Page 1 of 16

End Semester Examination

UCE-601: Sewerage and Sewage Treatment
B.E. Civil Engineering
Instructor: Dr. Akepati S. Reddy
Date: 18-05-2014 Time: 3 hours (2-00 PM to 5-00 PM) Max. Marks: 100

Roll No.:

Note: Please assume if any requisite data is not given.

Q.1
1.1 Wastewater being treated in an activated sludge process has the following characteristics:
Wastewater flow rate 750 m
3
/hr
BOD5 at 20C 210 mg/L
TSS 120 mg/L
VSS 80 mg/L
Biodegradable VSS 65 mg/L
Values of ASP kinetics parameters (q
max.
, K
s
, Y and k
d
) are 6/day, 40 mg/L, 0.4 and 0.1/day respectively.
TSS level in the treated is 40 mg/L. HRT and SRT of the activated sludge process are 8 hours and 9 days
respectively.
Estimate the secondary sludge wastage rate and the observed SRT of the activated sludge process?

Treated effluent BODu
| |
( ) 1 .
) ( 1
. max

+
=
d
d s
e
k Y q SRT
SRT k K
S
Ks is 40 mg/L
Kd is 0.1/day
SRT is 9 days
Qmax is 6/day
Y is 0.4
Se = 3.858 mg/L or 0.004 kg/m3

Secondary sludge wastage rate = secondary sludge generation rate sludge washout rate

Sludge generation rate = net sludge synthesis rate + cell debris generation rate + non-biodegradable organic solids addition
rate + inorganic solids addition rate

Net sludge synthesis rate
) ( 1
) ( .
SRT k
S S Q Y
NBSR
d
e i
+

=
Sewage flow rate is 750 m3/hr
Si value is 1.6 x 210 mg/L = 0.336 kg/m3
Net biomass synthesis rate = 1258.1 kg/day or 52.421 kg/hr

Page 2 of 16

Cell debris generation rate
(

+
=
SRT k
S S Q Y f CDGR
d
e i d
. 1
1
1 ) (
Fd is 0.15
Cell debris generation rate = 169.8 kg/day 7.077 kg/hr

Non-biodegradable suspended solids addition
NBVSS = QxVSSnb
VSSnb is 80-65 = 15 mg/L or 0.015 kg/m3
NBVSS = 270 kg/day or 11.25 kg/hr

Inorganic suspended solids addition
INSS = QxTSSin
TSSin is (120-80) = 40 mg/L or 0.04 kg/m3
TSSIN = 720 kg/day or 30 kg/hr

Secondary sludge generation rate = 1258 + 169.8 + 270 + 720 = 2418 kg/day or 100.75 kg/hr

Sludge washout rate
Sludge washout rate = flow rate x TSSe
TSSe is 40 mg/L or 0.04 kg/m3
Sludge washout rate = 720 kg/day or 30 kg/hr

Sludge wastage rate = 1698 kg/day or 70.75 kg/hr

Observed SRT = sludge present in aeration tank / sludge wastage rate

Sludge present in the aeration tank = aeration tank volume x MLSS

MLSS estimation
Active biomass concentration is
( )
) ( 1 SRT k
Y S S SRT
x
d
e i
a
+

=
t

HRT or is 8 hours or 0.333 days
Active biomass concentration = 1.887 kg/m3 or 1887 mg/L
Xa/MLSS = net biomass generation rate / total secondary sludge generation rate
MLSS = 1.887 / 1258 x 2418 = 3.627 kg/m3
Observed SRT = (Q x x MLSS)/(sludge wastage rate) = 12.816 days

1.2 Present Peak Flow and Design Peak Flow to be conveyed by a sewer are 50 m
3
/hr and 160 m
3
/hr
respectively. Design a sewer for the conveyance of this sewage? Find depth of flow and flow velocity in
the sewer during the present peak flow and the design peak flow conditions? Hydraulic elements graph is
given in the attachment for use if needed.

