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Hour
Lecture 1
Assignment 1
Tutorial 1
Text 1
Reference 1
BB
OHP
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MD
pp
Block Board
Over Head Projector
Liquid CrystalDisplay
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Teaching
Topics to be covered
Aid
Book No. / Page No.
Required
UNIT I CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
Continuous time signals (CT
Tx 1 / pp 1.1 to 1.7,Rx1 / pp 01
signals), discrete time signals (DT
BB
to 07,Ex1 / pp SGL 1 to SGL 7
signals)
Tx 1 / pp 1.22 to 1.26
Step, Ramp, Pulse, Impulse,
BB
Rx1 / pp 30 to 38, Ex1 / pp
Exponential and sinusoidal
SGL 44 to SGL 51
Tx 1 / pp 1.50 to 1.72,Rx1 / pp
Classification of CT and DT signals
11 to 14, Ex1 / pp SGL 4 to
- periodic and aperiodic, Energy and
BB
SGL 28
power,even and odd
L1
L 2,L 3
L 4, L 5,
L6
L7
L 8, L 9
L 10
CT systems and DT
systems & Properties of Systems
BB
L 11, L12
Linearity,Causality,Time
Invariance,stability,Invertibility and
LTI Systems problems, Signal
Processing
BB
KSRCE/ECE
EC2204
BB
BB
Ex 1 / pp SGL 28 to SGL 29
Rx1 / pp 7 to 11, Ex 1 / pp
SGL 29 to SGL 44
Tx 1 / pp 2.1to2.29,Rx1 / pp 38
to 56, Ex 1 / pp SYS 1 to SYS
26
Tx 1 / pp 2.1to2.29,Rx1 / pp 38
to 56, Ex 1 / pp SYS 1 to SYS
26
5.2
UNIT- II
L 13, L 14
L 15,L 16
10
L 17
11
L 18,L 19
12
L 20,L 21
13
L 22, L23
14
L 24,L 25
15
L 26, L 27
16
L 28, L 29
17
L 30, L 31
18
L 32, L 33
19
L 35,L36
20
L 37,L 38
21
L 39, L 40
22
L 41, L 42
KSRCE/ECE
ANALYSIS OF CT SIGNALS
Tx 1 / pp 5.1 to 5.37,`Rx1 / pp
Fourier series analysis
BB
177 to 201, Ex 1 / pp CFS 1 to
CFS 27
Tx 1 / pp 5.1 to 5.37,Rx1 / pp
Properties of CTFS and its
BB
202 to 206, Ex 1 / pp CFS 27 to
problems
CFS 33
Tx1 / pp 5.27 to 5.29, Ex 1 / pp
Spectrum of CT signals
BB
CFT 5 to CFT 15
Tx 1 / pp 6.1 to 6.57,Rx1 / pp
Fourier Transform
BB
284 to 300, Ex 1 / pp CFT 1 to
CFT 5
Tx 1 / pp 6.1 to 6.57,Rx1 / pp
Properties of CTFT and its
BB
300 to 330, Ex 1 / pp CFT 15
problems
to CFT 29
Tx 1 / pp 6.77 to 7.1,Rx1 / pp
Laplace Transform in Signal
BB
654 to 670, Ex 1 / pp CFT 15
Analysis-Properties
to CFT 29
Ex 1 / pp ST 1 to ST 6
Problems,Signal reconstruction
BB
Rx1 / pp 514 to 520 & 527 to
534
UNIT- III LTI-CT SYSTEMS
Tx 1 / pp 4.1 to 4.8,7.18
Differential equation & Block
BB
Rx1 / pp 117 to 124, Ex 1 / pp
diagram representation
CLS 29 to CLS 39
Tx 1 / pp 4.11 to 4.15, Rx1 / pp
Impulse response- Convolution
BB
90 to 102, Ex 1 / pp CLS 1 to
Integral & Frequency response
CLS 23
Tx 1 / pp 7.42 to 7.57,Rx1 / pp
Differential equation using Fourier
BB
330 to 333, Ex 1 / pp CFT 29
Methods
to CFT 33
Tx 1 / pp 7.42 to 7.57,Rx1 / pp
Differential equation using Laplace
BB
693 to 700, Ex 1 / pp LT 37 to
transforms
LT 43
State variable equations and Matrix
Tx 1 / pp 7.83 to 7.110,Ex 1 /
BB
representation of systems,DFT
pp SV 14 to SV 15.
