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MANUFACTURED
SUBSTANCES IN
INDUSTRY
CLASS: 4 KM3
CONTENT
Content Page
Introduction 3
9.1 Sulphuric acid
9.1.1 Properties of sulphuric acid 4
9.1.2 The uses of sulphuric acid 5
9.1.3 The industrial process in manufacture of sulphuric acid 9
9.1.4 Environmental pollution by sulphuric acid 12
9.2 Ammonia and its salt
9.2.1 Properties of ammonia 13
9.2.2 The uses of ammonia 16
9.2.3 The industrial process in manufacture of ammonia 17
9.3 Alloys
9.3.1 Physical properties of pure metals 18
9.3.2 Meaning and purpose of making alloys 20
9.4 Synthetic polymers
9.4.1 The meaning and types of polymers 21
9.4.2 Advantages of synthetic polymers 23
9.4.3 Environmental pollution caused by synthetic polymers 23
9.4.4 Methods to overcome the environmental pollution caused 23
by synthetic polymers
9.5 Glass and ceramics 24
9.6 Composite material 28
Conclusion 30
References 31
INTRODUCTION
All the objects that exist around us are made up of chemical substances. These
objects exist an element, compound or mixture. All these objects contribute benefit to
humankind. As time goes on, human has done many researches to ensure all these
chemical substances will be enough for the use of themselves.
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chemistry that is still new for themselves. Personally, I think that this chapter is an
interesting chapter as it revealed the way of scientist produces the material around me. It
also gives me new knowledges of the uses of chemical substances that I usually found in
the laboratories.
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6. Concentrated sulphuric acid is a viscous colourless liquid.
Soluble in
1) To manufacture fertilizers
There are many fertilizers that can be made of sulphuric acid. Some of them are:
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b) Ammonium sulphate
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+2NH3 → (NH4) 2 SO4
c) Potassium sulphate
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+2NH3 → (NH4) 2 SO4
1) To manufacture detergents
Sulphuric acid reacts with hydrocarbon to produce sulphonic acid. Sulphonic acid is then
neutralized with sodium hydroxide to produce detergents. Examples of hydrocarbon
Synthetic fibres are polymers ( long chain molecules). Rayon is an example of a synthetic
fibre that is produced from the action of sulphuric acid on cellulose.
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The white pigment in paint is usually barium sulphate, BaSO4. The neutralization of
sulphuric acid and barium hydroxide produces barium sulphate.
6) To manufacture pesticides
a. As a strong acid
b. As a drying or dehydrating agent
c. As an oxidizing agent
d. As a sulphonating agent
e. As a catalyst
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Uses of sulphuric acid
Manufacture fertilizers Manufacture paint pigments
Manufacture detergents
Manufacture synthetic fibres
Metal cleaning
Synthetic
2%
fibres Dyes
9% 2%
As an As an acid
electrolyte 2%
10%
Fertilisers
32%
Detergents
12%
Paint pigment 7
Other
15%
chemicals
16%
Figure 9.4 Uses of sulphuric acid in industry
2. Sulphuric acid is produced from sulfur, oxygen and water via the contact
process.
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a) Burning of sulphur in dry air.
+ →
b) Burning of metal sulphide such as zinc sulphide in dry air.
2ZnS + 3 → 2 + 2ZnO
2 SO2 + O2 →
6. Stage III: Production of sulphuric acid
7. In stage II, sulphur dioxide is dried first before being added to dry air to
produce sulphur trioxide. This is:
a) To remove water vapour
b) To remove contaminants
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8. In stage III, sulphur trioxide is not dissolved directly in water to produce sulphuric
acid. This is because:
a) sulphur trioxide has low solubility in water
b) sulphur trioxide reacts violently and mists are formed instead of
a liquid
burned in air
Sulphur dioxide,
, SO3
, H2S2O7
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diluted with equal volume of water H2O
iv. Acid rain flows into the rivers and increases the acidity of water and kill
aquatic living things.
