Mohr's circle

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Figure 1. Mohr's circles for a three-dimensional state of stress
Mohr's circle, named after Christian Otto Mohr, is a two-dimensional graphical representation of
the transformation law for the Cauchy stress tensor.
After performing a stress analysis on a material body assumed as a continuum, the components of
the Cauchy stress tensor at a particular material point are known with respect to a coordinate
system. The Mohr circle is then used to determine graphically the stress components acting on a
rotated coordinate system, i.e., acting on a differently oriented plane passing through that point.
The abscissa, , and ordinate, , of each point on the circle, are the magnitudes of the normal
stress and shear stress components, respectively, acting on the rotated coordinate system. In other
words, the circle is the locus of points that represent the state of stress on individual planes at all
their orientations, where the axes represent the principal axes of the stress element.
Karl Culmann was the first to conceive a graphical representation for stresses while considering
longitudinal and vertical stresses in horizontal beams during bending. Mohr's contribution extended
the use of this representation for both two- and three-dimensional stresses and developed a failure
criterion based on the stress circle.
[1]

Alternative graphical methods for the representation of the stress state at a point include the Lame's
stress ellipsoid andCauchy's stress quadric.
The Mohr circle can be applied to any symmetric 2x2 tensor matrix, including the strain and moment
of inertia tensors.
Contents
[hide]
1 Motivation for the Mohr Circle
2 Mohr's circle for two-dimensional state of stress
o 2.1 Equation of the Mohr circle
o 2.2 Sign conventions
2.2.1 Physical-space sign convention
2.2.2 Mohr-circle-space sign convention
o 2.3 Drawing Mohr's circle
o 2.4 Finding principal normal stresses
o 2.5 Finding principal shear stresses
o 2.6 Finding stress components on an arbitrary plane
2.6.1 Double angle
2.6.2 Pole or origin of planes
o 2.7 Finding the orientation of the principal planes
o 2.8 Example
3 Mohr's circle for a general three-dimensional state of stresses
4 References
5 Bibliography
6 External links
Motivation for the Mohr Circle[edit]


Figure 2 Stress in a loaded deformable material body assumed as a continuum.
Internal forces are produced between the particles of a deformable object, assumed as a continuum,
as a reaction to applied external forces, i.e., either surface forces or body forces. This reaction
follows from Euler's laws of motion for a continuum, which are equivalent to Newton's laws of
motion for a particle. A measure of the intensity of these internal forces is called stress.
[2]
Because
the object is assumed as a continuum, these internal forces are distributed continuously within the
volume of the object.
In engineering, e.g., structural, mechanical, or geotechnical, the stress distribution within an object,
for instance stresses in a rock mass around a tunnel, airplane wings, or building columns, is
determined through a stress analysis. Calculating the stress distribution implies the determination of
stresses at every point (material particle) in the object. According to Cauchy, the stress at any
point in an object (Figure 2), assumed as a continuum, is completely defined by the nine stress
components of a second order tensor of type (2,0) known as the Cauchy stress tensor, :



Figure 3 - Stress transformation at a point in a continuum under plane
stress conditions.
After the stress distribution within the object has been determined
with respect to a coordinate system , it may be necessary to
calculate the components of the stress tensor at a particular
material point with respect to a rotated coordinate
system , i.e., the stresses acting on a plane with a different
orientation passing through that point of interest forming an angle
with the coordinate system (Figure 3). For example, it is of
interest to find the maximum normal stress and maximum shear
stress, as well as the orientation of the planes where they act upon.
To achieve this, it is necessary to perform a tensor transformation
under a rotation of the coordinate system. From the definition
of tensor, the Cauchy stress tensor obeys the tensor transformation
law. A graphical representation of this transformation law for the
Cauchy stress tensor is the Mohr circle for stress.
Mohr's circle for two-dimensional state of
stress[edit]


Figure 4 - Stress components at a plane passing through a point in a
continuum under plane stress conditions.
In two dimensions, the stress tensor at a given material
point with respect to any two perpendicular directions is
completely defined by only three stress components. For the
particular coordinate system these stress components are:
the normal stresses and , and the shear stress . From the
balance of angular momentum, the symmetry of the Cauchy stress
tensor can be demonstrated. This symmetry implies
that . Thus, the Cauchy stress tensor can be written as:

The objective is to use the Mohr circle to find the stress
components and on a rotated coordinate
system , i.e., on a differently oriented plane passing
through and perpendicular to the - plane (Figure 4). The
rotated coordinate system makes an angle with the
original coordinate system .
Equation of the Mohr circle[edit]
To derive the equation of the Mohr circle for the two-
dimensional cases of plane stress and plane strain, first
consider a two-dimensional infinitesimal material element
around a material point (Figure 4), with a unit area in the
direction parallel to the - plane, i.e., perpendicular to the
page or screen.
From equilibrium of forces on the infinitesimal element, the
magnitudes of the normal stress and the shear
stress are given by:


[show]Derivation of Mohr's circle parametric equations -
Equilibrium of forces
Both equations can also be obtained by applying
the tensor transformation law on the known Cauchy
stress tensor, which is equivalent to performing the
static equilibrium of forces in the direction
of and .
[show]Derivation of Mohr's circle parametric equations - Tensor
transformation
These two equations are the parametric
equations of the Mohr circle. In these
equations, is the parameter,
and and are the coordinates. This
means that by choosing a coordinate system
with abscissa and ordinate , giving
values to the parameter will place the points
obtained lying on a circle.
Eliminating the parameter from these
parametric equations will yield the non-
parametric equation of the Mohr circle. This
can be achieved by rearranging the equations
for and , first transposing the first term in
the first equation and squaring both sides of
each of the equations then adding them. Thus
we have

where

This is the equation of a circle (the
Mohr circle) of the form

with radius centered at a
point with
coordinates i
n the coordinate system.
Sign conventions[edit]
There are two separate sets of
sign conventions that need to be
considered when using the Mohr
Circle: One sign convention for
stress components in the "physical
space", and another for stress
components in the "Mohr-Circle-
space". In addition, within each of
the two set of sign conventions,
the engineering
mechanics (structural
engineering andmechanical
engineering) literature follows a
different sign convention from
the geomechanics literature. There
is no standard sign convention,
and the choice of a particular sign
convention is influenced by
convenience for calculation and
interpretation for the particular
problem in hand. A more detailed
explanation of these sign
conventions is presented below.
The previous derivation for the
equation of the Mohr Circle using
Figure 4 follows the engineering
mechanics sign convention. The
engineering mechanics sign
convention will be used for this
article.
Physical-space sign
convention[edit]
From the convention of the
Cauchy stress tensor (Figure 3
and Figure 4), the first subscript in
the stress components denotes
the face on which the stress
component acts, and the second
subscript indicates the direction of
the stress component. Thus is
the shear stress acting on the face
with normal vector in the positive
direction of the -axis, and in the
positive direction of the -axis.
In the physical-space sign
convention, positive normal
stresses are outward to the plane
of action (tension), and negative
normal stresses are inward to the
plane of action (compression)
(Figure 5).
In the physical-space sign
convention, positive shear
stresses act on positive faces of
the material element in the positive
direction of an axis. Also, positive
shear stresses act on negative
faces of the material element in
the negative direction of an axis. A
positive face has its normal vector
in the positive direction of an axis,
and a negative face has its normal
vector in the negative direction of
an axis. For example, the shear
stresses and are positive
because they act on positive
faces, and they act as well in the
positive direction of the -axis and
the -axis, respectively (Figure 3).
Similarly, the respective opposite
shear stresses and acting
in the negative faces have a
positive sign because they act in
the negative direction of the -axis
and -axis, respectively.
Mohr-circle-space sign
convention[edit]