Qppf = 50 m3/hr or 0.0139 m3/hr
Qdpf = 160 m3/hr or 0.0444 m3/hr
Page 3 of 16

Finding slope of the sewer for the present peak flow using the following equation:
13
6
13
16
13
6
2
1

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
= q
g
K K
n
i
r a

t

n is taken as 0.015
Ka and Kr corresponding to the d/D = 0.2 are taken as 0.1118 and 0.1206
' is taken as 1.5 pascals
' is taken as 1000 kg/m3
g is taken as 9.81
q is present peak flow = 50 m3/hr
Slope i = 2.5 x 10
-3
or 1 in 387.5

Finding the sewer diameter for the design peak flow using the following equation:
8
3
2
1
4
1
8
3
8
3
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

i
q
K K n D
r a

n is taken as 0.015
Ka and Kr corresponding to the d/D = 0.8 are taken as 0.6736 and 0.3042
q is design peak flow = 160 m3/hr
i is 2.5 x 10
-3
or 1 in 387.5
Sewer diameter = 0.307 m or 307 mm (sewer diameter is taken as 300 mm)

Finding flow depth and flow velocity for the present peak flow
Hydraulic elements graph is used. The plots for constant n value are used.
d/D and V/V
full
are obtained corresponding to the Q
ppf
/Q
full
from the graph

Qfull is obtained from the Mannings equation
n
S AR
Q
2 / 1 3 / 2
=
A is cross sectional area of the sewer of 0.3 m diameter
R is hydraulic radius of the circular sewer flowing full (D/4)
S is slope (i) = 2.5 x 10
-3
or 1 in 387.5
n is Mannings n taken as 0.015
Q
full
= 0.0426 m3/sec or 153.27 m3/hr

Q
ppf
/Q
full
= 0.326
Q
dpf
/Q
full
= 1.044

Finding V
full
from the Manning equation
n
S R
V
2 / 1 3 / 2
=
V
full
= 0.602

Reading of d
ppf
/D and V
ppf
/V
full
corresponding to the Q
ppf
/Q
full
and finding flow depth and flow velocity
d
ppf
/D = 0.4
V
ppf
/V
full
= 0.87
d
ppf
= 0.12 m
V
ppf
= 0.523 m/sec.
Page 4 of 16


Reading of d
Dpf
/D and V
Dpf
/V
full
corresponding to the Q
Dpf
/Q
full
and finding flow depth and flow velocity
d
Dpf
/D = 0.80
V
Dpf
/V
full
= 1.16
d
Dpf
= 0.24 m
V
Dpf
= 0.698 m

V
ppf
= 0.523 m/sec is below the self-cleansing velocity of 0.6 m/sec.
For increasing the velocity, slope S or I and/or sewer diameter can be increased. Assume the increase of slope to 1 in 250
or 4.0x10
-3
, and find out flow depth and flow velocity for the present peak flow and for the design peak flow conditions.

Qfull is obtained from the Mannings equation
n
S AR
Q
2 / 1 3 / 2
=
A is cross sectional area of the sewer of 0.3 m diameter
R is hydraulic radius of the circular sewer flowing full (D/4)
S is slope (i) = 4x10
-3
or 1 in 250
n is Mannings n taken as 0.015
Q
full
= 0.053 m3/sec or 191 m3/hr

Q
ppf
/Q
full
= 0.262
Q
dpf
/Q
full
= 0.839

Finding V
full
from the Manning equation
n
S R
V
2 / 1 3 / 2
=
V
full
= 0.75 m/sec.

Reading of d
ppf
/D and V
ppf
/V
full
corresponding to the Q
ppf
/Q
full
and finding flow depth and flow velocity
d
ppf
/D = 0.355
V
ppf
/V
full
= 0.83
d
ppf
= 0.107 m
V
ppf
= 0.623 m/sec.

Reading of d
Dpf
/D and V
Dpf
/V
full
corresponding to the Q
Dpf
/Q
full
and finding flow depth and flow velocity
d
Dpf
/D = 0.69
V
Dpf
/V
full
= 1.13
d
Dpf
= 0.143 m
V
Dpf
= 0.848 m

Sewer diameter = 0.3 m
Sewer slope = 1 in 250 or 4x10
-3

Marks: 2 x 10 = 20
Q.2
2.1 Estimate peak runoff (for a design storm event with 2 years return period) for a 5000 m
2
size catchment
basin (discharging the runoff into a storm sewer inlet)? Hydraulic flow path length of the catchment basin
is 100 m, and length of sheet flow is 30 m. Slope, roughness coefficient and intercept coefficient values
for the catchment basin are 0.3%, 0.11 and 0.490 respectively. Storm intensity, duration and frequency
Page 5 of 16

information is given in the attached table for use if needed.

