A

Major Project Report on

GSM Based Water Pump Control System
Submitted to
RAJIV GAN!I "#C!NICA$ %NIV#RSI"&
B!'PA$ (M)P*
In Partial +ul+illment +or t,e a-ard o+ de.ree o+
BAC!#$'R '/ #NGIN##RING
IN
#$#C"R'NICS 0 C'MM%NICA"I'N
By
Anuj Jain
Ar1ind Verma
Asi+ 2,an
eepa3 Gour
4567#C545485
4567#C545489
4567#C545486
4567#C5454:;
Under the Guidance of
Mr) Nitin Muc,,al
(Associate Pro+essor*

SAGAR INS"I"%"# '/ SCI#NC# 0"#C!N'$'G& (SIS"ec*
GAN!I NAGAR< B!'PA$=>984:9 (M)P)*
MA&=845>
SAGAR INS"I"%"# '/ SCI#NC# AN "#C!N'$'G&
(Appro1ed by AIC"# el,i< A++iliated to RG"% B,opal and Go1t) o+ Mad,ya Prades,*
N#AR AIRP'R"< GAN!I NAGAR< B!'PA$=>984:9
eclaration
We hereby declare that the project entitled ?GSM Based Water Pump Control
System@is the actual work carried out by us in the department of #lectronics
and Communication@ under the guidance of Mr) Nitin Muc,,al< Associate
Pro+essor@)
Name #nrollment Number Si.nature
Anuj Jain 4567#C545485
Ar1ind Verma 4567#C545489
Asi+ 2,an 4567#C545486
eepa3 Gour 4567#C5454:;
SAGAR INS"I"%"# '/ SCI#NC# AN "#C!N'$'G&
(Appro1ed by AIC"# el,i< A++iliated to RG"% B,opal and Go1t) o+ Mad,ya Prades,*
N#AR AIRP'R"< GAN!I NAGAR< B!'PA$=>984:9
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled GSM Based Water Pump
Control Sstem! has been carried out by

Anuj Jain (4567#C545485*
Ar1ind Verma (4567#C545489*
Asi+ 2,an (4567#C545486*
eepa3 Gour (4567#C5454:;*
Under my guidance in partial fulfillment for the award of
(BAC"E#$R OF E%GI%EERI%G& in (Electronics '
Communication& by the Rajiv Gandhi Technical University
!hopal ("#$#% during the academic year &'()*(+#
(Dr. Ravi Shankar Mishra)
Head
Department of Electronics &Communication
(Mr. Nitin Muchhal)
Project Guide
Associate Professor
(Dr. Manish Billore)
Principal
AC2N'W$#G#M#N"S
It gives me a great pleasure to express my deep sense of gratitude and
indebtedness to my guide Mr) Nitin Muc,,al for their valuable support and
encouraging mentally throughout the project. I am highly obliged to them for
providing me this opportunity to carry out their ideas and work during my Project
Period and helping me to gain the successful completion of my project.
My special thanks to ead of !epartment of "lectronics # $ommunication
"ngineering of my college% r) Ra1i S,an3ar Mis,ra and to all of the faculties for
allowing me and encouraging me constantly to work hard in Project.
I am highly grateful to onorable Principal of &I&'ec< r) Manis, Billore% for giving
me this golden opportunity to be a part of this organi(ation for this period.
Name #nrollment Number Si.nature
AN%J JAIN 4567#C545485
ARVIN V#RMA 4567#C545489
ASI/ 2!AN 4567#C545486
##PA2 G'%R 4567#C5454:;
IN#A
Abstract (i*
$ist o+ "able (ii*
$ist o+ +i.ures (iii*
5) IN"R'%C"I'N
).) Introduction ************************..)
).+ ,ims and -bjectives*********************+
).. Working**************************../
8) M#"!''$'G&B#AP#RIM#N"A"I'N
+.). 0&M '"$1-2-03********..************4
+.+. MI$5-$-1'5-22"5********************6
+.+.). 0eneral description ********...******...****......6
+.+.+. Pin !escription**********************...).
+... Max+.+ I$ ************************.)4
+.7. 89:/ ;-2',0" 5"0<2,'-5 I.$*************.....+:
+./. -ptocoupler ***********************...++
+.4. $53&',2 -&$I22,'-5 )).:/6+mh(************..+/
+.8. 2"! =2ight emitting diode> ****************..*+4
+.9. 2$! =2i?uid crystal display>*****************.+9
+.9.). 2$! !I&P2,3 WI' I' PI1&***************.....+9
+.6. ,!,P'-5************************...:
+.):. 5esister************************...*.)
+.)). $apacitor*********************.................+
+.)+. &witch**********************.****....
+.). 5elay*.................................................................................................7
+.)7. 5&+.+ &erial communication****************.....4
:) S'/"WAR# %S#
..). @I"2 &oftware*****.*******************.... =.9>
..+ !IP'5,$" &oftware***..*..***************.*.. =7:>
>) PCB MAN%/AC"%RING PR'C#SS
7.) P$A 2ayout*.************************* =76>
7.+ Preparation of screen*********************.. =/+>
7... Printing% "tching% !rilling% 0reen making % 'inning % component
Mounting% "tching process*****************...=76>
7.7 $omponent ,ssemble******..***************=/+>
7./. &oldring 'echni?ue # Procedure****..**********..*..=/7>
7.4. Precaution when using $BM-& !evice**********...***=//>
7.8. !isordering 'echni?ue********************......=/4>
7.9. . $oding***************************........=/8>
.
;) AVAN"AG#BISAVAN"AG# CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)(9;*

9) APP$ICA"I'NCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)(9;*
7) C'NC$%SI'NCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)))CC))(99*
6) A"A S!##" CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(97=9D*
D) R#/#R#NC#S CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)CC)(74*
ABS"RAC"
'he project aims is providing a user friendly% reliable and automated
water pumping system for irrigation. ere the automation process is done
through the wireless 0&M technology and the end user need not re?uire
any knowledge about the operation of 0&M mobile. In this project
two microcontroller are used one is dedicated at the pump and other is at
the end user and two 0&M modem are used for exchanging the commands.
'he 0&M modem present at the user end is interfaced with a few control
buttons via microcontroller% each with different functionality. Whenever a
control button is pressed it is then identified by the microcontroller and
generates command with respect to the button pressed and forwards the
same to the water pump and the modem at the pump receives the command
and feeds the same to the microcontroller and the microcontroller perform
the re?uired operation. 'he design of this system is very sensitive and
should be handled with utmost care because the microcontroller is a / volt
device and is employed to monitor operation of the whole system.
$ist o+ "able
).) Max+.+ I$)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))9
).+ ;oltage 5egulatorCCCCC)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))+)
).. $rystal oscillatorCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)CC+/
).7 2$! display char)4C+CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC C)))C)))+6
)./ $omponent Price 2ist CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)))4.
$ist o+ /i.ures
).) Alock !iagramCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)CCC)) .
).+ $ircuit !iagramCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)CCCCCC) 7
).. 0&M M-!-<2"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)C)))).... 9
+.) Microcontroller Alock !iagramCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)C))))
+.+ Pin configurationCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)))+
+.. 5eset &witchCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)))..)/
..) M,D +.+ I$ $hipCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)CC))4
7.) ;oltage 5egulatorCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC))))+)
/.) -otocouplerCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)))+/
4.) $rystal -scillatorCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)))+7
8.) 2"! CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC+4
8.+ 2"! ;iewCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)))+4
9.) 2$! ;iew CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)+9
6.) ,daptorCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)).:
):.) 5esistorCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC..)
)).) $apacitorCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)..+
)+.) &witchCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC))...
)..) 5elay ;iewCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC))C).7
)..+ $onnectionCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC))C)./
)... &chematic # bottom viewCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)))./
)7.) 5&+.+ Alock !iagramCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC).8
)7.+ 5&+.+$ableCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)CCCCCC)CCC.8
)/.) @"I2 &oftwareCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC))))))/6
)4.) &creenCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC7+
)4.+ $omponent <nitsCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC).7.