Figure 5. Engineering mechanics
sign convention for drawing the
Mohr circle. This article follows sign-
convention # 3, as shown.
In the Mohr-circle-space sign
convention, normal stresses have
the same sign as normal stresses
in the physical-space sign
convention: positive normal
stresses act outward to the plane
of action, and negative normal
stresses act inward to the plane of
action.
Shear stresses, however, have a
different convention in the Mohr-
circle space compared to the
convention in the physical space.
In the Mohr-circle-space sign
convention, positive shear
stresses rotate the material
element in the counterclockwise
direction, and negative shear
stresses rotate the material in the
clockwise direction. This way, the
shear stress component is
positive in the Mohr-circle space,
and the shear stress
component is negative in the
Mohr-circle space.
Two options exist for drawing the
Mohr-circle space, which produce
a mathematically correct Mohr
circle:
1. Positive shear stresses
are plotted upward (Figure
5, sign convention #1)
2. Positive shear stresses
are plotted downward, i.e.,
the -axis is inverted
(Figure 5, sign convention
#2).
Plotting positive shear stresses
upward makes the angle on
the Mohr circle have a positive
rotation clockwise, which is
opposite to the physical space
convention. That is why some
authors (references needed) prefer
plotting positive shear stresses
downward, which makes the
angle on the Mohr circle have
a positive rotation
counterclockwise, similar to the
physical space convention for
shear stresses.
To overcome the "issue" of having
the shear stress axis downward in
the Mohr-circle space, there is
an alternative sign convention
where positive shear stresses are
assumed to rotate the material
element in the clockwise direction
and negative shear stresses are
assumed to rotate the material
element in the counterclockwise
direction (Figure 5, option 3). This
way, positive shear stresses are
plotted upward in the Mohr-circle
space and the angle has a
positive rotation counterclockwise
in the Mohr-circle space.
Thisalternative sign convention
produces a circle that is identical
to the sign convention #2 in Figure
5 because a positive shear
stress is also a
counterclockwise shear stress,
and both are plotted downward.
Also, a negative shear stress is
a clockwise shear stress, and both
are plotted upward.
This article follows the
engineering mechanics sign
convention for the physical
space and the alternative sign
convention for the Mohr-circle
space (sign convention #3 in
Figure 5)
Drawing Mohr's circle[edit]


Figure 6. Mohr's circle for plane
stress and plane strain conditions
(double angle approach). After a
stress analysis, the stress
components , , and at a
material point are known. These
stress components act on two
perpendicular
planes and passing
through . The coordinates of
point and on the Mohr circle
are the stress components acting on
the planes and of the
material element, respectively. The
Mohr circle is then used to find the
stress components and , i.e.,
coordinates of any stress
point on the circle, acting on any
other plane passing through .
The angle between the
lines and is double the
angle between the normal vectors
of planes and passing
through .
Assuming we know the stress
components , , and at a
point in the object under study,
as shown in Figure 4, the following
are the steps to construct the Mohr
circle for the state of stresses at
:
1. Draw the Cartesian
coordinate
system with a
horizontal -axis and a
vertical -axis.
2. Plot two
points and
in
the space
corresponding to the
known stress components
on both perpendicular
planes and ,
respectively (Figure 4 and
6), following the chosen
sign convention.
3. Draw the diameter of the
circle by joining
points and with a
straight line .
4. Draw the Mohr Circle. The
centre of the circle is
the midpoint of the
diameter line , which
corresponds to the
intersection of this line
with the axis.
Finding principal normal
stresses[edit]
The magnitude of the principal
stresses are the abscissas of the
points and (Figure 5) where
the circle intersects the -axis.
The magnitude of the major
principal stress is always the
greatest absolute value of the
abscissa of any of these two
points. Likewise, the magnitude of
the minor principal stress is
always the lowest absolute value
of the abscissa of these two
points. As expected, the ordinates
of these two points are zero,
corresponding to the magnitude of
the shear stress components on
the principal planes. Alternatively,
the values of the principal stresses
can be found by


where the magnitude of
the average normal
stress is the
abscissa of the centre ,
given by

and the length of
the radius of the
circle (based on the
equation of a circle
passing through two
points), is given by

Finding
principal
shear
stresses[edit]
The maximum
and minimum
shear stresses
correspond to the
abscissa of the
highest and
lowest points on
the circle,
respectively.
These points are
located at the
intersection of the
circle with the
vertical line
passing through
the center of the
circle, . Thus,
the magnitude of
the maximum and
minimum shear
stresses are equal
to the value of the
circle's radius

