Leaves

-out growth of stem which is usually flat and thin, needlelike or scale like
-green color because of the pigment chlorophyll
Function: Food Production (Photosynthesis)
Leaf natomy
Petiole-leaf stalk
-present on the leaves of most flowering plants
-is a continuation of the stem and contains vascular tissues that is continuous from
that of the stem proper to the rest of the lead
!lade
-flattened, e"panded portion of the leaf and is usually green color, because of he
presence of many chloroplast-containing cells
-most food manufacture occurs in here
#tipules
-outgrowths at the base of the petiole
Leaf $enation
$eins- network of vascular tissue e"tensions from stem through the petiole and into the
blade of the leaf%
&ypes of Leaf $enation
'%) Parallel venation-characteristics of monocots
-e"hibits a numerous veins of appro"imately e(ual si)e which e"tends from side
to side or form base to tip of the blade and are interconnected by small inconspicuous
veins
*%) +et venation-found at dicots
-one or more veins are prominent, and the smaller veins form a conspicuous
network
,%) Pinnately-one main vein from which the others branch off
-%) Palmately-net-veined leaf has several main veins e"tending from the base
Leaf .istology
'%) /pidermis
- have an upper and lower epidermis
-usually one cell thick and both upper and lower epidermis is covered by cuticle%
-cuticle is layers of cutin
-water proof and impermeable layer
-after intervals of epidermal cells are guard cells
0uard cells- are kidney-shaped cells where in between them are pores called stomata
#tomata-are present in both upper and lower epidermis but are more fre(uent in the lower
epidermis%
-provide a pathway for gaseous e"change between intercellular spaces with in the
leaf
-in darkness guard cells are in limp therefore stomata are closed
-in presence of light guard cells become turgid by absorbing water therefore the
stoma is open
*%) 1esophyll Layer
-made up of parenchymal tissue
-usually arranged in * layers
a%) Palisade Layer
-consist of cylindrical cells whose long a"es are at right angles to the epidermis
-usually one cell in thickness
b%) #pongy Layer
-mass of loosely arranged and irregularly shaped cells
-cells in this layer consist of numerous chloroplasts
&he intercellular spaces of the two layers form a continuous pathway through which gas
molecules or water vapor molecules may diffuse from atmosphere to cell by way of the
stomata or vice versa%
,%) $ascular &issue
-e"tending throughout the mesophyll is a strand of vascular tissue, the leaf veins,
which ramify and interconnect forming a network within the leaf
-collenchyma is often present on one or both sides of the larger veins, and this
provides some mechanical support to the leaf%
Function: &ransport
!undle #heath
-one or more layers of compactly arranged cells
-cells in here are usually parenchymatous, although sclerenchyma may be
involved%
-cells in here are elongated and parallel with the course of the vascular bundle%
-concerned with conduction