5. Hence, we must reduce the sulphur dioxide from the atmosphere by:
i. Use low sulphur fuels to reduce the emission of sulphur dioxide in exhaust
gases
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ii. Remove sulphur dioxide from waste air by treating it with calcium
carbonated before it is released
NH3 + →
7. Ammonia is alkaline in property and reacts with dilute acids in
neutralization to produce salts. For examples:
NH3 + N 3 → NH4N 3
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1. Aqueous solutions of ammonia produces OH − ions (except Na+ ion, K+ ion,
and Ca 2+ ion) forming metal hydroxides precipitate.
Fe 3+ + 3 − → Fe(H) 3
Brownprecipitate
Mg 2+ + 2 − → Mg(H) 2
Whiteprecipitate
2. Some metal hydroxides such as zinc hydroxide and copper (II) hydroxide
dissolves in excess aqueous ammonia to form complexes.
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Extremely
Properties
solubleof
inammonia
water
Colorless
Pungent
Weak
alkali
smell
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Figure 9.7 Properties of ammonia
Mass of nitrogen
Molar mass of
X 100%
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9.2.3 The industrial process in manufacture of ammonia
C + H2O → CO + H2
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b) The gas mixture is passed through a catalyst of powdered iron at a
temperature of 450 - 550°C.
c) At this optimum temperature and pressure, ammonia gas is produced.
9.3 ALLOYS
9.3.1 Physical properties of pure metals
1. Pure metals have the following physical properties
a) Good conductor of electricity
b) Malleable
c) Ductile
d) High melting and boiling point
e) High density
2. Pure metals are weak and soft because the arrangement of atoms in pyre
metals make them ductile and malleable.
a) A pure metal contains atoms of the same size arranged in a regular and
organized closed-packed structure.
b) Pure metals are soft because the orderly arrangement of atoms enables
the layers of atoms to slide over each other easily when an external force
is applied on them. This makes the matels ductile and metals can be
drawn to form long wires.
c) There are imperfections in the natural arrangements of metal atoms.
Empty space exist in the structures of pure metals. When hammered or
pressed, groups of metal atoms may slide into new positions in the
empty spaces. This makes metals malleable, able to be made into
different shapes or pressed into thin sheets.
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3. The strong forces of attraction between metal atoms requires high energy to
overcome it. Hence, most metals have high melting points.
4. The close-packed arrangement of metal atoms results in the high density of
metals.
High
Goodmelting
conductor
Properties of Malleable
Ductile
High
and of
metalsboiling
density
electricity
point
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9.3.2 Meaning and purpose of making alloys
4. Hence, the layers of metal atoms are prevented from sliding over each
other easily. This makes the alloy harder and stronger, less ductile and less
malleable than its pure metals.
5. The properties of a pure metal are thus improved by making them into
alloys. There are three aims of alloying a pure metal:
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b) To prevent corrosion or rusting
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b) Carbohydrate
c) Natural rubber
3. Naturally occuring polymers are formed by the joining of monomers by
polymerization.
a) Synthetic polymers
1. This type of polymer are man-made by chemical process in the
laboratories.
2. The raw material for synthetic polymers are obtained frompetroleum.
3. The types of synthetic polymers include:
a) Plastics
b) Fibres
c) Elastomers
4. Examples of plastics are polythene(polyethylene),polyvinylchloride(PVC),
polypropene (polypropylene), polystyrene , Perspex and bakelite.
5. Polythene and PVC are produced by addition polymerization
6. Examples of synthetics fibres are nylon and terylene. They are produced
by condensation polymerization.
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9.4.2 Advantages of synthetic polymers
a) Strong and light
b) Cheap
c) Able to resist corrosion
d) Inert to chemical reactions
e) Easily moulded or shaped and be coloured
f) Can be made to have special properties
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9.5 GLASS AND CERAMICS
1. The main component of both glass and ceramic is silica or silicon dioxide, SiO2.
2. Both glass and ceramic have the same properties as follow
a) Hard and brittle
b) Inert to chemical reactions
c) Insulators or poor conductors of heat and electricity
d) Withstand compression but not stretching
e) Can be easily cleaned
f) Low cost of production
1. Differences between glass and cerement are, glass is transparent, while
ceramic is opaque. Ceramic can withstand a higher temperature than
normal glass.