UNIT IV ANALYSIS OF DT SIGNALS
Tx 1 / pp 9.1 to 9.21, Rx1 / pp
Sampling of CT Signals & aliasing
BB/OHP 514 to 520 & 527 to 534, Ex1 /
pp ST 1 to ST 6
Tx 1 / pp 8.8 to 8.32, Rx1 / pp
Discrete Time Fourier Transform
373 to 384, Ex1 / pp DFT 1 to
BB
(DTFT) and problems
DFT 20
Ztransform, ROC, Properties of
ROC & problems Poles and Zeros
EC2204
BB
5.3
23
L 43, L 44
& problems
to ZT 11
BB
BB
24
L 45, L 46
Inverse Z Transform
25
L 47,L 48
BB/OHP
L 49, L 50
BB
27
L 51, L 52
BB
28
L 53,L 54
DTFT analysis
BB
29
L 55, L 56
Z-transform analysis
BB
30
L 57, L 58
31
L 59, L 60
BB
BB
EC2204
5.4
5. What is an energy signal? Check whether or not the unit step signal is an energy
signal.(APR / MAY 2004).
A signal is said to be energy signal if its total energy is finite and non-zero. That is 0< E<.
E = - |x(t)|2 dt = - 1. dt = . Since x(t) = 1 for t 0
0 for t < 0.
Since energy is not finite, unit step signal is not energy signal.
6. Clasify the following signals as, a) Periodic or non-periodic and b) energy or power
signal.
1) en, > 1, 2) e-j2ft. (NOV /DEC 2004)
a) Periodicity
1)
en is non-periodic since it is exponential signal.
2)
e-j2ft is periodic signal since it is phasor of frequency f.
b) Energy or Power.
1) Since en is non-periodic, let us calculate its energy,
E = n = - | en |2 = .This signal is neither energy nor power
signal.
2)
Since e-j2ft is periodic signal, hence let us calculate its power,
P = Lt t 1/TT/2 T/2 |x(t)|2 dt = Lt t 1/TT/2 T/2 |e-j2ft|2 dt
= Lt t 1/TT/2 T/21.dt = 1
{since |ej| = 1}
Since power is finite, this is power signal.
7. Draw the waveform x(-t) and x(2-t) of the signal x(t) = t for 0 t 3.
0 for t>3. (NOV /DEC 2004)
EC2204
5.5
KSRCE/ECE
EC2204
5.6
8. Verify the linearity , casuality and time invariance of the system, y(n+2) = a x(n +1) +
bx(n+3).(NOV/DEC 2004).
UNIT II - ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALS
PART A
1. What do the Fourier series coefficients represent?(OCT / NOV 2002).
Fourier series coefficients represent various frequencies present in the signal. It is
nothing but spectrum of the signal.
2. Define Fourier series.( OCT/NOV 2002)
CT Fourier series is defined as,
X(t) = k = - x(k) ejk 0t
Where, x(k) = 1/T t t+T0 x(t) ejk 0t dt
DT Fourier series is defined as,
X(n) = k = - x(k) ejk 0n & x(k) = 1/N n = - x(n) ejk 0n
3. State Dirichlet conditions for Fourier series.(APR / MAY 2004,MAY/JUNE 2010)
i) The function x(t) should be within the interval T0.
ii) The function x(t) should have finite number of maxima and minima in interval T0.
iii) The function x(t) should have at the most finite number of discontinuites in the
interval T0.
iv) The function x(t) should be absolutely integrable.i.e ., T0 -T0|x(t)| dt < .
4. What are the differences between Fourier series and Fourier transform?(OCT /
NOV 2002,NOV/DEC 2004,DEC 2009,MAY/JUNE 2010)
S.No Fourier Series
Fourier Transform
01.
Fourier series is calculated for
Fourier Transform is calculated for nonperiodic signals.
periodic as well as periodic signals
02
Expands the signal in time domain.
Represents the signal in Frequency domain.
03.
Three types of fourier series such as
Fourier transform has no such types.
trigonometric, polar and complex
exponential.
5. What is the relationship between fourier transform and laplace transform?(APR /
MAY 2003).
X(s) = X(j), when s = j. This means fourier transform is same as laplace transform
when s = j.
6. State the modulation property and convolution (time) property of fourier
transform.(APR / MAY 2003).
Modulation property: x(t) cos(2fct + ) ej / 2 X(f - fc ) + e-j / 2 X(f +fc )
Convolution Property: x1(t) * x2(t) X1(f) . X2(f).
7. Write the fourier transform pair for x(t). (NOV/DEC 2003)
X(t) x(f) or x(t) X().
8. What is the laplace transform of e-at sin (t) u(t).(NOV/DEC 2004)
e-at sin (t) u(t) / [(s+a)2 + 2].