Finding
stress
componen
ts on an
arbitrary
plane[edit]
As mentioned
before, after
the two-
dimensional
stress
analysis has
been
performed we
know the
stress
components
, ,
and at a
material
point .
These stress
components
act in two
perpendicular
planes and
passing
through as
shown in
Figure 5 and
6. The Mohr
circle is used
to find the
stress
components
and ,
i.e.,
coordinates of
any
point on
the circle,
acting on any
other
plane pass
ing
through m
aking an
angle with
the plane .
For this, two
approaches
can be used:
the double
angle, and the
Pole or origin
of planes.
Double
angle[edit]
As shown in
Figure 6, to
determine the
stress
components
acti
ng on a
plane at an
angle count
erclockwise to
the
plane on
which acts
, we travel an
angle in
the same
counterclockw
ise direction
around the
circle from the
known stress
point
to
point
,
i.e., an
angle bet
ween
lines an
d in the
Mohr circle.
The double
angle
approach
relies on the
fact that the
angle betwe
en the normal
vectors to any
two physical
planes
passing
through (Fi
gure 4) is half
the angle
between two
lines joining
their
corresponding
stress
points
on
the Mohr
circle and the
centre of the
circle.
This double
angle relation
comes from
the fact that
the parametric
equations for
the Mohr
circle are a
function of
. It can also
be seen that
the
planes and
in the
material
element
around of
Figure 5 are
separated by
an
angle
,
which in the
Mohr circle is
represented
by
a angle
(double the
angle).
Pole or
origin of
planes[edit]


Figure 7.
Mohr's circle
for plane
stress and
plane strain
conditions
(Pole
approach).
Any straight
line drawn
from the
pole will
intersect the
Mohr circle
at a point
that
represents
the state of
stress on a
plane
inclined at
the same
orientation
(parallel) in
space as
that line.
The second
approach
involves the
determination
of a point on
the Mohr
circle called
the pole or
the origin of
planes. Any
straight line
drawn from
the pole will
intersect the
Mohr circle at
a point that
represents the
state of stress
on a plane
inclined at the
same
orientation
(parallel) in
space as that
line.
Therefore,
knowing the
stress
components
and on
any particular
plane, one
can draw a
line parallel to
that plane
through the
particular
coordinates
and on
the Mohr
circle and find
the pole as
the
intersection of
such line with
the Mohr
circle. As an
example, let's
assume we
have a state
of stress with
stress
components
, ,
and , as
shown on
Figure 7.
First, we can
draw a line
from
point parall
el to the plane
of action
of , or, if
we choose
otherwise, a
line from
point parall
el to the plane
of action
of . The
intersection of
any of these
two lines with
the Mohr
circle is the
pole. Once
the pole has
been
determined, to
find the state
of stress on a
plane making
an
angle with
the vertical, or
in other words
a plane
having its
normal vector
forming an
angle with
the horizontal
plane, then
we can draw
a line from the
pole parallel
to that plane
(See Figure
7). The
normal and
shear
stresses on
that plane are
then the
coordinates of
the point of
intersection
between the
line and the
Mohr circle.
Finding
the
orientation
of the
principal
planes[edit]
The
orientation of
the planes
where the
maximum and
minimum
principal
stresses act,
also known
as principal
planes, can
be determined
by measuring
in the Mohr
circle the
angles BOC
and BOE,
respectively,
and taking
half of each of
those angles.
Thus,the
angle BOC
between
and is
double the
angle
which the
major
principal
plane makes
with plane .
Angles an
d can
also be found
from the
following
equation

This
equation
defines
two
values
for whi
ch
are a
part
(Figure).
This
equation
can be
derived
directly
from the
geometry
of the
circle, or
by making
the
parametri
c
equation
of the
circle
for equ
al to zero
(the shear
stress in
the
principal
planes is
always
zero).
Exampl
e[edit]


Figure
8


Figure
9
Assume a
material
element
under a
state of
stress as
shown in
Figure 8
and
Figure 9,
with the
plane of
one of its
sides
oriented
10 with
respect to
the
horizontal
plane.
Using the
Mohr
circle,
find:
The
princi
pal
stress
es
and
orient
ation
of
their
plane
s of
action
.
The
maxi
mum
shear
stress
es
and
orient
ation
of
their
plane
s of
action
.
The
stress
comp
onent
s on a
horizo
ntal
plane.
Check the
answers
using the
stress
transform
ation
formulas
or the
stress
transform
ation law.
Solution:
Following
the
engineeri
ng
mechanic
s sign
conventio
n for the
physical
space
(Figure
5), the
stress
compone
nts for the
material
element
in this
example
are:


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Wikiversity has learning
materials about Mohr's
circle
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Mohr's circle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


Figure 1. Mohr's circles for a three-dimensional state of stress
Mohr's circle, named after Christian Otto Mohr, is a two-dimensional graphical representation of
the transformation law for the Cauchy stress tensor.
After performing a stress analysis on a material body assumed as a continuum, the components of
the Cauchy stress tensor at a particular material point are known with respect to a coordinate
system. The Mohr circle is then used to determine graphically the stress components acting on a
rotated coordinate system, i.e., acting on a differently oriented plane passing through that point.
The abscissa, , and ordinate, , of each point on the circle, are the magnitudes of the normal
stress and shear stress components, respectively, acting on the rotated coordinate system. In other
words, the circle is the locus of points that represent the state of stress on individual planes at all
their orientations, where the axes represent the principal axes of the stress element.
Karl Culmann was the first to conceive a graphical representation for stresses while considering
longitudinal and vertical stresses in horizontal beams during bending. Mohr's contribution extended
the use of this representation for both two- and three-dimensional stresses and developed a failure
criterion based on the stress circle.
[1]

Alternative graphical methods for the representation of the stress state at a point include the Lame's
stress ellipsoid andCauchy's stress quadric.
The Mohr circle can be applied to any symmetric 2x2 tensor matrix, including the strain and moment
of inertia tensors.
Contents
[hide]
1 Motivation for the Mohr Circle
2 Mohr's circle for two-dimensional state of stress
o 2.1 Equation of the Mohr circle
o 2.2 Sign conventions
2.2.1 Physical-space sign convention
2.2.2 Mohr-circle-space sign convention
o 2.3 Drawing Mohr's circle
o 2.4 Finding principal normal stresses
o 2.5 Finding principal shear stresses
o 2.6 Finding stress components on an arbitrary plane
2.6.1 Double angle
2.6.2 Pole or origin of planes
o 2.7 Finding the orientation of the principal planes
o 2.8 Example
3 Mohr's circle for a general three-dimensional state of stresses
4 References
5 Bibliography
6 External links
Motivation for the Mohr Circle[edit]


Figure 2 Stress in a loaded deformable material body assumed as a continuum.
Internal forces are produced between the particles of a deformable object, assumed as a continuum,
as a reaction to applied external forces, i.e., either surface forces or body forces. This reaction
follows from Euler's laws of motion for a continuum, which are equivalent to Newton's laws of
motion for a particle. A measure of the intensity of these internal forces is called stress.
[2]
Because
the object is assumed as a continuum, these internal forces are distributed continuously within the
volume of the object.
In engineering, e.g., structural, mechanical, or geotechnical, the stress distribution within an object,
for instance stresses in a rock mass around a tunnel, airplane wings, or building columns, is
determined through a stress analysis. Calculating the stress distribution implies the determination of
stresses at every point (material particle) in the object. According to Cauchy, the stress at any
point in an object (Figure 2), assumed as a continuum, is completely defined by the nine stress
components of a second order tensor of type (2,0) known as the Cauchy stress tensor, :



Figure 3 - Stress transformation at a point in a continuum under plane
stress conditions.
After the stress distribution within the object has been determined
with respect to a coordinate system , it may be necessary to
calculate the components of the stress tensor at a particular
material point with respect to a rotated coordinate
system , i.e., the stresses acting on a plane with a different
orientation passing through that point of interest forming an angle
with the coordinate system (Figure 3). For example, it is of
interest to find the maximum normal stress and maximum shear
stress, as well as the orientation of the planes where they act upon.
To achieve this, it is necessary to perform a tensor transformation
under a rotation of the coordinate system. From the definition
of tensor, the Cauchy stress tensor obeys the tensor transformation
law. A graphical representation of this transformation law for the
Cauchy stress tensor is the Mohr circle for stress.
Mohr's circle for two-dimensional state of
stress[edit]


Figure 4 - Stress components at a plane passing through a point in a
continuum under plane stress conditions.
In two dimensions, the stress tensor at a given material
point with respect to any two perpendicular directions is
completely defined by only three stress components. For the
particular coordinate system these stress components are:
the normal stresses and , and the shear stress . From the
balance of angular momentum, the symmetry of the Cauchy stress
tensor can be demonstrated. This symmetry implies
that . Thus, the Cauchy stress tensor can be written as:

The objective is to use the Mohr circle to find the stress
components and on a rotated coordinate
system , i.e., on a differently oriented plane passing
through and perpendicular to the - plane (Figure 4). The
rotated coordinate system makes an angle with the
original coordinate system .
Equation of the Mohr circle[edit]
To derive the equation of the Mohr circle for the two-
dimensional cases of plane stress and plane strain, first
consider a two-dimensional infinitesimal material element
around a material point (Figure 4), with a unit area in the
direction parallel to the - plane, i.e., perpendicular to the
page or screen.
From equilibrium of forces on the infinitesimal element, the
magnitudes of the normal stress and the shear
stress are given by:


[show]Derivation of Mohr's circle parametric equations -
Equilibrium of forces
Both equations can also be obtained by applying
the tensor transformation law on the known Cauchy
stress tensor, which is equivalent to performing the
static equilibrium of forces in the direction
of and .
[show]Derivation of Mohr's circle parametric equations - Tensor
transformation
These two equations are the parametric
equations of the Mohr circle. In these
equations, is the parameter,
and and are the coordinates. This
means that by choosing a coordinate system
with abscissa and ordinate , giving
values to the parameter will place the points
obtained lying on a circle.
Eliminating the parameter from these
parametric equations will yield the non-
parametric equation of the Mohr circle. This
can be achieved by rearranging the equations
for and , first transposing the first term in
the first equation and squaring both sides of
each of the equations then adding them. Thus
we have

where

This is the equation of a circle (the
Mohr circle) of the form

with radius centered at a
point with
coordinates i
n the coordinate system.
Sign conventions[edit]
There are two separate sets of
sign conventions that need to be
considered when using the Mohr
Circle: One sign convention for
stress components in the "physical
space", and another for stress
components in the "Mohr-Circle-
space". In addition, within each of
the two set of sign conventions,
the engineering
mechanics (structural
engineering andmechanical
engineering) literature follows a
different sign convention from
the geomechanics literature. There
is no standard sign convention,
and the choice of a particular sign
convention is influenced by
convenience for calculation and
interpretation for the particular
problem in hand. A more detailed
explanation of these sign
conventions is presented below.
The previous derivation for the
equation of the Mohr Circle using
Figure 4 follows the engineering
mechanics sign convention. The
engineering mechanics sign
convention will be used for this
article.
Physical-space sign
convention[edit]
From the convention of the
Cauchy stress tensor (Figure 3
and Figure 4), the first subscript in
the stress components denotes
the face on which the stress
component acts, and the second
subscript indicates the direction of
the stress component. Thus is
the shear stress acting on the face
with normal vector in the positive
direction of the -axis, and in the
positive direction of the -axis.
In the physical-space sign
convention, positive normal
stresses are outward to the plane
of action (tension), and negative
normal stresses are inward to the
plane of action (compression)
(Figure 5).
In the physical-space sign
convention, positive shear
stresses act on positive faces of
the material element in the positive
direction of an axis. Also, positive
shear stresses act on negative
faces of the material element in
the negative direction of an axis. A
positive face has its normal vector
in the positive direction of an axis,
and a negative face has its normal
vector in the negative direction of
an axis. For example, the shear
stresses and are positive
because they act on positive
faces, and they act as well in the
positive direction of the -axis and
the -axis, respectively (Figure 3).
Similarly, the respective opposite
shear stresses and acting
in the negative faces have a
positive sign because they act in
the negative direction of the -axis
and -axis, respectively.
Mohr-circle-space sign
convention[edit]