)4.. 2ayout CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC77
)4.7 $omponent 'op ;iewCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC))7/
)8.) $omplete projectCCCCCCC))CCC)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))).))))78
5)5) IN"R'%C"I'N
'his &ystem $ontrol the Water Pump which are place in the farm and also
send the current situation of the pump and also control the pump status on or off this
circuit take the two different power supply for control the Pump and $ontrol unit and
also remember the timing of the pump running status.
In this system we send the information to the our !evice for run in proper way for our
convince in the form of simple text format threw the Mobile in this massage we send
the time in minute as well as second and pump condition and according to this
information our device is running and also send information of its information and if
some problem accrue at the Pump <nit then it send the massage back to us and
also send the what problem are occur there.
,utomated machines are manBmade mechanical device that can move by
themselves% whose motion must be modeled% planned% sensed% actuated% and
controlled% and whose motion or behavior can be influenced by programming.
In the field of industrial machinery% the interaction between man and machine
typically consists of the Programming and maintaining the machine by the human
operator. 'his can be very easily done by using various programming languages.
'he main aim of this water pump controller using 0&M project is to control the
water pump by using 0&M modem. In this project the mainly used components is
microcontroller in control switch another at water pump% one microcontroller send the
data then another side have to perform the corresponding functionality% here 0.&.M
modems are used in this project% to communicate the both pump side and switch
side throw 0.&.M the data is send to the other microcontroller. Aetween the water
pump and microcontroller there is interfacing circuit for the interfacing% here two
power supplies are needed to perform the operation of water pump% here use the
2"! indicators to display the information.
1
'he microcontroller used here operates at /volts% this project e?uipment is more
sensitive because here microcontrollers used% and illiterates can easily know the
status of the motor by using 2"! indicator. 'he features of this project are easily
interfaced% high voltage water pumps are easily controlled% more sensitive% the
response is generated from the 2"! indicator% and wireless connection. 'o design
this project designer should aware of embedded c programming% P$A connections%
remote control. 'his project mainly used in houses.
.
5)8) Aims and 'bjecti1esE=
'he 0&M Aased &mart Irrigation &ystem is a project in which we get
continuous up to date status of the operation carried out in field =Earms> in the form
of &M& as well we can add other systems such as 2$! displays% Webcam% Aurglar
alarms% Infrared sensor and &mart $ontrollers suitable for the particular field.
0&M Aased ,utomatic ,rrigation -ystem <sing 9:/) MicroBcontrollerF is based on
the microBcontroller unit. 'his electronic project provides a facility of controlling the
electrical e?uipments with the help of 0&M modem. &o I think you have understood
that I talked about 0&M modem% and then the project is capable to control the
electrical e?uipment from any distance in the world.
,ctually this project is for our farmers. 'hey work hard and hard not only everyday
but also every night in the field. Aecause in the day they do their field work and in the
night our farmers have to irrigate the field land at some intervals. &o to wake up in
the night from a sleep and then go to field and irrigate the land is to typical for a
farmer. 'here are many disadvantage of this irrigation system that if a farmer started
the irrigation system in the night and he forgot to switch off the irrigation system
again. In this condition the a lot of water goes to wastage and the crops may get
harm or sometimes he forget to switch on the irrigation system then again the crops
get dried due to lack of water. 'his depends on the type of crops. 2ighter weight
fruits always follow slight water deficiency.
Bloc3 ia.ramE
2
/i.) 5)5
Circuit dia.ram
3


/i.) 5)8
CIRC%I" ISCRIP"I'NE=
4
'his system controls the water pump and the various control unit. Eirstly we
can analysis in 0&M module. In 0&M module receiver signal in form of "M wave
after reciving em wave signal convert in to voltage form by the antenna and then
decode the msg and provide 9:/) microcontroller. 0&M through antenna send the
information "M wave to convert logic level is differ from 9:/).
'hen 0&M Module receiver through provide M,D+.+ I$. ,nd it is convert 9:/) logic
level. 'his signal is understand by microcontroller that the msg is pump on or pump
of% and it is connected on pin no. +). 'hen the M,D+.+ I$ is description is pin )B.
connected to the capacitor=):7> %and pin 7B/ to the connected capacitor=):7>% pin no.
4 # ground is capa=):7>% then pin )4 is ;cc and )/ is connected to 0round. Pin no.
)7 # ). is connected to the 0&M module% and pin no. )) # )+ are connected to the
controller =pin )) is connected to ))% and )+ is connected to pin no. ):>.
In microcontroller pin no. +) is connected to the forward optoBcoupler relay unit and
pin no. ++ is work on reverse to optoB coupler relay unit. -ptoBcoupler is "2 9)8G it is
isolation between relay unit and controller unit. It is used for safe the complete
controller circuit and safe to electrical shock.
Inside in optoBcoupler having 2"! # photo diode pair. 'hen send the msg in 2$! to
display the msg so we can use the one serial resister bank % resister bank is eight
resister are connected to the between the controller and 2$!. Pin no. +4% +8% and
+9% are controller are connected to the 2$!. Pin no. .+ to .6 is data pin and it is
connected to the 2$! in pin no. 8 to )7. &o finally we can show the M&0 in display
through 2$!.
5
5):) W'R2INGE=
'he power supply needed by the controlling system is H/;.EigB) Alock
diagram for proposed &ystem components the connections between the two mobiles
are done using 0&M. 'he 0&M module and microcontroller are connected using
M,D+.+. 'he microcontroller then gives a signal to the called mobile =which is kept
in the auto answering mode>.
&M&I0&M 5emote Water Pump $ontroller is a device which can control and
monitor electric motors% agriculture pump sets through mobile phone. 'his is a 0&M
based remote controller to switch -1 and -EE pump sets or any electric motor from
remote location. 'his &M&I0&M remote controller helps the farmer to handle
agricultural pump sets easily. Earmer can set running time of pump set after it gets
-1. It also helps the farmers to save life from snake bite in night time% saves water%
time and electricity. 'he microcontroller used here operates at /volts% this project
e?uipment is more sensitive because here microcontrollers used% and illiterates can
easily know the status of the motor by using 2"! indicator. 'he features of this
project are easily interfaced% high voltage water pumps are easily controlled% more
sensitive% the response is generated from the 2"! indicator% and wireless
connection. 'o design this project designer should aware of embedded c
programming% P$A connections% remote control. 'his project mainly used in houses.
In this condition the a lot of water goes to wastage and the crops may get harm or
sometimes he forget to switch on the irrigation system then again the crops get dried
due to lack of water. ,nother way to benefit from this feature is to keep the same
performance by reducing the clock fre?uency by half% thus dramatically reducing the
"MI) &ubscriber Identity Module =&IM> cards% which allow customers to buy a new or
additional phone% or a 0&M P$ $ard modem% and instantly transfer their settings%
preferences and contacts to the other device. If &M& is sent -1 then 523 )will 0o
-n for / &ec 'hen &tart Autton will be pressed Pump will go -n = $ircuit $losed >. If
&M& is sent -EE 'hen 523+ Will 0o -n for / &ec 'hen 1$ will be -pen Pump Will
0o -ff=$ircuit -pen>.
6
GSM M'%$#
8)5) GSM "ec,nolo.yE=
More than 4 billion people worldwide use the 0lobal &ystem for Mobile
$ommunications =0&M> family of technologies. 0&M is the most widely used
wireless technology in the world% available in more than +)6 countries and territories
worldwide% with a market share of more than 6: percent.
0&M market share has grown exponentially over recent years. ,lthough it took )+
years for 0&M to achieve ) billion customers =Eebruary +::7>% it was only another
+./ years before 0&M subscribers passed the + billion mark =June +::4>% less than
two years to exceed . billion customers =,pril +::9> and reached more than 4 billion
in +:)+.
