Discrete Stability Controls for

Transient and Oscillatory Stability

Douglas Wilson, Natheer Al-Ashwal (Psymetrix, UK)
Hallgrimur Halldorsson (Landsnet, Iceland)
Stephen Boroczky (AEMO, Australia)
24
th
July 2013





IEEE GM Discrete Control - 23/07/2013 - P 2
Introduction
Introduction
Oscillations
Transients
Conclusions
Qestions
Addressing dynamics issues
Constraint relief and security
Observing and controlling
Roadmap to Real-Time Stability Actions
7
15
22
2
Psymetrix & Alstom WAMS Activities
Advanced Phasor
Framework

Data Management
Analysis Tools
Visualisation
Phasor
Applications

Reliability
Constraint Relief
Dynamic Performance
Renewables Integration
Wide-Area Control &
Protection
Consulting
Services

WAMS Deployment
Dynamics & Control
Operations & Planning
Guidance
Power System Analysis
IEEE GM Discrete Control - 23/07/2013 - P 3
2012/13 Distribution:
Wind control; microgrid
1999 National Grid:
Security Constraint relief
Global Activities
Addressing Power System Challenges
2009 Energinet.dk: Renewable
integration, oscillations
2006 Iceland: PSS tuning,
Islanding Defence, Model
2009 Colombia: Frequency
stability, governor tuning
1995 Scottish Power: 1
st

install, constraint relief
2000 Powerlink/AEMO: Synchronising
QND / NSW, constraint relief
2011 Eskom: Large WAMS, EMS
integration (4,200 phasors)
2011 Manitoba:
SVC-POD tuning
WECC:
300+ PMUs,
CC integration
Short-Term Voltage Stability & Voltage Rise
Long-Term Voltage Stability
Oscillatory Stability
Frequency Stability
Local & Differential Fault Protection
Transient Stability
N-x Transient / Area Angular Stability
Thermal Limits
Phasor-based Wide Area Control
P5
15 minutes
Operator Dispatch
Human-in-the-Loop
3-15 seconds
Automated
Dispatch
200-600ms
Phasor Primed
16-200ms
Equipment
Protection
0.6-3s
Phasor Triggered
Guided Operator Response
Automated Control Response
Phasor-based Wide Area Control Control Room EMS/DMS/WAMS Protection
Pre-contingency operations
IEEE GM Discrete Control - 23/07/2013 - P 5
Measuring Dynamic Response
SCADA
WAMS
4 sec SCADA:
apparently small change
PMU data shows much
larger frequency swing and
poorly damped oscillations
WAMS Accurate time-
alignment, hence phase
displacement, is key to
identifying sources of
oscillation problems
WAMS shows grid
dynamic response,
hence use in transient &
oscillation applications
IEEE GM Discrete Control - 23/07/2013 - P 6





Oscillation Constraint Relief and Security
Introduction
Oscillations
Transients
Conclusions
Questions
Addressing dynamics issues
Constraint relief and security
Observing and controlling
Roadmap to Real-Time Stability Actions

7
15
22
2
IEEE GM Discrete Control - 23/07/2013 - P 7
Australia 3 damping constraints, 488MW, depending PhasorPoint
Iceland network procedures address oscillation risk (ring split)
Colombia Thermal / hydro dispatch constraint for frequency stability
UK oscillation security warning & operational guidance
Control-room Oscillation Management
Examples of WAMS-based oscillation management
Australia
3 Oscillation
Constraints
+128MW
+160MW
+200MW
AREA 1
AREA 2
Uncertainty in model limit
Use margin if well damped
Reduce limit if poorly damped
IEEE GM Discrete Control - 23/07/2013 - P 8
Examples of Control-Room Implementations
Presentation title - 23/07/2013 - P 9
Landsnet, Iceland
WAMS mapboards for
Network & Balancing
Oscillation
Indicator
Since 1999
National Grid, UK
Simple Oscillation warning
indicator & operational rules
XM Colombia
V. Low frequency oscillation
monitoring hydro/thermal
balance
Oscillations Islanding
Oscillation Event Management, Australia
Occasional instability events
Onset time & mode frequency to diagnose
Real-time location tools of interest

11:14:50 11:15:10 11:15:30 11:15:50 11:16:10 11:16:30
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
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P
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11:14:50 11:15:10 11:15:30 11:15:50 11:16:10 11:16:30
0
10
20
30
40
Time
0
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6
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M
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T
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3% damping
1% damping
Separation avoided, 10 April 2004
Event #1 2004 Generator returned to
service after maintenance with control
issue. Interstate line 150MW oscillations
@ 0.6Hz separation risk. Generator
rejection restored stability.
Event #2 2010 Generator AVR
malfunction, instability of 0.3Hz QNI
mode, growing to 150MW. Operator
location tests, then AVR state change
restored stability, without generator
rejection.
#1
#2
Oscillation Source Location: Nearest PMU


P1


P2

c
11

c
12

c
22

c
21

Pd2
Pd1


P1


P2

c
11

c
12

c
21

c
22

Pd1
2 generators,
identical damping
2 generators,
only 1 damping
Identify PMU nearest contributing sources
Which group of generators?
Which location within group?

