron(III) hydroxide, Fe(",) 6, is an extremely insoluble compound. Ksp for Fe(",) 6
is %.? D 49
B6=
at %:C+. +alculate the molar solubility of Fe(",)6 at %:C+.
:. Ksp for Einc iodate, Fn(I"6)% , is 6.= D 49
B;
at %:C+. +alculate the solubility (in mol
and in g2.) of Fn(I"6)% in a saturated solution.

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