0&M is the legacy network of the evolution to the third generation =.0> technologies
<niversal Mobile 'elecommunication &ystem =<M'&>% also known as W$!M,% and
igh &peed Packet ,ccess =&P,>. $ommonly referred to as the 0&M family of
technologies% the following diagram represents the evolution from second generation
=+0> 0&M and 0eneral Packet 5adio &ystem =0P5&> to .0 "nhanced !ata for
0&M "volution ="!0">% <M'& and &P,.
'here are several reasons why 0&M is so popular among operators and their
customersK
Clear 1oice Fuality% which helps make 0&M a viable alternative to wireline
telephony for consumers and businesses.
International roamin. with service available in more than +)6 countries% the
most of any wireless technology by a wide margin. ,s a result% users enjoy
the convenience of being reachable with their 0&M devices and phone
numbers when traveling abroad% as well as the ability to access messaging
7
and other advanced services that they use in their home markets.
Partnerships within the 0&M community help to keep usersL roaming charges
affordable and allow for any roaming charges to be automatically billed to their
accounts back in their home markets. 5oaming is particularly important for
operators for two reasonsK first% it drives a significant amount of revenueG and
second% roaming support helps operators attract enterprise customers.
Spectral +leGibility% with network infrastructure and user devices available for
numerous spectrum bands. 'riB and ?uadBband 0&M phones are common%
reducing the chances that users will ever travel to an area without at least one
0&M network to which they can connect.
"i.,t security% including inherent protection from eavesdropping and
hacking. 'his helps make 0&M voice and data an attractive alternative to
analog cellular and WiBEi in the eyes of users% particularly enterprises.
ata support% including &M& and web browsing.
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM* cards% which allow customers to buy a
new or additional phone% or a 0&M P$ $ard modem% and instantly transfer
their settings% preferences and contacts to the other device.
Product selection. 'he 0&M familyMs 6: percent worldwide market share
makes it a popular choice for handset manufacturers and application
developers. ,s a result% 0&M customers enjoy the largest selection of
handsets% P$ card modems and other devices% as well as innovative voice
and data services. 'he 0&M familyMs market share also translates into large
volumes of network infrastructure and user devices% which drive down costs.
Eor operators% those savings mean that with 0&M% they can price their
devices and services more competitively than with any other wireless
technology. 0&MLs market share also attracts vendors and application
developers% whose innovative content% services and devices help operators
attract and retain customers.
8
GSM M'%$#E=
/i. 5):
9
8)8) MICR'C'N"R'$$#R (P6DV;5R8BN*
8)8)5) General descriptionE
'he P96;/)5!+ are 9:$/) microcontrollers with )4kA Elash and ):+7 bytes
of data 5,M. , key feature of the P96;/)5!+ is its D+ mode option. 'he design
engineer can choose to run the application with the conventional 9:$/) clock rate
=)+ clocks per machine cycle> or select the D+ mode =4 clocks per machine cycle> to
achieve twice the throughput at the same clock fre?uency. ,nother way to benefit
from this feature is to keep the same performance by reducing the clock fre?uency
by half% thus dramatically reducing the "MI.
'he Elash program memory supports both parallel programming and in serial InB
&ystem Programming =I&P>. Parallel programming mode offers gangBprogramming
at high speed% reducing programming costs and time to market. I&P allows a device
to be reprogrammed in the end product under software control. 'he capability to
fieldIupdate the application firmware makes a wide range of applications possible.
'he P96;/)5!+ is also InB,pplication Programmable =I,P>% allowing the Elash
program memory to be reconfigured even while the application is running.
/eatures
9:$/) $entral Processing <nit
N /; -perating voltage from : M( to 7: M(
N )4I.+I47 kA of onBchip Elash user code memory with I&P and I,P &upports )+B
clock =default> or 4Bclock mode selection via software
N &PI =&erial Peripheral Interface> and enhanced <,5'
N P$, =Programmable $ounter ,rray> with PWM and $aptureIEour 9Bbit II- ports
with three highBcurrent Port ) pins =)4'hree )4Bbit timersIcounters
N Programmable watchdog timer
10
N "ight interrupt sources with four priority levels
N &econd !P'5 register
N 2ow "MI mode =,2" inhibit>
N ''2B and $M-&Bcompatible logic levels
N ArownBout detection
N 2ow power modes B PowerBdown mode with external interrupt wakeBup B Idle mode
N !IP7:% P2$$77 and 'OEP77 packages
11
Bloc3 dia.ramE
Eig +.)
12
Pin Con+i.urationK
Eigure +.+
13
8)8)8 PIN ISCRIP"I'NE=
PI1 )P9K P-5' )K =P).: to P).8>K
Port ) is an 9Bbit biBdirectional II- port with internal pullBups. 'he Port ) pins are
pulled high by the internal pullBups when Q)Ms are written to them and can be used as
inputs in this state. ,s inputs% Port ) pins that are externally pulled 2-W will source
current =II2> because of the internal pullBups. P)./% P).4% P).8 have high current
drive of )4 m,. Port ) also receives the lowBorder address bytes during the external
host mode programming and verification. P).:K '+K "xternal count input to
'imerI$ounter + or $lockBout from 'imerI$ounter + P).)K '+"DK 'imerI$ounter +
captureIreload trigger and direction control P).+K "$IK "xternal clock input. 'his
signal is the external clock input for the P$,. P)..K $"D:K $aptureIcompare external
II- for P$, Module :. "ach captureIcompare module connects to a Port ) pin for
external II-. When not used by the P$,% this pin can handle standard II-. P).7K &&K
&lave port select input for &PI. $"D)K $aptureIcompare external II- for P$, Module
) P)./K M-&IK Master -utput &lave Input for &PI $"D+K $aptureIcompare external
II- for P$, Module + P).4K MI&-K Master Input &lave -utput for &PI $"D.K
$aptureIcompare external II- for P$, Module . P).8K &$@K Master -utput &lave
Input for &PI $"D7K $aptureIcompare external II- for P$, Module 7
PI1 6K 5"&"' &I01,2K
igh logical state on this input halts the M$< and clears all the registers. Aringing
this pin back to logical state (ero starts the program a new as if the power had just
been turned on. In another words% positive voltage impulse on this pin resets the
M$<. !epending on the deviceLs purpose and environs% this pin is usually connected
to the pushBbutton% resetBuponBstart circuit or a brown out reset circuit =covered in the
previous chapter>. 'he image shows one simple circuit for safe reset upon starting
the controller. It is utili(ed in situations when power fails to reach its optimal voltage.
/i. 8): R#S#" SWI"C!
14
):B)8K PI1 Port .K
Port . is an 9Bbit bidirectional II- port with internal pullBups. Port . pins are pulled
I0 by the internal pullBups when Q)Ms are written to them and can be used as
inputs in this state. ,s inputs% Port . pins that are externally pulled 2-W will source
current =II2> because of the internal pullBups. Port. also receives some control
signals and a partial of highBorder address bits during the external host mode
programming and verification. P..:K 5D!K serial input port P..)K 'D!K serial output
port P..+K I1':K external interrupt : input P...K I1')K external interrupt ) input P..7K
':K external count input to 'imerI$ounter : P../K ')K external count input to
'imerI$ounter ) P..4K W5K external data memory write strobe P..8K 5!K external
data memory read strobe PI1 )9K D',2+K $rystal +K -utput from the inverting
oscillator amplifier. PI1 )6K D',2)K $rystal )K Input to the inverting oscillator
amplifier and input to the internal clock generator circuits.