Rational method is used for estimating the peak runoff
u
K
CIA
Q =
Q peak flow in m3/sec.
C runoff coefficient (is not given taken as 0.7)
I Rainfall intensity in mm/hr (not known obtained from the storm density, duration and frequency table given for
the 2 years return period for this, time of concentration (t
c
) is required
A drainage area in hectares (given and its value is 0.5 hectares)
K
u
units conversion factor (360)

Time of concentration = time of travel for sheet flow + time of travel for shallow concentrated flow
Here channel flow is considered to occur in the sewer and it does not occur before the storm sewer inlet.

Time of travel for sheet flow
|
.
|

\
|
=
S
nL
I
K
T
u
ti 4 . 0

T
ti
is sheet flow travel time in minutes
K
u
is empirical coefficient (its value is 6.92)
I is rainfall intensity in mm/hr (depends on the t
c
to be calculated) taken as 40 mm/hr
L is flow length in meters given and its value is 30 m
S is slope (catchment slope) given as 0.3% or 3 in 1000
N is roughness coefficient given and its value is 0.11
Time of travel for the sheet flow (T
ti
) = 95 min

Time of travel for shallow concentrated flow
5 . 0
p u
KS K V =
V
L
T
ti
60
=
Ku is taken as 1.0
K is intercept coefficient (depends on land cover/ flow regime) given - value is 0.49
Sp is slope percent (given value is 0.3%)
L is flow length (70 m)
V is velocity in m/sec. = 0.268 m/sec.
Tti is shallow concentrated flow travel time (in minutes.) = 4.35 min.

Time of concentration = 95 + 4 = 99 min.

Intensity of rainfall corresponding to the 99 min time of concentration is not 40 mm it is (from the table) <30 mm/hr

For 30 mm rainfall intensity the time of travel for the sheet flow (T
ti
) is 107 min

And, Time of concentration is 107 + 4 = 111 min.

According to rational method the peak runoff will be

Page 6 of 16

u
K
CIA
Q =
Q = 0.7x30x0.5/360 = 0.029 m3/sec

2.2 Sewage with the following characteristics is treated in an anaerobic pond of 3.5 m liquid depth.
BOD 240 mg/L
TSS 320 mg/L
VSS 80% of the TSS
Biodegradable VSS 85% of the VSS
Treated effluent of the anaerobic pond is having 50 mg/L of suspended solids. If Consistency of the
settled sludge in the anaerobic pond is 9%, and if the anaerobic pond is cleaned once the sludge reaches
1/3
rd
of the depth, find the frequency of cleaning of the anaerobic pond? Assume total hydrolysis of the
biodegradable volatile suspended solids and conservation of all other suspended solids. Consider 0.1/day
as the net yield coefficient for the anaerobic pond.

TSS of the influent = 320 mg/L
Non-biodegradable TSS = 320 (1 0.8 x 0.85) = 102.4 mg/l
TSS escaping in the treated effluent = 50 mg/L

Volumetric loading rate for the anaerobic pond
Volumetric organic loading rate (g/m3.day) = 20T-100
T is temperature (not given and take it is 16C)
Volumetric organic loading rate (g/m3) = 20T-100 = 20x16-100 = 220 g/m3.day

Surface hydraulic loading rate it is given by
Surface organic loading rate/BOD of the influent
Surface organic loading rate it is given by
Volumetric organic loading rate x pond depth
Pond depth is given as 3.5
0.22x3.5 = 0.77 kg/m2.day
Surface hydraulic loading rate = 0.770/0.240 = 3.208 m3/m2.day
Here 240 g/m3 or 240 mg/L is organic matter concentration as BOD

Total solids accumulation rate (kg/m2.day)
Surface hydraulic loading rate x (non-biodegradable solids + net biomass synthesis TSS level in the effluent)
Net biomass synthesis
Efficiency of treatment = 2T+20 = 2x16+20 = 52%
BOD removed = 240x1.6x52% = 199.7 g/m3
Net biosynthesis = 199.7x0.1 = 19.97 mg/L or g/m3
3.208 x (0.1024 + 0.01997 0.0 50) = 0.232 kg/m2.day
Total sludge accumulation rate (in m3/m2.day)
Consistency of the accumulated sludge = 9% given
0.232/90 = 2.579x10
-3
m3/m2.day

Volume available for sludge storage = 1x3.5/3 = 1.167 m3/m2

Time taken to fill this volume = 1.167/(2.579x10
-3
) =452 days
Page 7 of 16


Anaerobic pond cleaning frequency = once in 452 days

2.3 Design a facultative pond for the treatment of effluent from an anaerobic pond. Characteristics of this
effluent are as given below:
Flow rate 75 m
3
/hour
BOD 130 mg/L
TSS 70 mg/L
VSS 60% of TSS
Ammonical nitrogen 25 mg/L as N
Coliform count (MPN) 2.7x10
6

Alkalinity 160 mg/L as CaCO
3

Find BOD, total coliform count (MPN) and ammonical nitrogen content of the treated effluent from the
facultative pond? Take average ambient air temperature of the coldest month of the year as 17C.

