WiMAX in Depth

WIMAX in Depth IEEE 802.
16
Copyright LEVER Technology Group PLC - http://www.lever.co.uk - All Rights Reserved
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Copyright 2005 LEVER Technology Group PLC - http://www.lever.co.uk
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WiMAX In Depth
IEEE 802.16
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
V2
WIMAX in Depth IEEE 802.16
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Course Instructor
Don Cochrane
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Introduction & Objectives
Overview
This three-day course is about the IEEE 802.16 Broadband
Wireless Access Standard
Key benefits:
Understand what has been standardised
Learn the basic concepts underpinning Fixed Wireless Access
Appreciate what the 802.16 standard means and how the
technology operates
It assumes:
A technical background, some telecoms would be useful
Introduction & Objectives
As a general strategy, the course does not reproduce pages of data figures. This is because:
1. The figures may change with subsequent releases of the standard - anyone
needing them must refer to the latest issue of the standard
2. Relatively few people need the actual numbers and overloading everyone with
non-essential data is counter-productive
3. Trying to remember them is unnecessary and hard work
4. Lists of parameters are very boring to both present and to listen to.
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Housekeeping
Start/Finish Time
Lunch
Coffee Breaks
Emergencies
Toilets
Mobile Phones
Questions
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Course Agenda
Overview of IEEE 802.16
and WiMAX
802.16 Family of Standards
RF Design and Characteristics
802.16 Air Interface - Physical
Layer
802.16 - MAC layer
Quality of Service
WiMAX Security
Planning a WiMAX Network
Network Design
and Implementation
Interference
Delivering Voice over IP Services
(VoIP)
Current trends with WiMAX
Over Three Days
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CHAPTER ONE
Overview of WiMAX and 802.16
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Something to Remember
People focus on throughput in bits per second.
We see claims about 11 Mbps, 100 Mbps, etc.
Two things:
This rate is shared between uplink and downlink so, for
example, WiFi (802.11b) claims 11 Mbps but the one way rate
is around 5.5 Mbps
Its SHARED between all the users in the area
Think of the radio capacity of a cell/Access Point as a cake:
The cake is the available capacity of the cell.
If users get a big slice then we have few users
If users each get a crumb then everybody gets a bit
But it could be a VERY small bit
Something to Remember
An excellent example is 3G (UMTS) a range of different data rates are available up to 384 kbps
per user. However with 384 kbps to a user there may be at most 3 such users taking most of
the cell capacity and planning constraints may drop that to just 1 such user.
Alternatively there could be 250+ users each with just a few kbps.
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System Architecture
SS Subscriber Station
TE Terminal Equipment (The customers stuff)
RS - Repeater Station
Core
Network
Base
Station
Directional Antenna
or
Intercell
Link
SS TE
SS TE
SS TE
SS TE
SS TE
G
RS
RS
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
TE TE
Omnidirectional Antenna
System Architecture
A real system may have all or only some of these, e.g. there may not be Repeaters if there is
no mesh.
Repeaters are used when the Base Station has no line of sight (LOS) to the SS and also to
increase the effective range of the Base Station
Traffic may pass through one or more Repeaters to reach an SS.
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Fixed Wireless Access
Replace the local loop between a customer and a local exchange
Traditionally copper pair used
Straight telephone service using radio is Wireless Local Loop
We are looking to provide a better service than that
Just like ADSL and Cable Modems do for copper pairs
Looking for data rates well above 2 Mbps
Hence Broadband Wireless Access
Large coverage distances of up to 50 kilometres under LOS conditions
and typical cell radii of up to 5 miles/8 km under NLOS conditions.
LOS = Line of Sight NLOS = Non-Line of Sight
Fixed Wireless Access
LOS doesnt mean just a really narrow path between buildings from transmitter to receiver but a
reasonably wide free space path. Technically, this is defined as 60% of the first Fresnel zone.
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The Idea The First Mile
Cheaper than cable
Easy to deploy and
withdraw
High bit rates (several
Mbit/s per customer)
Frequencies used: 2.4 to
40 GHz, and lower (from
LOS to nLOS solution)
Associated services :
VoIP, broadband
internet, multimedia
Source: ATDI
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NLOS is GOOD!!
Means the transmit
mast neednt be the
highest thing around
This makes planning a
lot easier
Also installation at
customer site neednt
be on the roof
NLOS is GOOD!!
In a NLOS link, a signal reaches the receiver through reflections, scattering, and diffractions. The
signals arriving at the receiver consists of components from the direct path, multiple reflected paths,
scattered energy, and diffracted propagation paths. These signals have different delay spreads,
attenuation, polarizations, and stability relative to the direct path.
The multi path phenomena can also cause the polarization of the signal to be changed. Thus using
polarization as a means of frequency re-use, as is normally done in LOS deployments can be
problematic in NLOS applications.
How a radio system uses these multi path signals to an advantage is the key to providing service in
NLOS conditions. A product that merely increases power to penetrate obstructions (sometimes
called near line of sight) is not NLOS technology because this approach still relies on a strong
direct path without using energy present in the indirect signals. Both LOS and NLOS coverage
conditions are governed by the propagation characteristics of their environment, path loss, and radio
link budget.
There are several advantages that make NLOS deployments desirable. For instance, strict planning
requirements and antenna height restrictions often do not allow the antenna to be positioned for
LOS. For large-scale contiguous cellular deployments, where frequency re-use is critical, lowering
the antenna is advantageous to reduce the co channel interference between adjacent cell sites. This
often forces the base stations to operate in NLOS conditions. LOS systems cannot reduce antenna
heights because doing so would impact the required direct view path from the CPE to the Base
Station.
NLOS technology also reduces installation expenses by making under-the-eaves CPE installation a
reality and easing the difficulty of locating adequate CPE mounting locations.