Figure 5. Engineering mechanics
sign convention for drawing the
Mohr circle. This article follows sign-
convention # 3, as shown.
In the Mohr-circle-space sign
convention, normal stresses have
the same sign as normal stresses
in the physical-space sign
convention: positive normal
stresses act outward to the plane
of action, and negative normal
stresses act inward to the plane of
action.
Shear stresses, however, have a
different convention in the Mohr-
circle space compared to the
convention in the physical space.
In the Mohr-circle-space sign
convention, positive shear
stresses rotate the material
element in the counterclockwise
direction, and negative shear
stresses rotate the material in the
clockwise direction. This way, the
shear stress component is
positive in the Mohr-circle space,
and the shear stress
component is negative in the
Mohr-circle space.
Two options exist for drawing the
Mohr-circle space, which produce
a mathematically correct Mohr
circle:
3. Positive shear stresses
are plotted upward (Figure
5, sign convention #1)
4. Positive shear stresses
are plotted downward, i.e.,
the -axis is inverted
(Figure 5, sign convention
#2).
Plotting positive shear stresses
upward makes the angle on
the Mohr circle have a positive
rotation clockwise, which is
opposite to the physical space
convention. That is why some
authors (references needed) prefer
plotting positive shear stresses
downward, which makes the
angle on the Mohr circle have
a positive rotation
counterclockwise, similar to the
physical space convention for
shear stresses.
To overcome the "issue" of having
the shear stress axis downward in
the Mohr-circle space, there is
an alternative sign convention
where positive shear stresses are
assumed to rotate the material
element in the clockwise direction
and negative shear stresses are
assumed to rotate the material
element in the counterclockwise
direction (Figure 5, option 3). This
way, positive shear stresses are
plotted upward in the Mohr-circle
space and the angle has a
positive rotation counterclockwise
in the Mohr-circle space.
Thisalternative sign convention
produces a circle that is identical
to the sign convention #2 in Figure
5 because a positive shear
stress is also a
counterclockwise shear stress,
and both are plotted downward.
Also, a negative shear stress is
a clockwise shear stress, and both
are plotted upward.
This article follows the
engineering mechanics sign
convention for the physical
space and the alternative sign
convention for the Mohr-circle
space (sign convention #3 in
Figure 5)
Drawing Mohr's circle[edit]


Figure 6. Mohr's circle for plane
stress and plane strain conditions
(double angle approach). After a
stress analysis, the stress
components , , and at a
material point are known. These
stress components act on two
perpendicular
planes and passing
through . The coordinates of
point and on the Mohr circle
are the stress components acting on
the planes and of the
material element, respectively. The
Mohr circle is then used to find the
stress components and , i.e.,
coordinates of any stress
point on the circle, acting on any
other plane passing through .
The angle between the
lines and is double the
angle between the normal vectors
of planes and passing
through .
Assuming we know the stress
components , , and at a
point in the object under study,
as shown in Figure 4, the following
are the steps to construct the Mohr
circle for the state of stresses at
:
5. Draw the Cartesian
coordinate
system with a
horizontal -axis and a
vertical -axis.
6. Plot two
points and
in
the space
corresponding to the
known stress components
on both perpendicular
planes and ,
respectively (Figure 4 and
6), following the chosen
sign convention.
7. Draw the diameter of the
circle by joining
points and with a
straight line .
8. Draw the Mohr Circle. The
centre of the circle is
the midpoint of the
diameter line , which
corresponds to the
intersection of this line
with the axis.
Finding principal normal
stresses[edit]
The magnitude of the principal
stresses are the abscissas of the
points and (Figure 5) where
the circle intersects the -axis.
The magnitude of the major
principal stress is always the
greatest absolute value of the
abscissa of any of these two
points. Likewise, the magnitude of
the minor principal stress is
always the lowest absolute value
of the abscissa of these two
points. As expected, the ordinates
of these two points are zero,
corresponding to the magnitude of
the shear stress components on
the principal planes. Alternatively,
the values of the principal stresses
can be found by


where the magnitude of
the average normal
stress is the
abscissa of the centre ,
given by

and the length of
the radius of the
circle (based on the
equation of a circle
passing through two
points), is given by

Finding
principal
shear
stresses[edit]
The maximum
and minimum
shear stresses
correspond to the
abscissa of the
highest and
lowest points on
the circle,
respectively.
These points are
located at the
intersection of the
circle with the
vertical line
passing through
the center of the
circle, . Thus,
the magnitude of
the maximum and
minimum shear
stresses are equal
to the value of the
circle's radius