PI1 +:K 0round
PI1 +)B+9K =P+.: toP+.8>K
Port +K Port + is an 9Bbit biBdirectional II- port with internal pullBups. Port + pins are
pulled I0 by the internal pullBups when Q)Ms are written to them and can be used
as inputs in this state. ,s inputs% Port + pins that are externally pulled 2-W will
source current =II2> because of the internal pullBups. Port + sends the highBorder
address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to
external !ata Memory that use )4Bbit address =M-;DR!P'5>. In this application% it
uses strong internal pullBups when transitioning to Q)Ms. Port + also receives some
control signals and a partial of highBorder address bits during the external host mode
programming and verification. PI1 +6K Program &tore "nableK P&"1 is the read
strobe for external program memory. When the device is executing from internal
program memory% P&"1 is inactive =I0>. When the device is executing code from
external program memory% P&"1 is activated twice each machine cycle% except that
two P&"1 activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. ,
forced I0BtoB2-W input transition on the P&"1 pin while the 5&' input is
continually held I0 for more than ): machine cycles will cause the device to enter
external host mode programming. PI1 .:K ,ddress 2atch "nableK ,2" is the output
15
signal for latching the low byte of the address during an access to external memory.
'his pin is also the programming pulse input =P5-0> for flash programming.
1ormally the ,2" S)T is emitted at a constant rate of )4 the crystal fre?uency and can
be used for external timing and clocking. -ne ,2" pulse is skipped during each
access to external data memory. owever% if ,- is set to Q)M% ,2" is disabled.
PI1 .)K "xternal ,ccess "nableK ", must be connected to ;&& in order to enable
the device to fetch code from the external program memory. ", must be strapped to
;!! for internal program execution. owever% &ecurity lock level 7 will disable ",%
and program execution is only possible from internal program memory. 'he ", pin
can tolerate a high voltage of )+ ;. PI1 .+ '- .6K P:.: P P:.8K Port :K Port : is an
9Bbit open drain biBdirectional II- port. Port : pins that have Q)Ms written to them float%
and in this state can be used as highB impedance inputs. Port : is also the
multiplexed lowBorder address and data bus during accesses to external code and
data memory. In this application% it uses strong internal pullB ups when transitioning
to Q)Ms. Port : also receives the code bytes during the external host mode
programming% and outputs the code bytes during the external host mode verification.
"xternal pullBups are re?uired during program verification or as a general purpose
II- port.
PI1 7:K ;!!K Power supply
16
8):) MAA8:8
Eig...)
'he MAA8:8 is an I$% first created in )698 by Maxim Integrated Products% that
converts signals from an 5&B+.+ serial port to signals suitable for use in ''2
compatible digital logic circuits. 'he M,D+.+ is a dual driverIreceiver and typically
converts the 5D% 'D% $'& and 5'& signals.
'he drivers provide 5&B+.+ voltage level outputs =approx. U 8./ ;> from a single
H / ; supply via onBchip charge pumps and external capacitors. 'his makes it useful
for implementing 5&B+.+ in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside
the : ; to H / ; range% as power supply design does not need to be made more
complicated just for driving the 5&B+.+ in this case.
'he receivers reduce 5&B+.+ inputs =which may be as high as U +/ ;>% to standard
/ ; ''2 levels. 'hese receivers have a typical threshold of ).. ;% and a typical
hysteresis of :./ ;.
17
Contents
) ;ersions
+ ;oltage levels
. ,pplications
Versions
'he later M,D+.+, is backwards compatible with the original M,D+.+ but may
operate at higher baud rates and can use smaller external capacitors P :.) VE in
place of the ).: VE capacitors used with the original device. 'he newer M,D.+.+ is
also backwards compatible% but operates at a broader voltage rangeG from . to /./ ;.
inBtoBpin compatible versions from other manufacturers are I$2+.+% &'+.+% ,!M+.+
and I1+.+.
Volta.e le1els
It is helpful to understand what occurs to the voltage levels. When a M,D+.+ I$
receives a ''2 level to convert% it changes ''2 logic : to between H. and H)/ ;%
and changes ''2 logic ) to between B. to B)/ ;% and vice versa for converting from
5&+.+ to ''2. 'his can be confusing when you reali(e that the 5&+.+ data
transmission voltages at a certain logic state are opposite from the 5&+.+ control
line voltages at the same logic state. 'o clarify the matter% see the table below. Eor
more information% see 5&B+.+ voltage levels.
18
',A2"KB
RS8:8 line type and lo.ic le1el
RS8:8
1olta.e
""$ 1olta.e toB+rom
MAA8:8
!ata transmission =5xI'x> logic : H. ; to H)/ ; : ;
!ata transmission =5xI'x> logic ) B. ; to B)/ ; / ;
$ontrol signals =5'&I$'&I!'5I!&5>
logic :
B. ; to B)/ ; / ;
$ontrol signals =5'&I$'&I!'5I!&5>
logic )
H. ; to H)/ ; : ;
"able 5)5
Applications
19
5&B+.+ to ''2 converters% using M,D+.+
'he M,D+.+ =,> has two receivers =converts from 5&B+.+ to ''2 voltage levels>%
and two drivers =converts from ''2 logic to 5&B+.+ voltage levels>. 'his means only
two of the 5&B+.+ signals can be converted in each direction. 'ypically% a pair of a
driverIreceiver of the M,D+.+ is used for 'D and 5D signals% and the second one for
$'& and 5'& signals.
'here are not enough driversIreceivers in the M,D+.+ to also connect the !'5%
!&5% and !$! signals. <sually these signals can be omitted when e.g.
communicating with a P$Ls serial interface. If the !'" really re?uires these signals%
either a second M,D+.+ is needed% or some other I$ from the M,D+.+ family can
be used. ,lso% it is possible to directly wire !'5 =!A6 pin W7> to !&5 =!A6 pin W4>
without going through any circuitry. 'his gives automatic =brain dead> !&5
acknowledgment of an incoming !'5 signal.
8)>) Volta.e Re.ulatorE
20
, voltage regulator is an electrical regulating device that is made to automatically
sustain a constant level of voltage or to put a cap on how much voltage can pass
through.
89:/ is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 89xx series of fixed
linear voltage regulator I$s. 'he voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations
and would not give the fixed voltage output. 'he voltage regulator I$ maintains the
output voltage at a constant value. 'he xx in 89xx indicates the fixed output voltage it
is designed to provide. 89:/ provides H/; regulated power supply. $apacitors of
suitable values can be connected at input and output pins depending upon the
respective voltage levels. 89xx I$s have three terminals and are commonly found in
the '-++: form factor% although smaller surfaceBmount and larger '-. packages
are available. 'hese devices support an input voltage anywhere from a couple of
volts over the intended output voltage% up to a maximum of ./ to 7: volts depending
on the make% and typically provide ) or )./ amperes of current =though smaller or
larger packages may have a lower or higher current rating>.
Pin ia.ram o+ 1olta.e Re.ulatorE=
21
Eig 7.)
Pin escriptionE
Pin No /unction Name
) Input voltage =/;B)9;> Input
+ 0round =:;> 0round
. 5egulated outputG /; =7.9;B/.+;> -utput
'able ).+
2.5. 'pto=couplerE=
,n optoBisolator contains a source =emitter> of light% almost always a near infrared
lightBemitting diode =2"!>% that converts electrical input signal into light% a closed
22
optical channel =also called dialectical channel>% and a photo sensor% which detects
incoming light and either generates electric energy directly% or modulates electric
current flowing from an external power supply.optoBisolator can transfer the light
signal not transfer the electrical signal . 'he sensor can be a photo resistor% a
photodiode% a phototransistor% a siliconBcontrolled rectifier =&$5> or a triac. Aecause
2"!s can sense light in addition to emitting it% construction of symmetrical%
bidirectional optoBisolators is possible. ,n opto coupled solid state relay contains a
photodiode optoBisolator which drives a power switch% usually a complementary pair
of M-&E"'s. , slotted optical switch contains a source of light and a sensor% but its
optical channel is open% allowing modulation of light by external objects obstructing
the path of light or reflecting light into the sensor.
'ptocoupler 1ie-E
23
/i.) ;)5
8)9) Crystal 'scillator /reFuencyE
$rystal oscillators can be manufactured for oscillation over a wide range of
fre?uencies% from a few kilohert( up to several hundred megahert(. Many
applications call for a crystal oscillator fre?uency conveniently related to some other
desired fre?uency% so hundreds of standard crystal fre?uencies are made in large
?uantities and stocked by electronics distributors. <sing fre?uency dividers%
fre?uency multipliers and phase locked loop circuits it is practical to derive a wide
range of fre?uencies from one reference fre?uency.