The NLOS technology and the enhanced features in WiMAX make it possible to use indoor
customer premise equipment (CPE). This has two main challenges; firstly overcoming the building
penetration losses and secondly, covering reasonable distances with the lower transmit powers and
antenna gains that are usually associated with indoor CPEs. WiMAX makes this possible, and the
NLOS coverage can be further improved by leveraging some of WiMAXs optional capabilities.
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The Market Place
Point to Multi-Point is normal
Needs Line of Sight to Base Station at higher
frequencies
Lower Frequencies can support Non-line of sight
One Base Station
Several thousand customers
in a 4 - 5 km range
Not mobile
Not nomadic
Fixed users
The Market Place
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Mesh?
Each user acts as a relay to other users
Solves the line of sight problem
Users may have two antennas
WIBNI antennas were steerable remotely to add new users
Mesh?
The provider can use the facilities of Network Management to reconfigure the configuration.
This may be necessary when a new building blocks an existing line.
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The First Global Standard
There are local standards and proprietary standards
ETSI have been working on HiperAccess
LMDS/MMDS, etc. exist but are analogue and mostly in the
US.
The IEEE Standard first appeared in 1999/2000
Extra sections followed before they updated the whole thing
in 2004
Now we have a mobile version
The First Global Standard
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Technologies
Many technologies for the same goal:
Microwave links
WLL (LMDS)
W-MAN (WiFi, WiMAX, WiBRO, Flash-OFDM) WiFi is very
distance limited and vulnerable to Bluetooth
Mobile (3G), UMTS already launched commercially. Bit rate
lower than initial expectations. HSDPA being rolled out
Broadcast (DVB-H, T-DAB,Wi-TV). Studies and tests for DVB-
HMW links require expensive deployment costs
Mesh networking
WiBRO (Wireless Broadband) is a Korean-developed portable Internet system in the 2.3 GHz
band. It offers 30 50 50 MBPS over a range of 1.5 km. It has now allegedly been folded into
802.16
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Deployment: WiMAX for Backhaul
This, like hotspot backhaul is really a niche market
Insufficient to make a serious business or warrant huge
investment
Similar to rural access.
Some pundits predict that the main markets are in urban areas
and the mobile (802.16e) market (IDC)
This in April 2005. Dishnet Wireless plans to spend US$57 million to rollout national Wi-Fi
hotspot network in India via WiMax: The firm wants to jumpstart service ahead of rivals which
are committed to wireline operations. Dishnet will use WiMax (or pre-WiMax, more likely until
certification) to handle backhaul among a potential 6,000 Wi-Fi hotspots. By next March, they
will link up 38 cities, starting with Bangalore. The owner of Dishnet Wireless sold a wireline
DSL business (Dishnet DSL) to a former government-owned Internet provider. He also has an
interest in the Barista coffee chain which will offer Dishnet Wireless service.
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Deployment: WIMAX Hotspot Solution
This from Aradial
WiMAX
Opportunity: A carrier is deploying two new cell towers and a Wi-Fi hotspot in a
rural community within the next two months. They want to be able to
connect their cell towers to their core network and the hotspot to
the Internet.
Solution:WiMAX provides the best solution for this challenge because it
provides a cost-effective, rapidly deployable point-to-point
backhaul solution.
Radius Server (AAA) and Radius Billing Solutions.
The diagram shows how Aradial Radius server is connected to the network.Hardware (Access
clients) : ISP routers, PPPOE, VOIP Gateways and PBX, Hotspots Access points, Hotspots
Access gateways, and Mobile AAA (WAP,GPRS,MMS and 3G).
Radius server communicates with the radius billing server for authentication and accounting
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Deployment: Last Mile
A WISP wants to expand its service coverage to underserved
markets. QoS is a significant factor for this deployment because
some of the new customers are local government and small and
medium businesses requiring a guaranteed level of service for
certain applications. Deployment cost and vendor interoperability
is key because many users within the target-market segment may
end up owning their own WiMAX CPE.
WiMAX provides the best and the most cost-effective broadband
solution to this challenge because the cost of deploying and
providing traditional broadband services is prohibitively
expensive. WiMAX is designed from the ground up to provide a
fast, cost-effective and easy-to-deploy solution with built-in
QoS. WiMAX is based on IEEE standards and WiMAX-certified
products are vendor interoperable.
Source: Intel
WISP Wireless Access Service Provider
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Operators
Building and proving a business case should rely on deployment
hypothesis
Established operators:-
Complement areas where DSL is not already available (rural
areas)-
Wireless alternative to DSL to face the increasing Bit Rate
demand for Residential and SoHo areas
Alternative operators:-
Offering a wireless solution to the standard access to the
subscriber (optical fibre, cable, dedicated line, non-modifiable
installation)
Segmentation of the Market according to customersprecise
expectation
According to the target market one technology or a combination
of solutions will best fit the needs
Whatever the solutions, the technologies will co-exist
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Business Plans must cope with
Customers
Different types of customers want different things
Different degrees of price sensitivity
Premium companies
SMEs
SoHos
Residential
Different revenues
Target marketing
Also branding
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Operator Needs
Source: Redline Communications
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ETSI BRAN
Source: ETSI
Broadband Radio Access Network initiative
Addressing more than one area
Inside buildings - HiperLAN
LANs to Servers - HiperLink
Access to public networks - HiperAccess
ETSI BRAN
The work of the ETSI Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN) project and its
HIPERACCESS family is looking toward a greater symmetry with broadband delivery possible
in both uplink and downlink directions supporting ATM and/or IP transport. To this end, the
BRAN project has strong links to the ATM-Forum and their wireless ATM group. Additionally,
the HIPERACCESS group expects to draw on the expertise of the HIPERLAN standardisation
groups, also within the BRAN project, which have drafted standards for Radio LAN short range,
licence exempt, equipments also employing ATM transport in the 5GHz spectrum area.