Finding
stress
componen
ts on an
arbitrary
plane[edit]
As mentioned
before, after
the two-
dimensional
stress
analysis has
been
performed we
know the
stress
components
, ,
and at a
material
point .
These stress
components
act in two
perpendicular
planes and
passing
through as
shown in
Figure 5 and
6. The Mohr
circle is used
to find the
stress
components
and ,
i.e.,
coordinates of
any
point on
the circle,
acting on any
other
plane pass
ing
through m
aking an
angle with
the plane .
For this, two
approaches
can be used:
the double
angle, and the
Pole or origin
of planes.
Double
angle[edit]
As shown in
Figure 6, to
determine the
stress
components
acti
ng on a
plane at an
angle count
erclockwise to
the
plane on
which acts
, we travel an
angle in
the same
counterclockw
ise direction
around the
circle from the
known stress
point
to
point
,
i.e., an
angle bet
ween
lines an
d in the
Mohr circle.
The double
angle
approach
relies on the
fact that the
angle betwe
en the normal
vectors to any
two physical
planes
passing
through (Fi
gure 4) is half
the angle
between two
lines joining
their
corresponding
stress
points
on
the Mohr
circle and the
centre of the
circle.
This double
angle relation
comes from
the fact that
the parametric
equations for
the Mohr
circle are a
function of
. It can also
be seen that
the
planes and
in the
material
element
around of
Figure 5 are
separated by
an
angle
,
which in the
Mohr circle is
represented
by
a angle
(double the
angle).
Pole or
origin of
planes[edit]


Figure 7.
Mohr's circle
for plane
stress and
plane strain
conditions
(Pole
approach).
Any straight
line drawn
from the
pole will
intersect the
Mohr circle
at a point
that
represents
the state of
stress on a
plane
inclined at
the same
orientation
(parallel) in
space as
that line.
The second
approach
involves the
determination
of a point on
the Mohr
circle called
the pole or
the origin of
planes. Any
straight line
drawn from
the pole will
intersect the
Mohr circle at
a point that
represents the
state of stress
on a plane
inclined at the
same
orientation
(parallel) in
space as that
line.
Therefore,
knowing the
stress
components
and on
any particular
plane, one
can draw a
line parallel to
that plane
through the
particular
coordinates
and on
the Mohr
circle and find
the pole as
the
intersection of
such line with
the Mohr
circle. As an
example, let's
assume we
have a state
of stress with
stress
components
, ,
and , as
shown on
Figure 7.
First, we can
draw a line
from
point parall
el to the plane
of action
of , or, if
we choose
otherwise, a
line from
point parall
el to the plane
of action
of . The
intersection of
any of these
two lines with
the Mohr
circle is the
pole. Once
the pole has
been
determined, to
find the state
of stress on a
plane making
an
angle with
the vertical, or
in other words
a plane
having its
normal vector
forming an
angle with
the horizontal
plane, then
we can draw
a line from the
pole parallel
to that plane
(See Figure
7). The
normal and
shear
stresses on
that plane are
then the
coordinates of
the point of
intersection
between the
line and the
Mohr circle.
Finding
the
orientation
of the
principal
planes[edit]
The
orientation of
the planes
where the
maximum and
minimum
principal
stresses act,
also known
as principal
planes, can
be determined
by measuring
in the Mohr
circle the
angles BOC
and BOE,
respectively,
and taking
half of each of
those angles.
Thus,the
angle BOC
between
and is
double the
angle
which the
major
principal
plane makes
with plane .
Angles an
d can
also be found
from the
following
equation

This
equation
defines
two
values
for whi
ch
are a
part
(Figure).
This
equation
can be
derived
directly
from the
geometry
of the
circle, or
by making
the
parametri
c
equation
of the
circle
for equ
al to zero
(the shear
stress in
the
principal
planes is
always
zero).
Exampl
e[edit]


Figure
8


Figure
9
Assume a
material
element
under a
state of
stress as
shown in
Figure 8
and
Figure 9,
with the
plane of
one of its
sides
oriented
10 with
respect to
the
horizontal
plane.
Using the
Mohr
circle,
find:
The
princi
pal
stress
es
and
orient
ation
of
their
plane
s of
action
.
The
maxi
mum
shear
stress
es
and
orient
ation
of
their
plane
s of
action
.
The
stress
comp
onent
s on a
horizo
ntal
plane.
Check the
answers
using the
stress
transform
ation
formulas
or the
stress
transform
ation law.
Solution:
Following
the
engineeri
ng
mechanic
s sign
conventio
n for the
physical
space
(Figure
5), the
stress
compone
nts for the
material
element
in this
example
are:


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