Surface loading rate of the organic matter (kg/hectare.day)
( )
25
002 . 0 107 . 1 350

=
T
s
T
T is design temperature given as 17C
Surface loading rate = 199.19 kg/hectare

Surface area of the facultative pond = flow rate x BOD /surface loading rate
Flow rate = 75 m3/hr or 1800 m3/day
BOD = 130 mg/L
75x24x0.13/199.9x10000=11747 m2

Hydraulic retention time = surface area x depth / flow rate
Depth of the pond = taken as 1.5 m
11747x1.5/(75x24) = 9.789 days

Finding BOD of the treated effluent
75 . 10 725 . 0 + =
s r

0.725 x 199.19 + 10.75 = 155.16 kg/hectare
BOD of the treated effluent = 130 x (199.19-155.16) / 199.19 = 28.74 mg/L

Finding MPN count of the treated effluent
( )
fc T B
an
fa
K
N
N
u
) (
1+
=
( )
( ) 20
) (
19 . 1 6 . 2

=
T
T B
K
T is temperature and its value is 17C
N
an
is MPN of the influent (given and its value is 2.7x10
6
/100 mL)

fc
is HRT of the facultative pond and its value is 9.789 days
K
B(T)
= 1.543
Nfa = 1.68x10
5


Finding ammonical nitrogen level in the treated effluent
Page 8 of 16

( ) ( )( ) { }
(

+ + +
=
6 . 6 044 . 0 041 . 1 exp 000134 . 0 0038 . 0 1 pH T T
Q
A
C
C
i
e

( )
i
A pH 0005 . 0 exp 3 . 7 =
Ci is influent Ammonical-N concentration (mg/L) given and its value is 25 mg/L
A is area of the facultative pond = 11747 m2
Q is flow rate = 75x24 = 1800 m3/day
T is temperature = 17C
Ai is alkalinity of the influent (in mg/L as CaCO3) given and its value is 160 mg/L
pH = 7.91
Ce = 17.69 mg/L



Marks: 3 x 8 = 24
Q.3
3.1 Write note on sewer design computation table and suggest format for the computation table?

Sewer design computation table can be an excel worksheet. It is meant for carrying out the repetitive sewer
design calculations and presenting the results.
This computation table can include the following columns:
Columns identifying the sewers and summerizing the basic data
Sewer code, upstream and downstream manhole numbers and sewer length
Local (tributary) area, its present and design average and peak sewage flow including infiltration
allowance
Columns showing cumulative present average flow and peak flow, and the average and peak flow at the
end of design period
Surface elevation at the upstream and downstream sewer ends
Columns showing computed slope and diameter of the sewer and Q
full

Columns showing hydraulic elements for the present and the design peak flows - d/D corresponding to
the q
PFP
and to the q
PFD,
and flow velocity at q
PFP
and at q
PFD

Columns showing sewer layout data
Invert elevations at the upstream and at the downstream ends of the sewer and corrected invert
elevations of the sewer
Crown cover, sewer depth, etc.

3.2 Write note on manholes, manhole components and manhole types?
Page 9 of 16


Manholes: Openings by which humans along with their
machinery have access to sewers for inspection, cleaning,
repair and other maintenance operations.
Locations of manholes
At change of sewer diameter or slope or direction
At the upstream ends and at the sewer junctions
At regular intervals/distances along straight sewer
stretches
Components of a manhole are
1. Manhole frame and cover
2. Access shaft
3. Manhole chamber
4. The sewer and benching within the manhole
Types of manholes
- Precast manholes and constructed onsite manholes
- RCC manholes and brick manholes
- Rectangular, arch type and circular manholes
Types of manholes
Straight through manholes
Junction manholes
Side entrance manholes
Drop manholes
Scraper type manholes
Manhole types
- Maintenance manholes
- Purge manholes
- Drop manholes
- Junction manholes

3.3 Draw a properly labeled schematic diagram of a UASB reactor used for sewage treatment and write note
on the components of a UASB reactor?