2. Types of glass are
a) Fused glass
• It is consist mainly of silica or silicon dioxide
• It has high heat resistance
b) Soda lime glass
• It cannot withstand high temperatures
c) Borosilicate glass
• It can withstand high temperature
d) Lead glass
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• High refractive index
1. Uses of improved glass for specific purpose
a) Photochromic glass
• It is sensitive to light intensity
b) Conducting glass
• It conducts electricity
6. Ceramic is a manufactured substances made from clay, with the main constituent of
aluminosilicate with small quantity of sand and feldspar.
7. Superconductor is one improved ceramics for specific purposes.
Glass
1. Glass is made up from sand.
2. The major component of glass is SiO2.
3. There are four types of glass which are as follows:
• Fused glass
• Soda-lime glass
• Borosilicate glass
• Lead crystal glass
Chemical
Name of glass Properties Examples of uses
composition
Fused glass
Very high softening Telescope mirrors,
SiO2 (99%)
point (1700 °C) Lenses
Ba2 O 3 (1%)
hence, highly heat Optical fibres
resistant Laboratory glass
Transparent to wares
ultraviolet and
infrared light
Difficult to be made
into different shapes
Does not crack when
temperature changes
(very low thermal
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expansion coefficient)
Very resistant to
chemical reactions
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High density K2O (10%) wares
High refractive index Na2O ( 3%) Lens
Reflects light rays Al2 O 3 ( 2%) Prisms
and appears spar Chandeliers
kling
Ceramics
1. Ceramic is a manufactured substance made from clay that is dried and then
baked in a kiln at high temperature.
2. The main constituent of clay is aluminosilicate, (which consist of aluminium
oxide and silicon dioxide) with small quantities of sand and feldspar.
3. Kaolinite is an example of high
4. Red clay contains iron (III) oxide which gives the red colour .
5. General uses ceramics are as follows of :
• very hard and strong but brittle
• inert to chemical reaction
• has a very high melting point
• good electric and heat insulator
• able to withstand compression
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Composite material Component Properties of Properties of
component composite
Concrete Hard but brittle, Stronger, higher
With low tensile tensile strength, not
strength so brittle, does not
Steel Hard with high
Reinforced concrete corrode easily, can
tensile strength but
withstand higher
expensive and can
applied forces and
corrode
loads, relatively
cheaper
Glass of low Transparent, does Reflect light rays
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refractive index not reflect light and allow light rays
Fibre optics rays. to travel along the
Glass of high Heavy, strong but
fibre
refractive index brittle and non-
flexible
Glass Heavy, strong but Light, strong, tough,
brittle and non- resilient and
Fibreglass flexible flexible, with high
Polyester plastic Light, flexible,
tensile strength and
elastic but weak and
not flammable
inflammable
Glass Transparent and not Sensitive to light:
sensitive to light darkness when light
Silver chloride, or Sensitive to light
Photochromic glass intensity is high,
silver bromide
becomes clear when
light intensity is low
CONCLUSION
We must appreciate these various synthetic industrial materials. One of the way is by
doing continuous research and development ( R & D ) to produce better materials used to
improve our standard of living. As we live in a changing world, our society is getting
more complex. New materials are required to overcome new challenges and problems we
face in our daily lives. Synthetic material are developed constantly due to the limitation
and shortage of natural materials. New technological developments are used by scientists
to make new discoveries.
New materials for clothing, shelter, tools and communication to improve our daily
life are developed continuously for the well-being of mankind. New needs and new
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problem will stimulate the development of new synthetic materials. For example, the new
use of plastic composite material will replace metal in the making of a stronger and
lighter car body. This will save fuel and improve speed. Plastic composite materials may
one day used to make organs for organ transplant in human bodies. This will become
necessity with the shortage of human organ donors.
REFERENCES
1. Tan Yin Toon, Loh Wai Leng, Tan On Tin, 2008, SUCCESS Chemistry SPM,
Oxford Fajar Sdn.Bhd.
2. Website http://www.answers.com
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