Crystal 'scillator 1ie-E
24
Eig.4.)
25
'able )..
8)7) $#E
26
Ere?uency
=M(>
comm. <,5' ,I;5'$ Primary uses
:.:.+::: D
5ealBtime clocks% stop watchesG allows binary
division to ) k( signal =+
/
X) k(>.
:.:.+849 D
5ealBtime clocks% ?uart( watches and clocksG
allows binary division to ) ( signal =+
)/
X) (>G
also lowBspeed lowBpower microcontrollers. ;ery
common.
:.:.9:::
<sed with EM encoder chip A,)7:7 and similar%
also seen in !MMLs
:.:88/:: D
5ealBtime clocks% ?uart( watches and clocksG also
the !$E88 fre?uency
:.)::::: D
5ealBtime clocks% ?uart( watches and clocks% !MM
dual slope ,!$Ls=suppresses /:( noise>
:.)+:::: D !MM dual slope ,!$Ls =suppresses 4:( noise>
:.).):8+ D Eound in Eluke )8I)6 !MMLs
).::::::
5eference fre?uency. $ommon standard
fre?uency. armonics fall on integer M(
fre?uencies.
).::9 64::
<,5' clockG allows integer division to common
baud rates% used for )+:: and +7:: baud
modems.
=.: C ..4:: baud% ):/ C 64:: baud% 97: C
)+:: baud>
)./77
Ait clock for !&) systems =HB.+ ppm% ,1&I
').):+>.
).97.+ ))/+:: <,5' clock allows integer division to common.
$#Hs are special diodes that emit light when connected in a circuit. 'hey are fre?uently
used as YpilotY lights in electronic appliances to indicate whether the circuit is closed or not.
, clear =or often colored> epoxy case enclosed the heart of an 2"!% the semiBconductor chip.
2"! ;I"WKB
Eig.8.)
Eig.8.+
27
'he two wires extending below the 2"! epoxy enclosure or the YbulbY indicate how
the 2"! should be connected into a circuit. 'he negative side of an 2"! lead is
indicated in two waysK )> by the flat side of the bulb% and +> by the shorter of the two
wires extending from the 2"!. 'he negative lead should be connected to the
negative terminal of a battery. 2"!Ls operate at relative low voltages between about
) and 7 volts% and draw currents between about ): and 7: mill amperes. ;oltages
and currents substantially above these values can melt a 2"! chip.
'he most important part of a light emitting diode =2"!> is the semiBconductor chip
located in the center of the bulb as shown at the right. 'he chip has two regions
separated by a junction. 'he p region is dominated by positive electric charges%
'he n region is dominated by negative electric charges. 'he junction acts as a
barrier to the flow of electrons between the p and the n regions. -nly when sufficient
voltage is applied to the semiBconductor chip% can the current flow and the electrons
cross the junction into the p region.
In the absence of a large enough electric potential difference =voltage> across the
2"! leads% the junction presents an electric potential barrier to the flow of electrons.
8)6) $C ($iFuid crystal display*
28
2$! =2i?uid $rystal !isplay> screen is an electronic display module and find a
wide range of applications. , )4x+ 2$! display is very basic module and is very
commonly used in various devices and circuits. 'hese modules are preferred
over seven segments and other multi segment 2"!s. 'he reasons beingK 2$!s
are economicalG easily programmableG have no limitation of displaying special #
even custom characters =unlike in seven segments>% animations and so on.
, 59G8 $C means it can display )4 characters per line and there are + such
lines. In this 2$! each character is displayed in /x8 pixel matrix. 'his 2$! has
two registers% namely% $ommand and !ata.
'he command register stores the command instructions given to the 2$! .,
command is an instruction given to 2$! to do a predefined task like initiali(ing
it% clearing its screen% setting the cursor position% controlling display etc. 'he
data register stores the data to be displayed on the 2$!. 'he data is the ,&$II
value of the character to be displayed on the 2$!. $lick to learn more about
internal structure of a 2$!
/i.) 6)5
8)6)5) "AB$# $C ISP$A& WI"! I" PINS
29
Pin
No
/unction Name
) 0round =:;> 0round
+ &upply voltageG /; =7.8; P /..;> ;cc
. $ontrast adjustmentG through a variable resistor ;""
7 &elects command register when lowG and data
register when high
5egister
&elect
/ 2ow to write to the registerG igh to read from the
register
5eadIwrite
4 &ends data to data pins when a high to low pulse
is given
"nable
8
9Bbit data pins
!A:
9 !A)
6 !A+
): !A.
)) !A7
)+ !A/
). !A4
)7 !A8
)/ Aacklight ;$$ =/;> 2edH
)4 Aacklight 0round =:;> 2edB
"able 5)>
8)D) AAP"'R
,n adapter or adaptor S)T is a device that converts attributes of one device
or system to those of an otherwise incompatible device or system. 'he term is
often used to refer to ,$ adapters .,n electrical adapter may enable connection
of a socket used in one region to a plug used in another by offering connections
30
for the disparate contact arrangements% while not changing the voltage. Eor
more% seeK ,$ power plugs and sockets.
, garden hose adapter can convert between threads and ?uickBrelease% YsnapYB
type connections .-ne kind of serial port adapter enables connections between
+/Bcontact and nineBcontact connectors% but does not affect electrical powerB
and signalBrelated attributes.
/IG)D)5
$onvert the interface of a class into another interface clients expect. ,dapter
lets classes work together that couldnLt otherwise because of incompatible
interfaces. Wrap an existing class with a new interface .Impedance match an
old component to a new system 'he ,dapter could also be thought of as a
YwrapperY
8)54)R#SIS"'R
, 5esistor is a twoBterminal electrical or electronic component that opposes an
electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in accordance with
-hmLs lawK 'he electrical resistance is e?ual to the voltagedrop across the resistor
31
divided by the current through the resistor. 5esistors are used as part of electrical
networks and electronic circuits.
/i.) 54)5
8)55)CAPACI"'RE=
32
Eig.)).)
CapacitorsE &M! ceramic at top leftG &M! tantalum at bottom leftG throughBhole
tantalum at top rightG throughBhole electrolytic at bottom right. Major scale divisions
are cm.
, capacitor is an electricalIelectronic device that can store energy in the electric field
between a pair of conductors =called YplatesY>. 'he process of storing energy in the
capacitor is known as YchargingY% and involves electric charges of e?ual magnitude%
but opposite polarity% building up on each plate.
$apacitors are often used in electrical circuit and electronic circuits as energyB
storage devices. 'hey can also be used to differentiate between highBfre?uency and
lowBfre?uency signals. 'his property makes them useful in electronic filters.
$apacitors are occasionally referred to as condensers. 'his is considered an
anti?uated term in "nglish% but most other languages use an e?uivalent% like
Y.ondensateY in 0erman.
8)58)S-itc,
33
'he most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical
device with one or more sets of electrical contacts% which are connected to external
circuits. "ach set of contacts can be in one of two statesK either YclosedY meaning the
contacts are touching and electricity can flow between them% or YopenY% meaning the
contacts are separated and the switch is no conducting. 'he mechanism actuating
the transition between these two states =open or closed> can be either a YtoggleY =flip
switch for continuous YonY or YoffY> or YmomentaryY =pushBfor YonY or pushBfor YoffY>
type.
/IG)58)5
8)5:) R#$A&
34
IntroductionK
, relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under control of another
electrical circuit. In the original form% the switch is operated by an electromagnet to
open or close one or many sets of contacts. It was invented by Joseph enry in
)9./. Aecause a relay is able to control an output circuit of higher power than the
input circuit% it can be considered% in a broad sense% to be a form of an electrical
amplifier.
5elay )+;!$
EI0. )..)