HIPERACCESS systems will use fixed bi-directional radio connections to convey broadband
services between users premises and a broadband core network. HIPERACCESS is aimed
particularly at residential customers and small businesses, where the economic benefits of
using the shared radio medium are greatest. Radio access will be particularly useful to allow
networks to be built economically by the competing telecommunications service providers of
the future.
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All the Hipers.
HIPERLAN/2 Short range, high speed access (25 Mbit/s typical
data rate) to a variety of networks including the UMTS core
networks, ATM networks and IP based networks. Range 30 to 150
Metres. Connection oriented.
HIPERACCESS Long range, point-to-multipoint, high speed
access (25 Mbit/s typical data rate) by residential and small
business users
HIPERLINK Short range, very high speed interconnection of
HIPERLANs and HIPERACCESS, e.g. up to 155 Mbit/s over
distances up to 150 m.
W.I.B.N.I. HiperAccess and IEEE 802.16 were, at least, compatible?
ETSI seem to have been working on this for years and years!
All the HIPERS
HIPERACCESS target range is 5 km. Products seem very quiet or non-existent
W.I.B.N.I. Wouldnt it be nice if
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HIPERAccess
First HIPERAccess specification approved in 2002
The first deliverables for the HIPERACCESS broadband radio
access system are out:
The HIPERACCESS Physical Layer specification (TS 101 999)
HIPERACCESS System Overview (TR 102 003)
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Aimed at Europe
The ETSI work has a much narrower frequency range than the
IEEE work
That is where we have radio spectrum available in Europe
Licences already allocated in the 28 GHz band in some
countries
Mainly targeted at 40.5 to 43.5 GHz band
Are the IEEE and BRAN efforts aligned?
Yes, but only just!
As late as October 26th, 2001, BRAN wrote to IEEE with
a liaison statement and assigning the job to someone
Aimed at Europe
The Liaison statement is document 80216-01_20. The scope of the letter only covered the
frequencies, 2 - 11 GHz.
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The Industry Group:
Today every solution is custom and not interoperable. Every piece of
WiMAX Forum Certified equipment will be interoperable with other
WiMAX Forum Certified equipment.
WiMAX Forum Certified means a service provider can buy equipment
from more than one company and be confident everything works
together.
WiMAX Forum Certified means a more competitive industry.
WiMAX Forum Certified means lower costs.
WiMAX Forum Certified means faster growth for broadband wireless
everywhere around the globe.
July 2005, in Spain, the WiMAX Forum Certification test lab at Cetecom
has opened
Important Word!
Source: WiMAX Forum
The WiMAX Forum is working to facilitate the deployment of broadband wireless networks
based on the IEEE 802.16 standard by helping to ensure the compatibility and inter-operability
of broadband wireless access equipment. The organization is a nonprofit association formed in
June of 2001 by equipment and component suppliers to promote the adoption of IEEE 802.16
compliant equipment by operators of broadband wireless access systems.
WiMAX Forum is comprised of industry leaders who are committed to the open interoperability
of all products used for broadband wireless access.
Support IEEE 802.16 standard
Propose and promote access profiles for their IEEE 802.16 standard
Certify interoperability levels both in network and the cell
Achieve global acceptance
Promote use of broadband wireless access overall
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WiMAX Players
Main Members the Board: Airspan Networks, Alvarion, Aperto
Networks, AT&T, BT, Fujitsu, Intel, OFDM Forum, Proxim, WiLAN
Principal Members (Cheaper!) include Ericsson and Nokia, Cisco,
Nortel, etc.
Mainly targeted at the 2 11 GHz band
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A Makers Problem
802.16 is a very large specification designed to cover the fixed
broadband wireless access needs of a variety of different
situations.
There are allowances for different physical layers for different
frequency bands
The system can be IP or ATM centric.
An implementer faces a tough decision: build an IEEE 802.16
compliant system implementing every possible feature, even
those features you know will never be used in systems for your
target customers?
Or, do you build a system with only the subset of features you
need for your market, risking accusations of non-compliance and
lack of interoperability?
it is clear that the IEEE 802.16 Air Interface Specification is a very large
specification. It was designed to cover the fixed broadband wireless access needs
of a variety of different situations. There are allowances for different physical
layers for different frequency bands and country-by-country frequency use
restrictions. There are features that allow one to build an IP centric system or an
ATM centric system depending upon the needs of customers. The specification is
designed to cover application to diverse markets from very high bandwidth
businesses to SOHO and residential users.
Because of the wealth of options available, an implementer currently faces a tough
decision. Do you build an IEEE 802.16 compliant system implementing every
possible feature, even those features you know will never be used in systems for
your target customers? Or, do you build a system with only the subset of features
you need for your market, risking accusations of non-compliance and lack of
interoperability?
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Conformance
The IEEE standards process stops short of providing fully
comprehensive conformance statements and test specifications.
In order to ensure interoperability between vendors competing in
the same market, the WiMAX technical working groups were
created.
The working groups address these issues by developing system
profiles and by producing PICS proforma, Test Suite Structure
and Test Purposes specifications and Abstract Test Suite
specifications
The methods for doing this follow ETSI and the ISO/IEC 9464
series (equivalent to the ITU-T x.290 series) of conformance
testing standards.
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Test Specifications
Test specifications are necessary to:
Ensure that equipment and systems claiming compliance to
the standard or a profile have been sufficiently tested to
demonstrate that compliance.
Guarantee that equipment from multiple vendors has been
tested the same way, to the same interpretation of the
standard, increasing the interoperability of the equipment.
Enable independent conformance testing, giving further
credibility to the previous two items.
ETSI is good at this area and has an official process which is
typically more complete than the IEEE process.