KSRCE/ECE
EC2204
5.7
9. Determine the laplace transform of x(t) = e-at sin (t) u(t).(APR / MAY 2004).
e-at sin (t) = { e-at {( ejt - e-jt) / 2j}} = (1 / 2j) { e-(a-j)t - e-(a+j)t }
= / [(s+a)2 + 2] , ROC : Re (s) > -a.
9. A signal x(t) = cos(2ft) is passed through a device whose input- output is related by
y(t) = x2(t). What are the frequency components in the output? (NOV/DEC 2004).
Since an input is square, y(t) = (cos 2ft)2 = [1+ cos 4ft] / 2 = 0.5 + 0.5 cos
[2(2f)t]. Thus the frequency present in the output is 2f.
10. Define th fourier transform pair for continuous time signal.(APR / MAY 2005).
Fourier transform : X() = -x(t) e-jt dt.
Inverse Fourier transform : x(t) = 1/2 -X() ejt d .
11. Find the laplace transform of x(t) = t e-at u(t), where a>0. (APR / MAY 2005).
e-at u(t) 1 / (s+a) ROC : Re(s) > -a. differentiation in s-domain property gives,
-t x(t) d / ds X(s)
- t e-at u(t) d / ds [1 / (s+a)].
t e-at u(t) 1/[s+a]2, ROC : Re(s) >-a.
PART-B
1. Find the FS for the periodic signal x(t) = t, 0 t 1 and repeats every 1 sec.(MAY 2003).
2. Determine the fourier series representation for x(t) = 2sin (2t - 3) + sin (6t).(DEC 2003
2009).
3. Determine the trigonometric FS representation of the half wave rectifier O/P.( MAY 04).
4. Find the fourier series of the signal x(t) = sin(2f0mt). cos(2f0nt) dt, where fo is the
fundamental frequency and m & n are any positive integer. (NOV/DEC 2004).
5. Determine the trigonometric FS representation of the full wave rectifier O/P.(MAY 05).
6. State and prove parsevals theorem for complex exponential fourier series.(MAY 2005).
7. Find the fourier transform of the signal x(t) and plot the amplitude spectrum.
x(t) = 1, -/2 t /2. & 0, otherwise. (OCT / NOV 2002).
8. If x(t) X(s), derive the FT of x(t - ) and e-at x(t) in terms of X(s). (NOV 2002).
9. Prove that the spectrum of the product of two signals corresponds to the convolution of
their respective spectrums. (APR / MAY 2003).
10. Find the inverse laplace transform of [2s2 + 9s 47] / [(s+1) (s2 + 6s +25)]. (MAY 2003).
11. State and prove parsevals theorem for fourier transform.( MAY 2004 & DEC 2003).
12. State and prove convolution property for fourier transform.( NOV/DEC 2003).
13. i)Find the laplace transform of x(t) = e-b|t| for b<0 and b>0.( NOV/DEC 2003,DEC 2009).
KSRCE/ECE
EC2204
5.8
EC2204
5.9
Input
Output
3. How do you represent any orbitrary signal in terms of delta function and its delayed
function. (APR / MAY 2003).
KSRCE/ECE
EC2204
5.10
4. Find the output of the system shown in the figure for the input e-2t u(t) using laplace
transform. (APR / MAY 2004).
5. Determine the System response of the given differential equation y(t)+3y(t)=x(t),Where
x(t)= e-2t u(t).
6. Determine the response of the system with impulse response h(t) = u(t) for the input x(t) =
e-2t u(t). (APR / MAY 2004 & APR / MAY 2005).
7. Find the output of an LTI system with impulse response h(t) = (t - 3) for the input x(t) =
cos 4t + cos 7t. (APR / MAY 2004).
8. Using laplace transform find the impulse response of an LTI system described by the
differential equation [d2y(t) / dt2] [dy(t) / dt] [2y(t)] = x(t). (APR / MAY 2004).
9. Find and plot the magnitude spectrum of the transfer function. H(j) = [ej + ] / [ej + 1 /
].( NOV/DEC 2004).
10. A) Define linear time invariant system. (NOV/DEC 2004).
B) Define convolution intgral of a system. (NOV/DEC 2004).
11. What is meant by causality and stability? Derive the conditions for causality and
stability.(APR / MAY 2005).
12. Determine the impulse response of the CT system described by the differential
equation[d2y(t) / dt2] + 4[dy(t) / dt] +3[y(t)] = [dx(t) / dt] + 2x(t). (APR / MAY 2005).