ConnectionE
35
EI0.)..+
Sc,ematicE
R#$A& B'""'M VI#WE
/IG)5:):
8)5>) S#RIA$ C'MM%NICA"I'N
36
In order to connect micro controller or a P$ to any modem a serial port is
used. &erial% is a very common protocol for device communication that is standard
on almost every P$ .Most computers including 5&B+.+ based serial ports. &erial is
also a common communication protocol that is used by many devices for
instrumentation.
In serial communication% the data is sent one bit at a time in contrast parallel
communication% in which the data is sent a byte or more at time. &erial
communication uses a single data line where as the parallel communication uses 9
bit data line % this makes serial communication not only inexpensive but also makes
it possible for two computers located in two different cities to communicate over the
telephone.
&erial data communication uses two methods% asynchronous and synchronous. the
synchronous method transfers a block of data at a time while the asynchronous
transfers a single byte at a time. 'he 9:/) have an in built <,5' =<niversal
,synchronous 5eceiverB 'ransmitter>.
'ypically% serial is used to transmit ,&$II data. $ommunication is completed using .
transmission linesK =)> 'ransmitter% =+> 5eceiver and =.> 0round. &ince serial is
asynchronous% the port is able to transmit data on one line while receiving data on
another. -ther lines are available for handshaking% but are not re?uired. 'he
important characteristics are !ata 'ransfer 5ate% &tart and &top bits% !ata bits and
Parity bits. Eor two ports to communicate% these parameters must match.
37
&erial communication transmission method
B$'C2 IAGRAM RS8:8
/i.)5>)5
RS8:8 CAB$#
/i.)5>)8
:) S'/"WAR#S %S#E
:)5) 2#I$S S'/"WAR#E
38
'he simulatorI debugger in @"I2 can perform a very detailed simulation of a micro
controller along with external signals. It is possible to view the precise execution time
of a single assembly instruction% or a single line of $ code% all the way up to the
entire application% simply by entering the crystal fre?uency. , window can be opened
for each peripheral on the device% showing the state of the peripheral. 'his enables
?uick trouble shooting of missBconfigured peripherals. Areakpoints may be set on
either assembly instructions or lines of $ code% and execution may be stepped
through one instruction or $ line at a time. 'he contents of all the memory areas may
be viewed along with ability to find specific variables. In addition the registers may be
viewed allowing a detailed view of what the microcontroller is doing at any point in
time.
'he @iel &oftware 9:/) development tools listed below are the programs you use to
compile your $ code% assemble your assembler source files% link your program
together% create "D files% and debug your target program. Z;ision+ for Windows
Integrated !evelopment "nvironmentK combines Project Management% &ource $ode
"diting% and Program !ebugging in one powerful environment.
$/) ,1&I -ptimi(ing $ $ross $ompilerK creates reloadable object modules from
your $ source code% ,/) Macro ,ssemblerK creates reloadable object
modules from your 9:/) assembler source code% A2/) 2inkerI2ocatorK
combines reloadable object modules created by the compiler and assembler into the
final absolute object module% 2IA/) 2ibrary ManagerK combines object modules into
a library% which may be used by the linker% -/) -bjectB"D $onverterK creates
Intel "D files from absolute object modules.
";,2<','I-1 -E @"I2 &-E'W,5"K
). &tart the <;ision programG
39
/i.)5;)5
:)8) IP "RAC#E
!ip trace software is used to design our circuitry on P$A so that it can be printed
and apart from breadboard we have very less probability of errors. &o complete
40
designing is done in software and then implemented on P$A and then drilling and
soldering process takes place. $over areas such as the si(e and shape of your P$A
layout% which components are used as well as more advanced features such as
automatic routing and component placement. Eor many circuits you can leave the
settings in the window unchanged. With your transistor sensing circuit% just one
option will be changed. 3ou will change a setting to increase the thickness of the
copper tracks that will be added during the automatic routing process. Ay increasing
the thickness of the tracks% you will make your finished P$A layout easier to build.
1ote that with more complex circuits% particularly circuits involving integrated circuits
=I$s>% thinner tracks are normally re?uired to allow the circuit to be routed
successfully.
Step 5E=
ow to design and make an electronic circuit with !IP '5,$". 3ou should follow
this tutorial to learn the basic skills you will need to use !IP '5,$" effectively.
3ou will create a transistor sensing circuit similar to the one shown on the right. 'he
circuit will light an 2"! when the temperature gets too cold. ,long the way% you will
learn how toK ,dd components from the 0allery Wire components together
$hange component values and models convert the circuit into a P$A layout ;iew
how the finished P$A will look
3ou will begin by creating a new =empty> document in which to draw your circuit. 'o
create a new document% click on the new button or choose Ne- from the /ile menu.
1ext you will learn how to use the 0allery to add components to your circuit. If the
0allery is not currently open% click on the 0allery button on the top toolbar to open it.
&elect the Circuit
Symbols option. In the $ircuit &ymbol 0allery window% you will be able to see all the
components that are available within P$A Wi(ard.
Step 8E=
Addin. components
Erom the Power &upplies group% add a Aattery component from the 0allery to your
circuit.
41
'o do thisK
Move the mouse over the Aattery symbol. Press and hold down the left mouse
button. With the left mouse button still held down% move the mouse to drag the
symbol onto the circuit. Einally% release the mouse button when the circuit symbol is
in the re?uired position. $omponents within the 0allery are grouped according to
their function. ,t the top of the window% a dropBdown list box allows you to select
which group is shown.
-nce the components have been placed% you can start to wire the
$omponents together. 'o do this you must first click on the &elect
Autton from the top toolbarK
1ext% move the mouse over the top pin of the battery =a>. ,s you hold the mouse
over the pin you will notice a hint appear[
!escribing that particular component pin. Press and hold down the left mouse
button. With the mouse button still held
!own% move the mouse to place a wire. 3ou can add a bend to the wire by releasing
the mouse button over or
$licking on an empty part of the circuit .'o complete the wire% release the mouse
button over the top pin of resistor
42
43
SCR##NE=
/i. 59)5
C'MP'N#N" %NI"SE
/i.)59)8
$A&'%"E
/i.)59):
C'MP'N#N" "'P VI#WE=
/i.) 59)>
1ow that the transistor sensing circuit is complete% you can convert it into a printed
circuit board. Eor more information on the options available for converting your circuit
diagrams into P$A layouts% see the topic entitled $onverting to a P$A layout in the
elp. Erom the "ools menu choose Con1ert I esi.n to Printed Circuit Board.
3ou will see a window appear to lead you through the conversion process. 'he
window contains a series of pages that allow you to decide how your circuit is
converted.
'hese pages cover areas such as the si(e and shape of your P$A layout% which
components are used as well as more advanced features such as automatic routing
and component placement. Eor many circuits you can leave the settings in the
window unchanged. With your transistor sensing circuit% just one option will be
changed. 3ou will change a setting to increase the thickness of the copper tracks
that will be added during the automatic routing process. Ay increasing the thickness
of the tracks% you will make your finished P$A layout easier to build. 1ote that with
more complex circuits% particularly circuits involving integrated circuits =I$s>% thinner
tracks are normally re?uired to allow the circuit to be routed successfully.
Complete Project Vie-E
Eig.)8.)
Steps '+ Project Ma3in.
",e +ollo-in. steps ,a1e been +ollo-ed in carryin. out t,e projectE=
). <nderstand the working of the circuit.
+. Prepare the circuit diagram.
.. Prepare the list to components along with their specification estimate the
contend procure them after carrying out market survey.
7. Plan and prepare P$A for mounting all the components.
/. Eix the components on the P$A and solder them.
4. 'est the circuit for the desired performance.
8. 0ive good finish to the unit.
9. Prepare the project report
>) PCB MAN%/AC"%RING PR'C#SS
>)5) PCB $A&'%"
2ay out of the desired circuit is the most important in any circuit board manufacturing
process. 'he following points are to be observed while performing the layout of the
P$A. &ufficient space should be maintained between two components. igh heat
dissipation components like high voltage resistors should be mounted at a sufficient
distance from the semiconductors and electrolytic capacitors. $omponents layout
should make proper combination with copper side circuit layout. $ircuit copper line
thickness should be decided taking into account the current drain in the circuit.