Test specifications are necessary to:
Ensure that equipment and systems claiming compliance to the standard or a
profile have been sufficiently tested to demonstrate that compliance.
Guarantee that equipment from multiple vendors has been tested the same way,
to the same interpretation of the standard, increasing the interoperability of the
equipment.
Enable independent conformance testing, giving further credibility to the previous
two items. This test specification initiative is an area where ETSI has an official
process and is typically more complete than the IEEE process. ETSI follows the
guidelines of the ISO/IEC 9646 series (ITU-T X.29x series). The Test Suite
Structure and Test Purposes (TSS & TP) document and the Abstract Test Suite
(ATS) specification, both described in ISO/IEC 9646-2 (ITU-T X.291), suit the
purpose particularly well.
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WiMAX Profiles 10 66 GHz
WiMAX has defined two MAC system profiles that were rolled
back into IEEE 802.16c:
Basic ATM system MAC profile
Basic IP system MAC profile
Two primary PHY system profiles were also defined:
25 MHz wide channel for (typically for U.S. deployments) use
in the 10-66 GHz range.
28 MHz wide channel for (typically European deployments)
use in the 10-66 GHz range.
The PHY profiles are the same except for their channel width and
their symbol rate, which is proportional to their channel width.
Each primary PHY profile has two sub-profiles - FDD and TDD.
Because of the testing missing in the IEEE process, WiMAX created the 10-66 GHz technical
working group. The profiles and test specifications are created by the technical working group,
but actual testing is done by an authorized, independent laboratory. For each system profile,
functions are separated between mandatory and optional feature classes by the PICS proforma
document. There can be differences from one equipment manufacturer to another in
implementing optional features, but mandatory features will be same in every vendor's product.
Implementation of an optional feature is noted when the vendor fills out the PICS proforma.
The technical working has produced the following technical documents and have rolled them
back into 802.16. All have been approved and published:
PICS proforma, per ISO/IEC 9646-7, describing mandatory and optional features for each 10-
66 GHz system profile, enabling developers to state support for features.
TSS & TP document, per ISO/IEC 9646-2, for the 10-66 GHz system profiles.
RCT specification, specifying radio conformance testing, for the 10-66 GHz system profiles.
In addition, the working group may develop an ATS specification, per ISO/IEC 9646-2 for 10-66
GHz.
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WiMAX Profiles 2 11 GHz
MAC and PHY System Profiles for IEEE 802.16a and HiperMAN
standards.
The MAC profiles that are being developed include IP based versions for
both WirelessMAN (Licensed) and WirelessHUMAN (License-exempt).
While the IEEE 802.16a amendment has several physical layer profiles,
the WiMAX forum through its 2-11 GHz TWG is focusing on the 256 point
FFT OFDM PHY mode as its initial and primary interoperability mode.
Various channel rasters covering typical spectrum allocations in both
licenced and licence exempt bands around the globe have been chosen,
all supporting the 256-point FFT OFDM PHY mode of operation.
In addition to System Profiles other testing and conformance documents
will be produced as part of the task of enabling certification and
interoperability.
These include the Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement
(PICS) Proforma, Test Suite Structure & Test Plan (TSS&TP), and
Abstract Test Suite (ATS).
In early 2003, the IEEE 802.16 standard was expanded with the adoption of the 802.16a
amendment, focused on Broadband Wireless Access in the frequencies from 2 to 11GHz.
Given the charter of the WiMAX forum, to promote certification and interoperability for
Microwave Access around the globe, WiMAX agreed to expand and include the 802.16a
standard in terms of addressing testing and conformance issues.
The WiMAX 2-11 GHz Technical Working Group (TWG) has the mandate of creating testing
and conformance documents as contributions to IEEE and ETSI standards bodies in support of
the IEEE 802.16a and ETSI HiperMAN standards. Although WiMAX is actively working on and
will produce the actual test documents, an authorized and independent laboratory that has
been certified by WiMAX will conduct actual testing.
The WiMAX 2-11GHz TWG is currently defining MAC and PHY System Profiles for IEEE
802.16a and HiperMAN standards. The MAC profiles that are being developed include IP
based versions for both WirelessMAN (Licensed) and WirelessHUMAN (License-exempt).
While the IEEE 802.16a amendment has several physical layer profiles, the WiMAX forum
through its 2-11 GHz TWG is focusing on the 256 point FFT OFDM PHY mode as its initial and
primary interoperability mode. Various channel rasters covering typical spectrum allocations in
both licensed and license exempt bands around the globe have been chosen, all supporting the
256-point FFT OFDM PHY mode of operation.
In addition to System Profiles other testing and conformance documents will be produced as
part of the task of enabling certification and interoperability. These include the Protocol
Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) Proforma, Test Suite Structure & Test Plan
(TSS&TP), and Abstract Test Suite (ATS).
The WiMAX 2-11GHz TWG is currently defining MAC and PHY System Profiles for IEEE
802.16a and HiperMAN standards. The MAC profiles that are being developed include IP
based versions for both WirelessMAN (Licensed) and WirelessHUMAN (License-exempt).
While the IEEE 802.16a amendment has several physical layer profiles, the WiMAX forum
through its 2-11 GHz TWG is focusing on the 256 point FFT OFDM PHY mode as its initial and
primary interoperability mode. Various channel rasters covering typical spectrum allocations in
both licensed and license exempt bands around the globe have been chosen, all supporting the
256-point FFT OFDM PHY mode of operation.
In addition to System Profiles other testing and conformance documents will be produced as
part of the task of enabling certification and interoperability. These include the Protocol
Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) Proforma, Test Suite Structure & Test Plan
(TSS&TP), and Abstract Test Suite (ATS).