13. Find the response of the system shown in figure for the input x(t) = (t) - (t 1.5).
Here h(t) is impulse response of the system. (NOV/DEC 2004).
UNIT-IV - ANALYSIS OF DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS
PART-A
1. What is the relation between Z transform and fourier transform of discrete time
signal. (APR / MAY 2003,MAY/JUNE 2010).
X() = X(z)|z=ej. This means Z transform is same as fourier transform when
evaluated on unit circle.
2. What is the Z transform of an u(n). (OCT / NOV 2002).
Z{an u(n)} = 1 / [1-a Z-1], ROC : |Z| > |a|.
3. Define region of convergence with respect to Z transform. ( NOV/DEC 2003).
Region of convergence (ROC) is the area in Z plane where Z transform converges. In
other words, it is possible to calculate the X(z) in ROC.
4. State initial value theorem of Z transform. (APR / MAY 2004,MAY/JUNE 2010).
The initial value of the sequence is given as, x(0) = Lt X(z).
z
5. What is the difference between the spectrum of the CT signal and the spectrum of
the corresponding sampled signal. ( NOV/DEC 2004).
KSRCE/ECE
EC2204
5.11
The spectrums of CT signal and sampled signal are related as, X(f) = fs X(f - nfs).This
means spectrum of sampled signal is periodic repeatation of spectrum of CT signal.It
repeats at sampling frequency fs and amplitude is also multiplied by fs.
6. State final value theorem for Z transform. (APR / MAY 2005).
The final value of the sequence is given as, x() = Lt (1 z-1)X(z).
z1
KSRCE/ECE
EC2204
5.12
A band limited signal of finite energy, which has no frequency components higher than
the W hertz, is completely described by specifying the values of the signal at the instant of
time separated by 1/2W seconds.
A band limited signal of finite energy, which has no frequency components higher
than the W hertz, is completely recovered from the knowledge of its samples taken at
the rate of 2W samples per second.
18.What is meant by aliasing.(MAY/JUNE 2010)
When the high frequency interferes with low frequency and appears as low then
the phenomenon is called aliasing.
19.What are the effects aliasing.
Since the high frequency interferes with low frequency then the distortion is
generated.The data is lost and it can not be recovered.
20.How the aliasing process is eliminated.
i). Sampling rate fs 2W. ii). Strictly band limit the signal to W.
This can be obtained by using the Low pass filer before the sampling process.It is also
called as anti-aliasing filter.
21.Define Nyquist rate.and Nyquist interval.(MAY/JUNE 2010)
When the sampling rate becomes exactly equal to 2W samples/sec, for a given
bandwidth of W hertz, then it is called Nyquist rate.
Nyquist interval is the time interval between any two adjacent samples.
Nyquist rate = 2W Hz & Nyquist interval = 1/2W seconds.
22.What is the significance of ROC in Z- transform? (DEC 2009)
i)
ROC gives an idea about values of Z for which Z- transform can be
calculated.
ii) ROC can be used to determine causality of the system.
iii)ROC can be used to determine stability of the system.
PART-B
1. What is ROC? State some properties of Z transform. (OCT / NOV 2002).
2. Find the inverse Z transform of X(z) = [z+4] / [z2 4z + 3]. (OCT / NOV 2002).
3. Find the Z transform of x(n) = an sin 0n u(n). (OCT / NOV 2002).
4.
How will you evaluate the fourier transform from pole zero plot of Z transform? (OCT /
NOV 2002).
5. Find the inverse Z transform of X(z) = 1 / [1-1.5z-1 + 0.5z-2] for ROC : 0.5 < |z| < 1.
6. Write down any four properties of Z transform and explain. (APR / MAY 2003).
7. Find z transform of [u(n) u(n-10)]. (APR / MAY 2003).
8. Obtain the relation between z transform and DTFT. ( NOV/DEC 2003).
9. Find the final value of the given signal W(z) = 1 / [1+2z-1-3z-2] and z transform of
cos nt. ( NOV/DEC 2003).
10. Find the inverse Z transform using contour integral method. Given, X(z) = 1 / [1
az-1], |z| > a. ( NOV/DEC 2003).
KSRCE/ECE
EC2204
5.13
11.
Find the IZT of X(z) = [1 1/3z-1] / [(1 z-1)(1 + 2z-1)], |z| > 2.(MAY 2004).
12. Find the z transform of the sequence x(n) = [1 / 2]n u(n) [1 / 4]u(n - 1). (DEC 2004).
13. What are the 3 possible sequences whose z transform is given by X(z) = [8/6
z2 67/12z] / [z2 17/12z + 1/2]. ( NOV/DEC 2004).
