Name: Kate Alyssa Caton Date Performed: November 18,

2010
Co-Worker: Prem Patrik Paron Date !"bmitted: November 2#,
2010
$%&eriment No' 1
(itle: A&&liation of !tatistial Cone&ts in t)e
Determination of Wei*)t +ariation in !am&les
,' ()eoretial -rame.ork
/ein* able to &ro&erly eval"ate t)e data and laims t)at bombard yo"
every day, is one im&ortant t)in*' ,f yo" annot distin*"is) .ell from fa"lty
reasonin*, t)en yo" are v"lnerable to mani&"lation and to deisions t)at are
not in yo"r best interest' !tatistis &rovides tools t)at yo" need in order to
reat intelli*ently to information yo" )ear or read' ,n t)is sense, statistis is
one of t)e most im&ortant s"b0et matter'
!tatistis, to*et)er .it) )emometris, is t)e a&&liation of
mat)ematial met)ods to t)e sol"tion of )emial &roblems of all ty&es 1 is
d"e to t)e ease .it) .)i) small or lar*e 2"antities of data an be )andled,
and om&le% al"lations done, .it) al"lators and om&"ters' ()ese
devies are available to t)e analytial )emist at several levels of om&le%ity
and ost' Wit) t)e )el& of statistis, .e an )ek t)e &reision of o"r
e%&eriment and verify its res"lts' ,t also )el&s in maintainin* t)e reliability
and validity of t)e data by ritially or*ani3in* it'
,,' Data and 4es"lts
A' Wei*)t of !am&les
Coin
!am&le
Wei*)t
5*6
1 #'0087
D
a
t
a

!
e
t

2
D
a
t
a

!
e
t

1
2 8'7808
7 8'92:2
: #'0887
8 8':810
# #'0;#8
; 8'2788
8 8'7991
9 #'0978
10 8':708
Arran*ed <rder
Data !et
1
Data !et 2
8'7808
8':810
8'92:2
#'0082
#'0;#8
#'0887
8'2788
8'7808
8'7991
8':708
8':810
8'92:2
#'0;#8
#'0082
#'0887
#'0978
/' =-test
Data
!et
!"s&et +al"es >=
tab
=
e%&
4emarks
1
5?i*)est6:
#'0887
0'#28 0'01#2
Ae&t at 98@ onfidene
level
5Ao.est6:
8'7808
0'#28 0'099#
Ae&t at 98@ onfidene
level
2
5?i*)est6:
#'0978
0':## 0'00#:
Ae&t at 98@ onfidene
level
5Ao.est6:
8'2788
0':## 0'1#88
Ae&t at 98@ onfidene
level
C' 4e&orted +al"es
Data
!)eet
! 4!D 4 44 CA P!D
1
8'82
18
0'718
8
0'08:; 0';0;8
121'887
8
8'8218 0'77:2
0'1092
2
8';0
80
0'77#
9
0'0890 0'888:
180'788
:
8';080 0'2:08
,,,' Cal"lations
5=-test6
Data !et 1
5?i*)est6
5Ao.est6
Data !et 2
5?i*)est6
5Ao.est6
54e&orted +al"es6
DA(A !$( 1 DA(A !$( 2
B8'8218
B 8';080
!