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The OFDM Forum
Just in passing:
Members of the WiMAX Forum
A nested forum
Dedicated to promoting the concept of Orthogonal Wavelength
Division Multiplexing
In several wireless areas.
Seen as a good bandwagon to be on
They may be right
The OFDM Forum is a voluntary association of hardware manufacturers, software firms and
other users of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technology in wireless
applications. The OFDM Forum was created to foster a single, compatible OFDM standard,
needed to implement cost-effective, high-speed wireless networks on a variety of devices.
OFDM is a cornerstone technology for the next generation of high-speed wireless data
products and services for both corporate and consumer use. With the introduction of the IEEE
802.11a, ETSI BRAN, and multimedia applications, the wireless world is ready for products
based on OFDM technology.
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Relationship between 802.11 (WLANs)
and 802.16 (Wireless Access)
Scope
Speed
Range
Radio Freq
802.16 Wireless Access
Raw rates >120 Mbps
Local Area: 4 - 6 km
Licenced 10 - 60 GHz
Licenced 2 - 11 GHz
Unlicenced 5-6 GHz
802.11 WLAN
11-53 Mbps
Picocell, office,
Starbucks, etc.
10-20 m
Unlicenced
2.4/5.8 GHz
802.15 WPANs
1 20 Mbps
10 Metres or so
Unlicenced
2.4 GHz
Note that
WiMEDIA is
looking to go
to 400 Mbps
Relationship between 802.11 (WLANs) and 802.16 (Wireless Access)
The distinction between WLANs and wireless access is important. The WLAN business is
growing very quickly at the moment.
Wireless access is for non-moving users, a replacement for a physical connection whilst the
WLAN is for nomadic users, i.e. they arent mobile when using the system but move between
uses. The Starbucks initiative was that you go into a Starbucks, get a cup of coffee and sit and
receive email, etc. whilst you drink it. Then you finish the coffee but havent finished emailing so
you drink more coffee. The really smart deal that Starbucks did (on their side) however, finished
off the (dumb) carrier concerned.
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A Makers View of WiMAX Performance
Environment Typical Sector Channel
Cell Size Throughput
Urban Indoor (NLOS) 1 km 21 Mbit/s 10 MHz
Suburban Indoor (NLOS) 2.5 km 22 Mbit/s 10 MHz
Suburban Outdoor (LOS) 7 km 22 Mbit/s 10 MHz
Rural Indoor (NLOS) 5.1 km 4.5 Mbit/s 3.5 MHz
Rural Outdoor (LOS) 15 km 4.5 Mbit/s 3.5 MHz
Source: Alcatel
Source: Relationship between channel bandwidth, cell size, LOS/NLOS, and throughput.
(Source: Laine, Boettle, Boscher, Feijt: Alcatel Strategy White Paper WiMAX, making
ubiquitous high-speed data services a reality, 28 June 2004)
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Reported 802.16 Performance
Two main bands/flavours: 10 66 GHz and less than 10 GHz
For the lower band, vendors report:
Hawaii, through dense palm trees and rolling hills (complete
non-LOS), 3 km (1.86 miles), 26 Mbps
Ireland, through ancient cathedrals and other landscape ruins
(complete non-LOS), 12 km (7.45 miles), 24 Mbps
Quebec City, Canada, partial visibility (optical line of sight
(OLOS)), 53 km (33 miles), 18 Mbps
Idaho, USA, 116 km (72 miles) with a local mountain partially
blocking the fresnel zone, 24 Mbps
Boston, through dense trees (complete non-LOS), 3 km (1.86
miles), 26 Mbps
Markham, ON, Canada, through a business park (complete
non-LOS), 3 km (1.86 miles), 56 Mbps
Source: Redline
Performance
The 68 members of the WiMax Forum define and test systems that can deliver up to 74 Mbits/s
over distances up to 30 miles using spectrum bands that can range from 6 to 11 GHz -- largely
in the 5.8 GHz (unlicensed) and 2.5-2.7 GHz (licensed) bands.
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So what is WiBRO?
WiBRO is the South Korean version of mobile WiMAX (The e
standard)
South Korea has a higher density of broadband than anywhere
else on earth
WiBRO doesnt have the frequency agility of WIMAX as it uses
the 2.3 GHz band not generally available or only available with
limited channels (US)
WiBRO grew out of the Korean HPi (High-speed Portable Internet)
project which originally ignored the IEEE work.
HPi was also considered to be a portable solution versus a truly
mobile solution.
HPi was being designed for sub-60km/h with sub-150ms intra-cell
handover versus the more stringent Mobile WiMAX requirements
of 120km/h and sub-50ms, respectively.
In April 2004, the Koreans moved towards compatibility.
So what is WiBRO?
In February 2002 the South Korean government assigned 100MHz in the 2.3GHz spectrum for
a portable Internet service.
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WiBRO
WiBro has two phases:
WiBro Phase I, completed in March 2005 which still has many
of the proprietary elements of the original HPi standard with
the network deployments taking place today in South Korea
based on this earlier phase.
WiBro Phase II, largely complete by late 2005, more closely
aligns WiBro with the Physical and MAC layer requirements
defined in IEEE 802.16
WiBro Phase II products may be available for commercial
deployments in Q2 2008
WiBRO
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Specific Differences
WiBRO has SOFDMA but with the channel bandwidths and the
number of associated subchannels different to the WiMAX Forum
version
WiBro and Mobile WiMAX both use 5ms frames, but the number
of symbols in each frame differs.
WiBRO Mobile WiMAX
No MIMO in Phase I
Supports incremental
redundancy HARQ
TDD switching gap is different
So cant have both in same region
Handover by Fast Base Station
Switching (FBSS)
Architecture well developed:
Radio Access Stations connect to
an Access Control Router
MIMO from the start
Supports Chase combining
HARQ
TDD, FDD and half-duplex FDD
Hard Handoff (HHO)
Architecture still evolving:
Base Stations connect to an
Access Services Network
Gateway
Specific Differences
Outside of South Korea WiBro will eventually support 7MHz (1,024 tones) and 14MHz (2,048
tones).