>)8) PR#PARA"I'N '/ SCR##N
1ylon bolting cloth =&ilk screen cloth> is stretched and attached to a wooden frame.
Photosensitive chemical =silcotB4> and ammonium bicarbonate is spread on cloth and
dried in total darkness. 'he screen is exposed to <; light and is developed in water.
>):) PRIN"INGE
'he screen is placed on suitable copper laminated sheet on copper side and circuit
black printing ink =acid resistant paint> is spread on it. ,fter printing% the P$A should
be allowed to dry for at least ): hrs. In a dust proof chamber.
#"C!ING E
'he removal of excess copper on the copper laminated P$A apart from the printed
circuit is known as "tching. 0enerally P$A is placed in Ee$l. solution and kept for
one hour.
RI$$ING E
<nder this operation drilling should be done as per circuit layout with the suitable drill
and high speed machine. !rilling should always be done from copper side to avoid
possibility of coming out of copper circuit and chipping out of Aakelite.
GR##N MA2ING E
$leaning the screen. It provides as better and also prevents fre?uency overlapping
between the tacks at high fre?uency operation.
It is done with special epoxy paint and special thinner is re?uired for.
"INNING E
It is an electroplating process =tin plating> done to increases the conductivity of the
conducting medium and to avoid oxidi(ing effect.
C'MP'N#N" M'%N"ING E
,ll components are mounted at their respective position as per the components
layout. Proper precautions should be taken during mounting process.
#"C!ING PR'C#SS E
"tching process re?uires the use of chemicals% acid resistant dishes and running
water supply. Eerric chloride is maximum used solution but other enchants such as
ammonium per sulfate can be used. 1itric acid can be used but in general it is not
used due to poisonous fumes. 'he pattern prepared is glued to the copper surface of
the board using a latex type of adhesive that can be cubed after use. 'he pattern is
laid firmly on the copper use a very sharp knife to cut round the pattern carefully a
remove the paper corresponding to the re?uired copper pattern areas. 'hen apply
the resist solutions% which can be kind of ink proportion fort the purpose maintaining
smoothing clean outlines as far as possible. While the board is drying test all the
components.
Aefore going to next stage% check the whole gotten and cross cheek against the
circuit diagram check for any freeing matter on the copper. 'he etching bath should
be in a galls or enamels disc. If using crystal of ferricBchloride% these should be
thoroughly dissolved in water to the proportional suggested. 'here should be :./ 2t.
of water for )+/ 0m. of crystal.
Water li?uid should be thoroughly deflated and druid in water landG never pour down
the drain. 'o prevent particles of copper hindering further etching% agitate the
solutions carefully be gently twisting or rocking the tray.
'he board should not be left in the bath a moment longer than is needed to remove
just the right amount of copper. In spite of there being a resist coating there is no
protection against etching away through exposed copper edgesG this leads to over
etching. ave running water ready so that etched board can be removed properly
and rinsedG this will hall etching immediately.
!rilling is one of those operations that call for great care because most of the holes
will be made a very small drill. Eor most purposes a ) mm drill is used !rill all holes
with this si(e first those that need to be larger can be easily drilled again with the
appropriate lager si(e.
>)>) C'MP'N#N" ASS#MB$#SE
Erom the greatest variety of electronic components available today% which runs into
tent of thousands of different types it is often a perplexing task to know which the
right task for a given job is. 'here should be damage such as hair line crack intuit
opera on P$A that could age a seriousfiec on the operational ability to the completed
assemble. If there are than they can and should be repaired fiesta by soldering a
short link of bare copper wire over the affected part.
'he most popular method of holding all the items is to been the wires future apart
after they even been indebted in the appropriate holes. 'his will hold the component
in position ready for soldering. &ome components will be considerably larger than
other occupying and possible partially obscuring neighboring components. Aecause
of this best to start by mounting the smallest first and progressing through to the
largest. Aefore starting make certain that no further drilling I likely to be necessary
because access may be impossible later.
1ext will probably be the resistor small signal diodes of other similar si(e
components some capacitor are very small but it would be best to fit these
afterwards when fitting each group of components marks of each one on the
components as it is fitted and if we have to leave the job we know where to
recommence. ,lthough transistor # integrated circuit are small items there are good
reasons for leaving the soldering of these until the last step the main pint is that
these components are sensitive to heart and is subjected to prolonged application to
the soldering iron they could be internally damaged.
,ll the components before mounting are rubbed with sandpaper so that oxide layer is
removed from their tips. 1ow they are mounted according to the components layout.
S'$#RING "#C!NIJ%#SE
, soldered connection ensures metal continuity. 'he soldering process involvesK
Melting of the flux which in turn removes the oxide films on the metal to be soldered.
Melting the solder which removes the impurities. 'he solder partially dissolve the
metal in the connection. 'he solder cools and fuses with the metal.
'he soldering techni?ue involves knowledge ofK
&oldering iron
&oldering wire
&oldering procedure
5eplacing components
Prosecutions of when using $BM-&% devices
@nowledge of good and bad soldering joints.
>);) S'$#RING 0 S'$#RING "#C!NIJ%#S
Solderin. IronE
&oldering iron is an essential tool for soldering. , &oldering iron should give
sufficient heat a melt solder by heat transfer when the iron tip is applied to a
connection to be soldered. 'he selection of the soldering iron can be made as regard
to its tips si(e shape and wattage. &oldering iron temperature is selected and
controlled according to the work to be performed. 0enerally two types of soldering
irons are availableK &oldering Pencil and &oldering 0un.
&oldering PencilsK
'hese are light weight soldering iron which can generate around )+ watts to /: watts
of heat.
S'$#RING A$$'&
&oldering MaterialsK
'he soldering material is used to join together two or more metals at temperatures
below their melting point. 'he solder alloy consists of 2ead =.8\> and 'in =4.\>.
'he continuous connection between two metal joint is made by solder materials.
Most commonly used solder wire consists of 4:\ of 'in 7:\ 2ead. 'his is in the
form of a hollow wire whose center is filled with an organic paste like material called
rosin. Its melting temperature is )6: degree centigrade.
/$%AE
Elux is a material used to aid soldering process. Elux is needed to scratch away the
small film of oxide on the surface of metals to be soldered. 'his flux forms a
protective film that prevents reoxidation while the connection is heated to the point at
which the solder melts. Elux is very helpful on old dusty% eroded joint.
S'$#RING PR'C#%R#K
'he soldering procedure involves selection of soldering iron cleaning of components
to be soldered and cleaning of the P$A to be soldered. 'he soldering iron should be
selected according to the job and should be powerful enough to provide heat. 'he tip
of the soldering iron should be selected as per the space available for soldering. 'he
component that has to be soldered should be properly bent and its leads should be
properly inserted in the P$A. Aefore if one has already identified the fault
component% then one should not try to remove or disorder the component. 'he
components should simply be cut and taken out.
>)9) PR#CA%"I'NS W!#N %SING C=M'S #VIC#SE
$M-& !evices are sensitive to static charges. &o care has to be taken while
handling this device. &tatic charge is generated by rubbing cloth with human body or
by any other friction of human body. Aefore string or handling $M-& !evices
touching the ground or metallic chassis of the e?uipment% one can wear a metallic
band in hand which is connected to ground. 'he working table should be either of
wood or should have rubber sheet. 'he soldering iron tip should be static charge
free.
>)7) #S'$#RING "#C!NIJ%#S
Ay using a disordering wick
Ay using a disordering pump
!isordering wick is made of fine copper wire mesh. When this is applied to the
heated components% the molten solder gets attached to the wire mesh by capillary
action. !isordering pump has a suction pump. 'he no((le of the disordering pump is
kept to the heated component. 'he molten solder is sucked by a spring action.