UASB reactor has a reactor zone and a settling zone.
The reactor zone is divisible into sludge bed zone, sludge
blanket zone and diffused sludge zone.
There are provisions for the sampling the reactor contents
from different elevations for the treatment process monitoring
and control.
There are provisions for the draining out of sludge from the
sludge bed, sludge blanket and diffused sludge zones.
Distribution tubes load sewage at the bottom of the reactor to
flow upwards through the sludge bed and sludge blanket.
The settling zone has a 3-phase separator comprising of
deflectors, biogas collection tunnels and clarified effluent
overflow weirs and collection troughs.
The wastewater, together with the biogas bubbles generated,
flows upward and get into the settling zone.
Deflectors direct the biogas bubbles into the biogas collection
tunnels.
Wastewater free from biogas bubbles enter the settling zone
and suspended solids of the wastewater settle on the inclined
sufaces and slide down back into the reactor zone.
Clarified water overflows into the clarified effluent trough and
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drained out from the UASB reactor, and scum baffle do not
allow washout of the floating scum.
A distribution box placed over the reactor with multitude of
distribution tubes facilitate the application of sewage to the
UASB reactor.
3.4 Through a schematic process flow diagram show what happens to the biodegradable organic matter of a
sample in a BOD bottle when the sample is tested for BOD? With the help of this diagram, differentiate
carbonaceous BOD from nitrogenous BOD, and show why BOD is lower than ThOD and COD?


Oxygen is demanded for the following three different purposes:
1. Bio-oxidation of organic matter
2. Auto-oxidation of microbial biomass
3. Nitrification of the ammonical nitrogen into nitrite and nitrate nitrogen
Oxygen demanded for the nitrification is considered as nitrogenous BOD, while the oxygen demanded for both bio-oxidation
of organic matter and for the auto-oxidation of microbial biomass put together is known as carbonaceous BOD.

COD testing does not differentiate biodegradable organic matter from non-biodegradable organic matter, and hence COD
measures both the biodegradable and non-biodegradable organic matter. In the BOD test on the other hand only
biodegradable organic matter is bio-oxidized and measured as oxygen demanding. Hence BOD is usually lower than the
COD.
In the BOD testing, some of the organic matter is left unutilized by the microorganisms, some of the produced microbial
biomass is left un-auto-oxidized and the auto-oxidation leaves behind cell debris. Further, BOD test requires infinite time
duration for the complete oxidation of the organic matter into inorganic end products. Because of these reasons BOD is
always lower than the ThOD (a stoichiometric oxygen demand of the organic matter present in the sample).

Marks: 4 x 6 = 24
Q.4
4.1 State the objectives of tertiary treatment of sewage, and indicate the pollutants removed and the
Page 11 of 16

treatment technologies typically used in the tertiary treatment of sewage?

Tertiary treatment is required when the treated effluent is to be reused as reclaimed water.
Tertiary treatment usually involve polishing, nutrient removal and pathogen reduction from the
secondary effluent.
Maturation ponds, filtration and chlorination units, vegetated ponds and constructed wetland systems
are usually used for the tertiary treatment.
Maturation ponds are designed for the MPN reduction.
Filtrations units are usually designed for the TSS removal and marginal removal of BOD and nutrients also
occurs mainly through denitrification.
Vegetation ponds and constructed wetlands can result in nutrient removal and BOD reduction and even
MPN count is reduced.

4.2 Write note on interceptor tanks and state how these differ from septic tanks?


Interceptor tanks are used in the small bore (solids free) sewerage systems for clarifying the sewage prior to its entry into the
sewer.
These are provided closer to the points of sewage generation and these remove both floating and settlable materials from the
sewage.
These are very similar septic tanks (that are usually meant for the clarification of the sewage and stabilization of the settled
sludge).
Interceptor tanks are smaller in size and have lesser HRT. Only coarse materials will be removed. These require frequent
maintenance and cleaning (removal of the accumulated floating and settled materials).
HRT of septic tanks vary from 24 hours to 72 hours. These are more efficient as clarifiers. Solids or sludge separated gets
stabilized. Cleaning (removal of stabilized sludge) of the septic tanks is less frequent (once a year or so).
4.3 Draw a properly labeled schematic process and material flow diagram for the sewage treatment plants of
Ludhiana?
Page 12 of 16


Sewage treatment plants at Ludhiana are UASB based
systems and include the following units:
- Bar screens
- Sewage pumping
- Grit channels/chambers
- UASB reactors
- Pre-aeration tank
- Polishing pond
- Chlorination unit
There are division boxes and distribution boxes for dividing
the incoming flow into n number of streams and loading the
UASB reactors.
There is a biogas collection handling system comprising of
gas metering, gas scrubbing, gas holding and gas flaring
units.
There is ETP sludge handling system comprising of sludge
sumps and pumping facilities and sludge drying beds.
4.4 Write note on Vortex type grit separators?