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Several Aspects to the Standard
The overall scope of the ratified 802.16 covers the frequency
range 10 - 66 GHz
Line of sight pretty essential
Little or no multipath problems
Radio channels are wide - 25 to 28 MHz
The 2 - 11 GHz bands were dealt with by 802.16a
The Unlicenced bands are being looked at by 802.16b
Concentrated on the 5 - 6 GHz range
The goal is to keep the higher layers the same and
just change the physical layer
Now all combined in the 2004 Version of 802.16
Several Aspects to the Standard
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Different Flavours
Designation Frequency Applicability
WirelessMAN-SC 10 66 GHz
WirelessMAN-SCa Below 11 GHz licenced bands
WirelessMAN-OFDM Below 11 GHz licenced bands
WirelessMAN-OFDMA Below 11 GHz licenced bands
WirelessHUMAN Below 11 GHz licence exempt bands
SC Single Carrier
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OFDMA - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
WirelessMAN means Wireless Metropolitan Area Network
WirelessHUMAN is Wireless High-speed Unlicenced Metropolitan Area Network
Different Flavours
The standard says that all implementations between 10 and 66 GHz must have the physical
implementation of WirelessMAN-SC.
The terms WirelessMAN, WirelessHUMAN and the flavours above are all registered
trademarks of the IEEE,
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Why so many?
10-66 GHz
Line of Sight (LOS) is needed
Little or no multipath interference
Channels of 25 or 28 MHz
Point to Multipoint, 120 MBps raw data rates
Frequencies below 11 GHZ
LOS not required
More multipath problems
Needs power management and interference strategy
Licence exempt (probably 5 to 6 GHz)
As above but more interference
Regulations limit power output
Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) to avoid interferers
Why so Many?
Wireless performance varies with frequency.
Page 43
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Profiles
This is a BIG standard (895 pages) with lots of options
Easy to implement systems that comply but are incompatible
To fix this, we have profiles for each flavour of 802.16
Included in the standard
These reference PICS proformas so the implementations can be
tested
Protocol Implementation Conformance Statements
Profiles
Page 44
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Connection Oriented
Like the telephone, Connection-Oriented communications needs
a call or connection
Three stages:
1) Call Setup Enter the destination address
2) Communication
3) Call Clearing Generate the billing record
Information always arrives in the right order.
Delays are constant
802.16 and ATM are connection-oriented
Connection Oriented
The telephone is perhaps the best known form of connection-oriented communication.
The traditional telecommunications market is based on it.
There are three distinct stages:
The Call set-up stage where the destination address is entered. It is used just once so
that the routing mechanism can find a way through the network(s) to the destination. The
necessary resources are allocated to the call This route is remembered and is the one
used throughout the communication. If there is a break in the route then the call is broken
down and has to be remade.
This stage includes ringing the bell and getting the destination to answer. This is the point
at which charging starts.
The second stage follows answering the call and is a communications session for as long
as required. There is no routing required as the path for the call is already set up. As all
communications follows the same route, nothing can get overtaken so the information
never gets out of order. The end to end delays tend to be very constant.
Finally there is call clearing when we hang up the phone. This breaks down the route so
that the resources used can be reallocated to another call. In public networks, it also ends
charging and causes a call, record to be sent to the billing system.
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Connectionless Communications
Like a letter
No pre-setup route
All communications must carry the destination address
Data can get out of order, lost and duplicated - hence its called
unreliable communications
The Internet Protocol IP is connectionless
Connectionless Communications
When using letters for communication, I have to put the recipients address on every letter
or else they wont get there; there is no memory or preset route.
Because successive letters can take different routes, they can arrive in a different order to
the original one.
IP is connectionless and has these characteristics:
Packets can arrive in the wrong order
Delays between packets can vary
Packets can get lost (lost in the post!)
All packets have to carry the full destination address.
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Layered Systems
If we try to gather all the different aspects of a communications together in our brains at
one instant then it is very difficult to avoid missing something or doing something wrong.
Far easier is to consider parts of the problem one at a time. Layers split the task up. Each
layer sits on top of the layer below and assumes that it has done its job. Each layer will do
its part of the whole problem and pass the result up to the layer above.
As each layer has a fixed interface to the layers above and below, it is possible to remove
a layer and replace it by a different one which, provided it follows the interface standards,
will not be noticed by the layers above or below it.
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Layered Systems
Communications is a complex subject.
Breaking it down into brain-sized pieces makes things easier.
This is a standard human approach to big problems
Layers are a way of doing this
Is everyone happy with the OSI Layers?
At least up to Layer 4?
If so, well miss this bit
Page 47
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Layer 1 The Physical Layer
The physical medium used to carry data can be any of a large range of possibilities. Many
are based on copper conductors but the layer also includes fibre optics (glass), radio
waves, infra-red and even wet string.
The layer is point to point; between directly connected systems, not across a network.
Therefore, between two end users, there may be a number of physical layers in use.
A physical layer deals with moving bits as a stream of data; it is not concerned with bytes
or data, just moving the bits from one point to another directly connected one.
The layer, specified in ISO 8802.3, 4, 5, 7 and X.211, has over 50 different individual
specifications including the V series of modems, IEEE 802.1 Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI,
etc.
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Layer 1 - The PHYSICAL Layer
Start at the lowest level - the cable, wire, fibre, etc.
Provides the transparent transmission of bit streams between
directly connected systems - point-to-point
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Layer 2 - The LINK Layer
The Link Layer, Layer 2, starts to consider bytes and is about data, not just bit streams. It
is still point to point but can allow for the detection of errors in the transmission. Each link
layer sits on to one Physical connection and It is still point-to-point with no knowledge at
this level, of anything beyond the end points of the link.