Insertion in the P$A% the lead should be properly cleaned. ,fter component has been
inserted it can be soldered. 'he oxide on the P$A can be removed by using flux%
sandpaper. 'he tip of the soldering iron should be clean and should have proper
shape. 'he shape of the tip normally gets bad over a period of time. 'he shape can
be made proper by filling. !uring soldering% excessive heat is generated at the
soldering iron tip. If the soldering iron tip is in contact with component for a longer
time then there is possibility of damage or may loose its characteristics. Place iron tip
at 7/ degree to the P$A and component joint. Place the solder near the iron and let
it flow. &moothen the area of joint by the soldering iron tip. Ay doing this% the molten
solder alloy flows into the P$A hole. &oldering should be done when the e?uipment
is off.
R#P$AC#M#N" '/ C'MP'N#N"E=
In case of single sided P$A% the component to be removed can be disordered with
the help of iron and flux. 'he only precaution that has to be taken is that track should
not break while removing. In case of 'hrough ole P$A% care has to be taken so that
component while removing does not damage the 'hrough ole. In this case the
component is soldered on one side and the lead flows through the hole to the other
sides% so disordering and removing becomes very difficult and re?uired practice.
>)6) C'INGE
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S)
no)
Component Name Compone
nt 1alue
Compone
nt
Juantity
Component
Price(Rs)*
)
$rystal M(> =)).:/6+>
M(
) 8;
+
$apacitor =..pf> ..pf + :4
.
5&' A,1@ =):7> ) 7
7
I$ A,&" =7:PI1> + 57
/
$,5. 2$! =J!)4C+> ) 64
4
P-' =):.> ) 58
8
;-2,',0"
5"0<2,'-5
=89:/> ) 64
9 MI$5-B
$-1'5-22"5
P96;/)5
!+A
=)4@A>
) >44
6
!I-!"&
)17::8
): 59
): $apacitor
)E
):7pE
):::E
): 8>
)) P$A 4 D 9F
) :;
)+ $ooler Motor
++:;ac
) 5;4
). -pt coupler =M$'+">
+ >4
)7
5esistance
=):k>
9 5;
)/

&witch !river I$
=<21+9::>
) 5>
)4
5elay =)+v>
) 56
)8 Aattery =6v> =)+v> ) 84
)9 &oldering Wire ) 5;
)6 $onnecting wires + ;
+: &oldering Paste ) 54
;)5 AVAN"AG#S
). ighly sensitive
+. Eit and forget system
.. $omplete elimination of manpower
7. 'his project controls the onBoff action of the motor in the field
/. 2ow cost and easy to implement.
4. $an cover maximum area in a field
;)8 ISAVAN"AG#S
N !ifficult in case of failure of 0&M modem
N @it is to be protected from reaching water.
9) ApplicationE
). ome garden.
+. ,griculture land.
.. Manual onI off imitation through &M&
7) C'NC$%SI'N
'he project 0&M A,&"! ,<'-M,'I$ I55I0,'I-1 &3&'"MF has been
successfully designed and tested.
It has been developed by integrating features of all the hardware components used.
Presence of every module has been reasoned out and placed carefully thus
contributing to the best working of the unit. 'hus monitoring the functioning of the
motor automatically using 0&M technology got designed with the specific
parameters.
&econdly% using highly advanced I$Ms and with the help of growing technology the
project has been successfully implemented.
'his is a very useful techni?ue to control the motor functioning.
N Ay using Microcontroller% we $ontrolled the on off action of the motor.
N It is mainly useful in the areas where the power fluctuations are high.
!ata &heet B)
P96;/)5!+ =Microcontroller>
5) General description
'he P96;/)5!+ is an 9:$/) microcontroller with 47 kA Elash and ):+7 bytes of
data 5,M. , key feature of he P96;/)5!+ is its D+ mode option. 'he design
engineer can choose to run the application with the conventional 9:$/) clock rate
=)+ clocks per machine cycle> or select the D+ mode =4 clocks per machine cycle> to
achieve twice the throughput at the same clock fre?uency. ,nother way to benefit
from this feature is to keep the same performance by reducing the clock fre?uency
by half% thus dramatically reducing the "MI. 'he Elash program memory supports
both parallel programming and in serial InB&ystem Programming =I&P>. Parallel
programming mode offers gangBprogramming at high speed% reducing programming
costs and time to market. I&P allows a device to be reprogrammed in the end
product under software control. 'he capability to fieldIupdate the application
firmware makes a wide range of applications possible. 'he P96;/)5!+ is also InB
,pplication Programmable =I,P>% allowing the Elash program memory to be
reconfigured even while the application is running.
8) /eatures
/ ; -perating voltage from : to 7: M(
47 kA of onBchip Elash program memory with I&P =InB&ystem Programming>
and
I,P =InB,pplication Programming>
&upports )+Bclock =default> or 4Bclock mode selection via software or I&P
&PI =&erial Peripheral Interface> and enhanced <,5'
P$, =Programmable $ounter ,rray> with PWM and $aptureI$ompare
functions
Eour 9Bbit II- ports with three highBcurrent Port ) pins =)4 m, each>
'hree )4Bbit timersIcounters
Programmable Watchdog timer =W!'>
>) /unctional description
Memory or.aniKation
The device has separate address spaces for program and data memory.
Flash program memory
There are two internal flash memory blocks in the device. Block 0 has 64 kbytes and contains
the users code. Block 1 contains the hilips!provided "#$"% routines and may be enabled
such that it overlays the first & kbytes of the user code memory. The 64 kB Block 0 is
organi'ed as (1) sectors* each sector consists of 1)& bytes. %ccess to the "% routines may
be enabled by clearing the B#+, bit in the -.- register. /owever* caution must be taken
when dynamically changing the B#+, bit. #ince this will cause different physical memory to
be mapped to the logical program address space* the user must avoid clearing the B#+, bit
when e0ecuting user code within the address range 0000/ to 1---/.
Data RAM memory
The data 1%2 has 10)4 bytes of internal memory. The device can also address up to
64 kB for e0ternal data memory.
Expanded data RAM addressing
The &34(115) has 1 kB of 1%2. #ee -igure ( 6"nternal and e0ternal data memory
#tructure.7
The device has four sections of internal data memory8
1. The lower 1)& bytes of 1%2 900/ to :-/; are directly and indirectly addressable.
). The higher 1)& bytes of 1%2 9&0/ to --/; are indirectly addressable.
<. The special function registers 9&0/ to --/; are directly addressable only.
4. The e0panded 1%2 of :6& bytes 900/ to )--/; is indirectly addressable by the
2ove e0ternal instruction 92=4>; and clearing the +>T1%2 bit. 9#ee ?%u0iliary 1egister
9%@>1; in #ection 6 6#pecial function registers7 #ince the upper 1)& bytes occupy the same
addresses as the #-1s* the 1%2 must Be accessed indirectly. The 1%2 and #-1s space are
physically separate even Though they have the same addresses.
D) R#/#R#NC#S
S)T. .0. 5odney 'an% $. . 2ee and ;. . Mock% ,utomatic Power Meter 5eading
&ystem <sing 0&M 1etworkF IP"$ +::8% International power engineering
conference% PP. 74/ P 746% !ec .B4% +::8.
S+T. 2i 2i% Diaoguang u and Weicun ]hang% !esign of an ,5M Aased Power Meter
aving WiBEi Wireless $ommunication ModuleF I$I", +::6% 7th I""" conference on
Industrial "lectronics and ,pplications% PP. 7:. P 7:8% May +/B+8% +
WEBREFERENCES:
1.httpKIIwww.datasheetarchive.comI2P$+)67IP96;/)5!+\+:microcontrollerB
datasheet.html
+. httpKIIwww.engineersgarage.comIelectronicBcomponentsImax+.+Bdatasheet
.. httpKIIwww.engineersgarage.comIarticlesIgsmBgprsBmodules
7. httpKIIwww.nelsotech.comIproductsIpumpBcontrollerIgsmBpumpBcontroller.php