#'0082 0'18#; 0'07:8
8'7808 -0'::1 0'19:8
8'92:2 0'102; 0'1088
#'0887 0'2##8 0'0;12
8':810 -0'7;08 0'17;7
#'0;#8 0'2887 0'0#82
B 0'7188
B 8';080
#'0082 0'7002 0'0901
8'7808 -0'72;8 0'10;7
8'92:2 0'21#2 0'0:#;
#'0887 0'7807 0'1::#
8':810 -0'28;0 0'0##0
#'0;#8 0'7#88 0'17#0
8'2788 -0':;28 0'2277
8'7991 -0'7089 0'098:
#'0978 0'7888 0'1:88
8':708 -0'2;;8 0'0;;0
B0'77#9
4!D
B
B
B 0'08:;
B
B
B 0'0890
4
B ?i*)est 1 Ao.est
B#'0887 1 8'7808
B 0';0;8
B ?i*)est 1 Ao.est
B#'0978 1 8'2788
B0'888:
44
B
B
B121'8878
B
B
B 180'788:
CA
B 8'8218 0'77:2 B 8';080 0'2:08
P!D
B
B
B 0'1092
,+' Dis"ssion and ,nter&retation of 4es"lts
!i*nifiane of !tandard Deviation
!tandard deviation is a statistial tool "sed to determine )o. ti*)t or s&read
o"t yo"r data is' ,n effet, t)is is 2"antitatively al"latin* yo"r &reision, t)e
re&rod"ibility of yo"r data &oints' ,t is more "sef"l .)en om&ared to ran*e,
t)e differene bet.een t)e )i*)est and lo.est val"es bea"se it "tili3es all
t)e val"es'
!i*nifiane of Confidene Aimits
,t is im&ortant to a&&reiate t)at for a si*nifiane level of 8@ t)ere is still a
)ane of 8@, or 1 in 20, of inorretly re0etin* t)e s"s&et val"e' ()is may
)ave a onsiderable effet on t)e estimation of t)e &reision of an
e%&eriment' ()e .ider t)e onfidene interval, t)e less &reise t)e data is,
and t)e narro. t)e interval, t)e more &reise t)e data is'
!i*nifiane of =-test
Dixons test 5sometimes alled t)e Q-test6 is anot)er test for o"tliers in
.)i) t)e al"lation is sim&le' -or small sam&les 5si3e 7 to ;6 t)e test
assesses a s"s&et meas"rement by om&arin* t)e differene bet.een it and
t)e meas"rement nearest to it in si3e .it) ran*e of t)e meas"rements'
()e ritial val"es of Q for P B 0'08 for a t.o-sided test' ,f t)e al"lated
val"e of Q e%eeds t)e ritial val"e, t)e s"s&et val"e is re0eted'
Com&arison of statistial &arameters al"lated from Data !et 1 to Data !et 2
Data set 1 are *enerally )i*)er t)an t)ose from t)e data set 2 "sin* different
statistial &arameters' ()is obtained t)e means of 8'8218 and 8';080
onse"tively'
()e n"mbers of data taken for ea) set, t)e variations in .ei*)t .ere t)e
most &robable onsiderations' (o onl"de, t)e )eavier oins .ere reorded
to belon* to Data !et 1'
!i*nifiane of Pooled !tandard deviation
Pooled standard deviation is a statistial tool to find a better estimate
of t)e tr"e standard deviation *iven several different sam&les taken in
different ir"mstanes .)ere t)e mean may vary bet.een sam&les b"t t)e
tr"e standard deviation is ass"med to remain t)e same' ()e e%&erimental
and ontrol *ro"& standard deviations differ only as a res"lt of sam&lin*
variation'
,t is al"lated by t)e e2"ation:
Correlation of t)e means obtained by o"r *ro"& and ot)ers as .ell'
Amon* t)e *ro"&s, t)e obtained avera*e mean varies' !ine t)e
sam&les "sed are not t)e same for every *ro"& and also bea"se of errors
t)at )ave been ommitted by t)e st"dents d"rin* t)e e%&eriment'
()e mean of o"r *ro"& is varies .it) t)e ot)er *ro"&s in terms of
ran*e' !ine sam&les "sed also vary, t)e .ei*)t of t)e oin also differ .)i)
leads "s to t)e differenes in also to different statistial &arameters' $rrors,
also as one onsideration t)at )ave been ommitted by t)e st"dents d"rin*
t)e e%&eriment, vary too'
+' Conl"sions and 4eommendations
!tatistial &arameters are &reisely "sed in order to a&&ro&riately arry o"t
its f"ntions in data analysis and eval"ation' A&&liation of t)ese &arameters an
lead to si*nifiant res"lts s") as determination of t)e level of &reision,
determination of errors and a&&liation of 2"ality ontrol es&eially in an
ind"strial sale' ()e e%&eriment fo"sed more on t)e 2"antitative analysis of t)e
.ei*)t variations, in o"r ase, one-&eso oin sam&les' /y *ettin* t)e standard
deviation, =-test, relative ran*e, and ot)er statisti &arameters, .e .ere able to
determine t)e &reision of o"r data and .e )ad t)e )ane to om&are and
ontrast o"r res"lts .it) t)e ot)er *ro"&s t)at *oes to s)o., t)eir res"lt vary
.it) o"rs'
$rrors in e%&eriments are im&ossible to eliminate, b"t t)ey an still be
minimi3ed' ()is is one im&ortane of "sin* statistial analysis in inter&retin*
2"antitative res"lts' ,t makes "s a.are of t)e disre&anies or inonsistenies
made in olletin* and *at)erin* t)e data'
, reommend "sin* t)e same ty&e of sam&les for t)is e%&eriment sine
ot)ers "sed 28-entavo , 8-&eso and 10-&eso oins' Also, d"rin* .as)in* t)e
oins, some st"dents may )ave not done t)e e%at &roed"re &ro&erly res"ltin*
to more variations in data'
+,' 4eferenes
!koo*, Do"*las, et' al' -"ndamentals of Analytial C)emistry' 8
t)
$d'
!in*a&ore: ()omson Aearnin* Asia, 200:'
!tatistis in relation .it) Analytial C)emistry' 4etrieved at
)tt&:CC...'britannia'omC$/)ekedCto&iC172017Confidene-limit
)tt&:CCsiene'.idener'ed"CsvbCstatsCdesri&t')tml
$narta 2008