Some link layers have error correction mechanisms as well as error detection.
These may use a retransmission technique whereby when the receiver detects that
there is a problem with a block of data, it requests that that block be sent again.
Retransmission takes time and decreases throughput but is essential for some
types of data. Payroll is a good example of one type of data that must get from the
sender to receiver without errors and without any parts missing or duplicated.
Other types of data cannot be retransmitted if there is an error because there is not
time.. An example of this is voice traffic; there is simply not enough time to get a
message back to the sender asking that a block be sent again; this would result in
worse distortion of the resulting sound than if the errored block was used. Video
signals are also in this category.
The service is defined in OSI 8886.
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Between directly connected systems (like the Physical
Layer)
Recognises bytes and blocks of data
Some Link Layers do error recovery using retransmission
Adds error detection.
Layer 2 - The LINK Layer
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Layer 3 - The NETWORK Layer
At the Network Layer, we construct a path across a network which consists of many individual
link layers. There are a series of problems which it is the job of the Network Layer to solve:
Finding the destination. Before any data can be delivered, the destination must be located. The
address may be on a different network that is reached through a Gateway in which case the
correct gateway must be found. The address may need conversion from one format to another,
e.g. from a user-friendly text name to a string of numbers.
Finding a route to the destination. Just knowing where a destination is, is not enough, there may
be several routes available to get to that destination, each with different capacities, levels of
congestion and cost. Picking a suitable route is not always an easy task.
A connection-oriented Network layer will do this once at call Setup time and use that route for the
duration of the connection.
A connectionless network will plot a route for every individual message or datagram that has to
cross the network
A non-ISO Network Layer protocol is IP, the Internet Protocol which is connectionless.
The service is defined in ISO 8348 and X.213. These are both connection-oriented and
connection-less network services.
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Finds a path across a network - Routing
Routing is done once for Connection-oriented
communications - call setup and clearing
Routing for every datagram for Connectionless.
Layer 3 - The NETWORK Layer
X.25, IP are Layer 3s
For this
course we
dont worry
about
anything
above 3
Page 50
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IEEE 802.1 Structure
The OSI Stack is not the only one that has been developed.
The IEEE stack has not come from the OSI standards body but has followed a different development
route. It nevertheless does have a layered structure.
This architecture introduces a layer, the Media Access Control or MAC, which effectively sits between
the OSI layers 1 and 2. It defines how the data is formatted and how the users gain access to the
common cable. It also defines error handling.
Although it is not an IEEE standard, the IP layer is shown in its appropriate position to indicate where
it fits into the scheme.
50
802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC)
802.3
CSMA/CD
MAC
Bus
802.5
Token
Passing
MAC
Ring
802.11
Wireless
LANs)
802.16
BWA
OSI Layers
IP (Internet Protocol)
3
Network
Layer
2
Link
Layer
1
Physical
IEEE 802.1 Structure
802.x
etc
The IEEE
standardises
up to the top of
Level 2.
Page 51
All the Acronyms
ARP Address Resolution Protocol
ARQ Automatic Retransmit Request
ATDD Adaptive Time Division Duplexing
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
BNI Base Station Network Interface
BR Bandwidth Request
BS Base Station
CCS Common Channel Signaling
CG Continuous Grant
CID Connection Identifier
CLP Cell Loss Priority
CPS Common Part Sublayer
CPT CS Pass Through
CS Convergence Sublayer
CSI Convergence Subprocess Indicator
ChID Channel ID
DAMA Demand Assign Multiple Access
DCD Downlink Channel Descriptor
DES Data Encryption Standard
DIUC Downlink Interval Usage Code
DL Down Link
DSA Dynamic Service Addition
DSC Dynamic Service Change
DSD Dynamic Service Deletion
EC Encryption Control
EKS Encryption Key Sequence
EUI Extended Unique Identifier
FBWA Fixed Broadband Wireless Access
FC Fragment Control
FDD Frequency Division Duplex
FSN Fragment Sequence Number
GM Grant Management
GPC Grant Per Connection
GPT Grant Per Terminal
HCS Header Check Sequence
HEC Header Error Check
HL-MAA High Level Medium Access Arbitration
HMAC Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication
HT Header Type
IE Information Element
IP Internet Protocol
IUC Interval Usage Code
IWF InterWorking Function
LL-MAA Low Level Medium Access Arbitration
LLC Logical Link Control
LOS Line of Sight
MAA Medium Access Arbitration
MAC Medium Access Control
MIB Management Information Base
MIC Message Integrity Check
MPEG Moving Pictures Experts Group
MPLS Multi-Protocol Label Switching
MSDU MAC Service Data Unit
MTG Modulation Transition Gap
NNI Network to Network Interface (or Network Node Interface)
OOB Out of Band or Out of Block
PBR Piggy-Back Request
PCI Protocol Control Information
PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
PDU Protocol Data Unit
PHS Payload Header Suppression
PHSF Payload Header Suppression Field
PHSI Payload Header Suppression Index
PHSM Payload Header Suppression Mask
PHSR Payload Header Suppression Rule
PHSS Payload Header Suppression Size
PHSV Payload Header Suppression Valid
PHY Physical Layer
PI PHY Information element
PKM Privacy Key Management
PM Poll Me Bit
PMD Physical Media Dependant
PPP Point-to-Point Protocol
PS Physical Slot
PSH Packing Sub-Header
PSP Packing Sub-Header Present
PTI Payload Type Indicator
PVC Permanent Virtual Connection
QoS Quality of Service
RS Reed-Solomon
RTG Rx/Tx Transmission Gap
SA Security Association
SAID Security Association IDentifier
SAP Service Access Point
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SDU Service Data Unit
SF Service Flow
SI Slip Indicator
SNI Subscriber Station Network Interface
SS Subscriber Station
STG SS Transition Gap
SVC Switched Virtual Connection
TC Transmission Convergence
TDD Time Division Duplex
TDM Time Division Multiplex
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
TDU TC Data Unit
TEK Traffic Encryption Key
TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol
TLV Type-Length-Value
TTG Tx/Rx Transmission Gap
UCD Uplink Channel Descriptor
UGS Unsolicited Grant Service
UGS-AD Unsolicited Grant Service with Activity Detection
UIUC Uplink Interval Usage Code
UL Uplink
UNI User to Network Interface
UTC Coordinated Universal Time
VC Virtual Channel
VCI Virtual Channel Identifier
VP Virtual Path
VPI Virtual Path Identifier
Page 1
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WiMAX In Depth
IEEE 802.16
EXTRA Slides Used
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
V2
Page 2
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Conditions
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Two Options
Soft Handovers an MS communicating with more than one BS
is supported.