14. Find the z transform and its ROC of x(n) = 1, n 0
= 3n , n < 0. (APR / MAY 2005,
MAY/JUNE 2010).
15. State and prove convolution property of Z transform. (APR / MAY 2005).
16. Find the DTFT of x(n) = 0.5n u(n) and plot its spectrum. (APR / MAY 2004).
17. Determine the DTFT of x(n) = 1, for 0 n 5 & 0, otherwise. (APR / MAY 2005).
UNIT-V - LINEAR TIME INVARIANT DISCRETE TIME SYSTEMS
PART-A
1. Define convolution sum?
If x(n) and h(n) are discrete variable functions, then its convolution sum y(n) is given
by,y(n)= n = - x(k) h(n-k)
2. List the steps involved in finding convolution sum?
o folding
o Shifting
o Multiplication
o Summation
3. Define LTI causal system?
A LTI system is causal if and only if ,h(n) = 0 for n<0.This is the sufficient and
necessary condition for causality of the system.
4. Define LTI stable system?
The bounded input x(n) produces bounded output y(n) in the LTI system only
if, -| h(k)| <. When this condition is satisfied ,the system will be stable.
5. If u(n) is the impulse response response of the system, What is its step response?
Here h(n) = u(n) and the input is x(n) = u(n).
Hence the output y(n) = h(n) * x(n)
= u(n) * u(n)
6. Convolve the two sequences x(n)={1,2,3} and h(n)={5,4,6,2}.(DEC 2009)
y(n)={5,14,29,26,22,6}
7. Is the output sequence of an LTI system is finite or infinite when the input x(n) is
finite? Justify your answer.(OCT / NOV 2002)
If the impulse response of the system is infinite, then output sequence is infinite even
though input is finite. For example, consider,
KSRCE/ECE
EC2204
5.14
Input
Impulse response,
Output sequence,
KSRCE/ECE
EC2204
5.15
x(n) * [h1(n) + h2(n)] = x(n) * h1(n) + x(n) * h2(n)
PART-B
1. State and prove the properties of convolution sum?
2. Determine the convolution of x(n)={1,1,2} h(n)=u(n) graphically.
3. Determine the forced response for the following system
y(n)-1/4 y(n-1) 1/8 y(n-2) = x(n) + x(n-1)
for x(n)=(1/8)n u(n) . Assume zero initial conditions?
4. Compute the response of the system y(n)=0.7 y(n-1) 0.12 y(n-2) + x(n-1) x(n-2) to
the input x(n) = n u(n). Is the system is stable?
5. Find the output of the system whose input output is related by, y(n) = 7 y(n-1)
12 y(n-2) + 2 x(n) x(n-2) for the input x(n) = u(n). (OCT/NOV 2002)
6. Find the linear convolution of x(n) = {1,2,3,4} and h(n) = {2,3,4,1}. (NOV 2002)
7. Find the impulse response of the stable system whose input output is relation is
given by the equation y(n)- 4 y(n-1)+ 3 y(n-2) = x(n) + 2x(n-1). (APR / MAY 2003).
8. Find the overall impulse response of the system shown in figure. (MAY 2003).
(n-1)
an u(n)
y(n)
x(n)
an u(n)
(n-1)
9. Given y(n) =x(n) + 1/8 x(n-1)+1/3 x(n-2).Find whether the system is stable or
not. (NOV / DEC 2003)
10.Compute the convolution of the two sequences given and plot the output.(DEC 2003)
h(n)
x(n)
11. Find the output sequence y(n) of the system described by the equation y(n) = 0.7
y(n-1) 0.1 y(n-2) + 2 x(n) x(n-2).For the input sequence x(n) = u(n). (DEC 2004)
12. Find the overall impulse response of the causal system shown in figure. (DEC 2004)
h1(n)
x(n)
+
KSRCE/ECE
h2(n)
EC2204
y(n)
+
h3(n)
5.16
Here h1(n) = (1/3)n u(n), h2(n) = (1/2)n u(n) and h3(n) = (1/5)n u(n)
13. Find the convolution of x(n) = {1,2,3,4,5} with h(n) = {1,2,3,3,2,1}. (MAY 2005).
14. Find the impulse response of the discrete time system described by the difference
equation, y(n-2) 3 y(n-1) + 2 y(n) = x(n-1). (APR / MAY 2005).
15. Realize direct form I, direct form II, cascade and parallel realization of the
discrete time system having the system function H(z) = [2(z+2)] / [z(z-0.1)( z+0.5)(
z+0.4)] (APR / MAY 2004).
KSRCE/ECE
EC2204