Identify changes where damping degraded

Can use sparse PMU monitoring
No currents

IEEE GM Discrete Control - 23/07/2013 - P 11
Western Power, Australia
MGA
NBT
PJR
KW
ALB
MU
MRT
EMD
WKT
50mHz, 0.045Hz
Low frequency common mode, 0.045Hz

Same amplitude everywhere

Small phase difference identify sources

IEEE GM Discrete Control - 23/07/2013 - P 12
Western Power, Australia
Source/Sink Location Map, 0.045Hz

Geographic area of main
source identified.
Degrees of 0.045Hz
Mode Phase Shift
(NOT 50Hz voltage angle)
IEEE GM Discrete Control - 23/07/2013 - P 13
Manitoba Hydro 0.009Hz Governor Mode
Northern Collector System
2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3
6
8
10
12
14
x 10
-3
F
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q
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c
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(
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)
Event_MH121001_1100to1500LocalMH
2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
P
2
P

A
m
p
l
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(
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2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
P

A
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p
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i
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p
h
a
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w
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F

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)
)
Time (Hours)


Kettle : K3-dc
Kettle : K1-nac
Kettle : K1-dc
Kettle : K2-dc
Limestone : H1
Limestone : H2
Longspruce : GS-L1
Longspruce : GS-L2
Longspruce : GS-L3
Longspruce : GS-L4
Longspruce : GS-L5
O
s
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A
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p
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O
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C
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t
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i
b
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Raised oscillation
amplitude
Specific signals
show raised
contribution
(NOT Amplitude)
NOTE: The oscillations occur in the Northern Collector System, connected to the
Eastern Interconnection by a DC corridor
U
n
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P
o
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O
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p
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IEEE GM Discrete Control - 23/07/2013 - P 14





Observing and Controlling Transient Stability
Introduction
Oscillations
Transients
Conclusions
Questions
Addressing dynamics issues
Constraint relief and security
Observing and controlling

Roadmap to Real-Time Stability Actions

7
15
22
2
IEEE GM Discrete Control - 23/07/2013 - P 15
Angle-based Wide Area Defence
SW FREQ
E FREQ
Smelter load
132kV ring power
Main generation area
Loss of Large
Smelter in SW
Islanding
Frequency rises
rapidly
Nearby generators change
speed/angle quickly
Frequency rises
more slowly
Trip Gen
proportionally
in correct zone
Angle difference
increase
IEEE GM Discrete Control - 23/07/2013 - P 16
Disturbance Record 1 Sept 2010
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
Time (sec)
A
n
g
l
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d
i
f
f
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c
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(
r
a
d
)
SIGALDA
BLANDA
A
BLANDA
B
FLJOTSDALUR
KRAFLA
FLJ
B
usA
FLJ
B
usB
HRA
HRA-FLJ
Diff: 25
Time: 0.23s
HRA-FLJ
Diff: 50
Time: 0.41s
Blanda bus tie
opening T=0.5s
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
50
50.2
50.4
50.6
50.8
51
Time (sec)
S
y
s
t
e
m

F
r
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q
u
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c
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(
H
z
)
SIGALDA
BLANDA
A
BLANDA
B
FLJOTSDALUR
KRAFLA
FLJ
B
usA
FLJ
B
usB
HRA
HRA Frq >50.2Hz
Time: 0.04s
Slower Frq
rise at FLJ
HRA
FLJ
IEEE GM Discrete Control - 23/07/2013 - P 17
Threshold


Threshold
,
Relationship
WADS
Generation Tripping
Angle Difference
Frequency
Difference
Landsnet WADS Triggering Zone
IEEE GM Discrete Control - 23/07/2013 - P 18
Testing with Measurements & Simulation
Pink background =
trip criteria met
Measurements show:
Restraint when not
required
Triggering when required
Confirm thresholds

Simulations show:
Triggering conditions
met for family of
problems
Threshold levels
Effectiveness of actions


IEEE GM Discrete Control - 23/07/2013 - P 19
Brazil Separation Example
Other systems show same Area
Transient Stability Behaviour
Similar & F characteristics
Separation occurs 5 sec from initial fault
Other separation events 0.5 to 5s
Feasible timeframe for action


Loss of Sync
Angle diff
increase 5s
F sustained
5s
Fault
Event Fault Loss of Sync
#1 3 sec & 5 sec
#2 0.8 sec
#3 2.1 sec
#4 0.5s & 0.9s
GB Transient Stability Boundary with Wind

()

P
Scotland-England Boundary
~ 3.5GW Transient Stability Limit (P)
~ 1.5GW Wind Capacity in Corridor
Volatility in corridor capability
Expressing Limit as Angle?
Transient stability closely related
to angle difference
Should operators run to
Angle, not MW limit?
Should new HVDC link
control by Angle?





Observing and Controlling Transient Stability
Introduction
Oscillations
Transients
Conclusions
Questions
Addressing dynamics issues
Constraint relief and security
Observing and controlling

Roadmap to Real-Time Stability Actions

7
15
22
2
IEEE GM Discrete Control - 23/07/2013 - P 22
Control Room
Procedures for oscillations
established
Further operator guidance
needed
Transient stability benefits from
angle limit thresholds


Conclusions
Automation
, f for defence action
proportional to system need
Response time for wide area
angle separation is feasible
Principle applies to many inter-
angle separation threats


Roadmap to Real-Time Stability Actions
Growing experience through WAMS improves control actions
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