Fast BS Switching The MS is only transmitting and receiving
from one BS at any one time but can switch from one BS to
another between frames
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Privacy (in the Mobile Spec)
Has two parts:
An encapsulation Protocol using any of a set of cryptographic
suites and the rules for applying them
A key management protocol/scheme for distributing
cryptographic keys
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Architecture (Mobile)
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WiMAX News
November 16, 2005: WiBro Demonstrated in South Korea
KT has shown off the homegrown mobile wireless data standard, WiBro: The
standard has aspects of mobile WiMax and cellular technology, and may wind up
converging with international mobile standards in the future. KT claims access at
speeds of up to 60 kilometers per hour. They have two access devices that can
function as WiBro modems and for voice calls. The service will roll out in 2006.
February 21, 2006: Proxim Wireless Launches 3.5 GHz Products
Ots Tsunami MP-16 uses the 3.5 MHz licenced band in Europe and Asia. The
company says the product is in trials with nine firms. This band is not yet sorted
out for use in the US, but is widely expected to lead licensed fixed WiMax
deployments in Europe. The product is in queue for certification.
January 19, 2006: First Certified WiMax Products Announced
Aperto, Redline, Sequans and Wavesat have passed the first, simple round of
testing which covers just a simple air link, and is so limited that a number of
companies, including Alvarion, sat this round out.
The four companies who have WiMax certification will certainly trumpet the fact,
but it doesnt change the dynamics of the industry. These initial certifications work
in the 3.5 GHz band
The press release from the WiMax Forum notes that the Spanish testing lab has 26
reservations for base station and customer premises equipment in the queue,
which will be completed over the next two months. Subsequent waves of testing
will cover more and more aspects of WiMax performance and interoperability, such
as quality of service and advanced radio features.
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More NEWS
Nortel Builds Vast Albertan WiMax Network
Nortel will roll out 8,000 square miles of WiMax: A governmental group and Nortel
will build the network designed for 1 to 3 Mbps of access in heavily underserved
areas of the province.
December 07, 2005: Mobile 802.16e Standard Approved
The basis for what will be mobile WiMax was approved by the IEEE today: Now
that the standard is done, the hard part is developing hardware and replicating
cellular infrastructure. All the challenges that faced rolling out 3G networks, land
and planning rights for transmitters, etc. equally apply to mobile WiMax. Add to
that, that its a new standard without the real-world evolution thats happened in
the mobile world, and theres going to be a long lag between today and real,
functioning, interoperable mobile WiMax equipment.
Over the next two to three years, however, well be reading stories every week in
the mainstream press that continue to inflate the abilities of fixed WiMax
something mobile carriers are said to be very interested in for licensed use to
backhaul tower trafficand mobile WiMax. Fixed WiMax doesnt operate in
moving vehicles dozens of miles from a base station running at 72 Mbps. It can
run fast, far, and mostly static, and not all three: you get fast when youre close
up and slow when youre far away.
TechDirt is saying it will be 2008 before we see anything resembling real mobile
WiMax given the timetable that took fixed WiMax from 802.16 standards work to a
ratified proposal to the very first stages of certification that dont offer real
interoperable benefits today.
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And Lastly
November 11, 2005: Intel Makes Global WiMax Investment
ZDNet reports that Intel released a slew of money around the
world for WiMax development: This includes a $1.12 billion
contract for a project in Taiwan, which will agree to provide the
necessary spectrum for the work. The project will be
government-assisted until 2008 to bring businesses into the fold.
The article says Intel has 13 more Europe and Americas networks
up and running, with 10 more theyve sponsored due to appear
by years end. This includes projects in The Dominican Republic
and Austria
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The Future for WiMAX
There are four end-game results for WiMAX:
1. The market share secured by non-WiMAX operators will be so large that
WiMAX, in either its fixed or mobile value proposition, will simply not be
able to get a foothold to deliver on the scale economics promised and
will ultimately die or be relegated to niche applications such as wireless
backhaul. This is a multi-standard outcome since multiple non-WiMAX
standards might exist. (3G, Flash-OFDM and UMTS-TDD, 802.20)
2. The massive industry support for WiMAX and the technical superiority
of the standard over some of the other mBWA technologies will
encourage non-WiMAX operators to upgrade gradually to WiMAX, and
new operators entering the market will automatically support WiMAX.
This is a single standard outcome.
3. The existing non-WiMAX operators will continue to support their mBWA
technologies while the new operator entrants will deploy WiMAX. This is
a multi-standard outcome.
4. One of the non-WiMAX, proprietary standards sees a high level of early
market traction and is able to establish itself as a de facto standard
before WiMAX can gain any momentum. This is a single standard
outcome.
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The above from IPWireless
Page 10
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The WiMAX View
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WiMAX in Depth

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