Vortex type grit separators are compact type degritting facilities.
Spiraling motion of sewage in the grit separator results in the separation of grit by the centrifugal force developed. Grit strikes
the side walls and collects at the bottom.
Spiraling motion of sewage in the grit separator is caused either by a mechanical device or by the flowing sewage. Based on
how the spiraling motion is created two types of vortex grit separators (type-1 and type-2) are identified.
Type-1: Wastewater enters and exits tangentially; Rotating turbine maintains constant flow velocity and promotes separation
of organics from grit; and HRT is 20-30 seconds for average flow.
Type-2: Vortex is generated by the flow entering tangentially at the top of the unit; Effluent exits the center of the top of the
unit (axial exit); These are sized to handle peak flow rates upto 0.3 m3/sec. per unit

4.5 Write note on flow division or flow distribution box?
Page 13 of 16


Division boxes and distribution boxes are used for dividing
the incoming flow into desired number of streams of equal
flow.
These are used for loading the sewage to the UASB
reactors.
Division boxes divide the incoming flow and supply to
different UASB reactor cells.
Each of the UASB reactor cells have one or more
distribution boxes for dividing the incoming flow and
loading at the bottom of the reactor through distribution
tubes.
The division boxes and the distribution boxes allow the
incoming water to calm and flow over a properly leveled
overflow weir into collection chambers. Through fixing the
overflow weir length for each of the collection chambers
the flow is divided. From each of the collection chamber a
drain pipe is provided to the carry the divided flow.
Hydraulic conditions within the division box or the
distribution box are maintained such that no settling of
solids occurs within.
Marks: 5 x 4 = 20
Q.5
5.1 Write note on sludge drying beds?

Sludge drying beds have an under-drain system and a bed
of graded gravel and sand supported over it.
Sludge is loaded on the sand layer upto 300 mm depth for
the sludge thickening, dewatering and drying.
Water percolates downwards and comes out as filtrate, and
the sludge is thickened and dewatered.
Water evaporates from the dewatered sludge and sun drying
of sludge occurs.
Sludge drying beds are operated as batch units. After each
batch of the sludge drying, the dried sludge is removed
along with the top thin layer of sand. Then the bed is
conditioned through addition fresh sand and kept ready for
the next batch of treatment.

5.2 Write note on sequencing batch reactors?

A sequence of steps of a treatment process are carried out
usually in the same tank (not separated in space but
separated in time) one step after the earlier step.
SBR can be aerobic, anaerobic or a combination of both the
treatment processes.
In a sequencing batch reactor, filling, aeration, settling and
decanting are carried out in the same sequence repeatedly.
Frequent sludge wastage is also made the part of the batch
processing.
SBR is preferred for smaller flows.

5.3 Write note on small bore sewerage system?
Page 14 of 16

It is sewerage system (also known as solids free sewerage) collecting and carrying clarified sewage.
Interceptor tanks are used at the individual points of sewage generation for the sewage clarification prior to entry into the
sewer.
Sewers are smaller in diameter (minimum diameter is as small 38 mm (typically 50 to 75 mm diameter) than the conventional
sewers (usually >100 or 150 mm).
Used when density of population is relatively low and maintaining self-cleansing velocity is difficult.
5.4 Write note on catch basins?
These are masonry chambers provided below the storm
sewer inlets for collecting and clarifying the storm water
prior to its entry into the storm sewer.
Both floating material and grit are separated from the storm
water in these catch basins.
Catch basins require frequent maintenance (degritting and
cleaning).

5.5 Write note on Limiting Solids Flux?
Limiting solids flux (SF
L
) is the maximum surface loading
rate of mixed liquor solids for a secondary clarifier for a
specified underflow sludge concentration.
SF
L
is found for the mixed liquor in the laboratory
experimentation and used in sizing the secondary clarifier.
Finding.
The solids flux includes two components (gravity flux and
mass flux) and increasing underflow sludge concentration
decreases the SF
L
.

5.6 Write note proportional weir?
Page 15 of 16


Proportional weirs are used as control sections on the
down-stream side of rectangular grit channels.
Proportional weirs ensure constant horizontal flow velocity
in the grit channels in the face varying flow rates and flow
depths.

Marks: 6x2 = 12



Page 16 of 16