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KYOTO PROTOCOL TO THE KYOTO PROTOCOL TO THE
UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK
CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement under The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement under
which industrialized countries will reduce their which industrialized countries will reduce their
collective emissions of greenhouse gases by collective emissions of greenhouse gases by
5.2% compared to the year 1990. 5.2% compared to the year 1990.
Kyoto Protocol
Note: Note:
compared to the emissions levels that would be expected by 2010 compared to the emissions levels that would be expected by 2010
without the Protocol, this target represents a 29% cut. without the Protocol, this target represents a 29% cut.
Kyoto Protocol Kyoto Protocol
Opened for signature Opened for signature
December 11, 1997 in Kyoto, J apan December 11, 1997 in Kyoto, J apan
Entered into force Entered into force
February 16 2005 February 16 2005 February 16, 2005. February 16, 2005.
Conditions for entry into force 55 parties and at least 55% CO2 Conditions for entry into force 55 parties and at least 55% CO2
1990 emissions by UNFCCC Annex I parties. 1990 emissions by UNFCCC Annex I parties.
Parties Parties
163 countries (as of April 2006) 163 countries (as of April 2006)
The goal is to lower overall emissions of six The goal is to lower overall emissions of six
Greenhouse gases Greenhouse gases
1. 1. Carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbon dioxide (CO2)
2. 2. Methane (CH4) Methane (CH4)
3. 3. Nitrous oxide (N2O) Nitrous oxide (N2O)
44 H d fl b (HFC ) H d fl b (HFC ) 4. 4. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
5. 5. Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
6. 6. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
calculated as an average over the five calculated as an average over the five--year period of year period of
2008 2008--12. 12.
REDUCTIONS REDUCTIONS
Thirty Thirty--eight industrialized nations are eight industrialized nations are
required to reduce their "greenhouse" gas required to reduce their "greenhouse" gas
emissions from 1990 levels between 2008 emissions from 1990 levels between 2008
and 2012. and 2012.
Reduction commitment Reduction commitment
(percentage of base year) (percentage of base year)
Australia : 108 Australia : 108 Austria : 92 Austria : 92 Belgium : 92 Belgium : 92
Bulgaria* : 92 Bulgaria* : 92 Canada : 94 Canada : 94 Croatia* : 95 Croatia* : 95
Czech Republic* : 92 Czech Republic* : 92 Denmark : 92 Denmark : 92 Estonia* : 92 Estonia* : 92
European Community : 92 European Community : 92 Finland : 92 Finland : 92 France : 92 France : 92
Germany : 92 Germany : 92 Greece : 92 Greece : 92 Hungary* : 94 Hungary* : 94
I l d 110 I l d 110 I l d 92 I l d 92 It l 92 It l 92 Iceland : 110 Iceland : 110 Ireland : 92 Ireland : 92 Italy : 92 Italy : 92
J apan : 94 J apan : 94 Latvia* : 92 Latvia* : 92 Liechtenstein : 92 Liechtenstein : 92
Lithuania* : 92 Lithuania* : 92 Luxembourg : 92 Luxembourg : 92 Monaco : 92 Monaco : 92
Netherlands : Netherlands : 92 92 New Zealand :100 New Zealand :100 Norway : 101 Norway : 101
Poland* : 94 Poland* : 94 Portugal : 92 Portugal : 92 Romania* : 92 Romania* : 92
Russian Federation* :100 Russian Federation* :100 Slovakia* : 92 Slovakia* : 92 Slovenia* : 92 Slovenia* : 92
Spain : 92 Spain : 92 Sweden : 92 Sweden : 92 Switzerland : 92 Switzerland : 92
Ukraine* : 100 Ukraine* : 100 UK and Ireland : 92 UK and Ireland : 92 USA : 93 USA : 93
* Countries that are undergoing the process of transition to a market economy * Countries that are undergoing the process of transition to a market economy
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Commitment Commitment
The Parties included in Annex I shall, individually or The Parties included in Annex I shall, individually or
jointly, ensure that their jointly, ensure that their aggregate anthropogenic aggregate anthropogenic
carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the
greenhouse gases do greenhouse gases do not exceed their assigned not exceed their assigned
amounts, calculated pursuant to their quantified amounts, calculated pursuant to their quantified , p q , p q
emission emission limitation and limitation and reduction commitments reduction commitments
inscribed in Annex B and in accordance with the inscribed in Annex B and in accordance with the
provisions of provisions of this Article this Article, with a view to reducing their , with a view to reducing their
overall emissions of such gases by at least 5 per overall emissions of such gases by at least 5 per cent cent
below below 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to
2012. 2012.
OFFSHORE' REDUCTIONS OFFSHORE' REDUCTIONS
Countries that do not meet their own emission Countries that do not meet their own emission
targets can strike deals with nations that do targets can strike deals with nations that do
better than required, to buy the excess "quota." better than required, to buy the excess "quota."
This may encourage reductions to be made This may encourage reductions to be made
where most cost where most cost- -effective. effective.
THIRD WORLD THIRD WORLD
Developing countries, including major Developing countries, including major
greenhouse gas emitters such as China and greenhouse gas emitters such as China and
India, are asked to set voluntary reduction India, are asked to set voluntary reduction
targets. targets.
Many factories have no pollution controls in developing nations
Why did President Bush Withdraw US Support? Why did President Bush Withdraw US Support?
In 2001, President George Bush pulled the US In 2001, President George Bush pulled the US
out of the Kyoto accords out of the Kyoto accords
Bush dismissed Kyoto Protocol as too costly, Bush dismissed Kyoto Protocol as too costly,
describingit as "an unrealistic andever describingit as "an unrealistic andever-- describing it as an unrealistic and ever describing it as an unrealistic and ever
tightening straitjacket." tightening straitjacket."
Lately, the White House has even questioned Lately, the White House has even questioned
the validity of the science behind global the validity of the science behind global
warming, and claims that millions of jobs will be warming, and claims that millions of jobs will be
lost if the US joins in this world pact. lost if the US joins in this world pact.
The Future of the Kyoto Protocol The Future of the Kyoto Protocol
The Future of the Kyoto Protocol: The Future of the Kyoto Protocol: The Kyoto The Kyoto
Protocol became legally effective after obtaining Protocol became legally effective after obtaining
support from countries representing 55% of support from countries representing 55% of
worldwide greenhouse gas pollution. worldwide greenhouse gas pollution.
The agreement expires in 2012. The agreement expires in 2012.
It's likely that a new agreement will be proposed It's likely that a new agreement will be proposed
in 2012. However, if the US doesn't sign on, in 2012. However, if the US doesn't sign on,
then the agreement will likely fall apart. then the agreement will likely fall apart.
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