FARAH MALEK

COMPLEX NUMBERS
Chapter 1
Contents
Introduction to Complex Numbers
Basic Operations on Complex Numbers
Equal Complex Numbers
Modulus and Argument of Complex Numbers
Introduction to Complex No
x
2
= 4
3
x = 2
x
2
= 36 x = 6
x
2
= -1 x = \-1 undefined
Real no
Real no
Imaginary no \-1
Denoted by i
Imaginary no, i
i
2
= -1
i
3
= i
2

i = (-1)

i = -

i
i
4
= i
2

i
2
= (-1)

(-1) = 1
i
5
= i
2

i
2
i = (-1)(-1)i = i
i i 2 4 4 = =
3 3 i =
i i 3 5 3 25 75 = =
i = 1
i = 1
4
Imaginary no can be added, subtracted,
multiplied or divided
5
6i + 2i = 8i
9i 4i = 5i
3i 2i = 6i
2
= 6(-1) = - 6
8i
2i
= 4
Complex No, z
6
z = a + bi
Real no Real no
imaginary no
Eg.
3 + i
- 3 + 5 i
- i
FARAH MALEK
Basic Operations on Complex No
7
(a) Addition and subtraction
Eg.

(2 + 3i) + (3 i) = (2 + 3) + (3 1)i
= 5 + 2i
(5 + 4i) (2 + 3i) = (5 2) + (4 3)i
= 3 + i
(b) Multiplication
Eg.

(2 + 3i)(4 2i) = 8 4i + 12i 6i

= 8 + 8i 6(-1)
= 14 + 8i

z z* = (a + bi)(a bi) = a
2
abi + abi + b
2

Conjugate numbers (z or z*)
If z = a + bi, z* = a bi
zz* = a
2
+ b
2

8
(c) Division
Eg.

i
i
i
i
i
i

+
+
=
+
+
1
1
1
3
1
3
i
i
i
i i
=

=


=
2
2
2 4
1
2 3
2
2
Equal Complex No
9
If a + bi = 6 + 7i,
then a = 6, b = 7
a) (x + yi)(3 i) = - 3 + 11i
Find the values of x and y in each of the following cases:
b)
x 2i
2 + i
+
2 yi
1 i
= 3 2i
Solution:
(x + yi)(3 i) = - 3 + 11i a)
3x + y + (3y)i xi = - 3 + 11i
3x + y + (3y x)i = - 3 + 11i
So 3x + y = - 3 (i)
3y x = 11
x = 3y 11 ...(ii)
3(3y 11) + y = - 3 (ii)(i),
y = 3 x = 3(3) 11 = - 2
10
b)
x 2i
2 + i
+
2 yi
1 i
= 3 2i
x 2i
2 + i
2 i
2 i
( ) ( ) +
2 iy
1 i
( )
1 + i
1 + i
( ) = 3 2i
2x 2 4i xi
5
2 + y yi + 2i
2
+
= 3 2i
4x 4 8i 2xi + 10 + 5y + 10i 5yi = 30 20i
4x + 6 + 5y + (10 5y 8 2x)i = 30 20i
4x + 6 + 5y = 30 .(i)
10 5y 8 2x = - 20
2 5y 2x = - 20
2x + 5y = 22
5y = 22 2x (ii)
(ii)(i), 4x + 6 + 22 2x = 30
x = 1
5y = 22 2(1) = 20
y = 4
11
Find the square roots of the complex number 6 + 8i
in the form x+yi, where x and y are real numbers.
Solution:
(6 + 8i)
1/2
= x + yi (x, y c R) Let
So 6 + 8i = (x + yi)
2

6 + 8i = x
2
y
2
+ 2xyi
x
2
y
2
= 6 .(i)
2xy = 8
x = 4/y .(ii)
(ii)(i), (4/y)
2
y
2
= 6
y
4
+ 6y
2
- 16 = 0
(y
2
2)(y
2
+ 8) = 0
y
2
= 2
y
2
= - 8
y = 2
is rejected
12
FARAH MALEK
2 2
2
4
2 when
=
=
=
x
y
2 2
2
4
2 when
=

=
=
x
y
( ) 2 2 2 8 6 Therefore, i i + = +
13
Argand Diagram
A diagram in which complex numbers
are represented geometrically by a
point P with rectangular Cartesian
coordinates (x, y)
14
y
x
P(a, b)


P*(a, -b)
z = a + bi
Eg.
z* = a bi
y
x
P(a, b)

z = a + bi
r
a
b
Length of OP is called the modulus of z, |z|
|z| = (a
2
+ b
2
)
1/2

Argument of z, u (measured in radians)
- t < u < t
O a
b
b a OP
=
+ =
u tan
2 2
( ) , arg u = z
15
Find the modulus and argument of each of the following
complex numbers.
a) 2 + i
b) 5 4i
c) 4 + 2i
d) 1 - i3
Solution: y
x
z = 2 + i
|z| = (2
2
+ 1
2
)
1/2
= 5
= tan
-1
(1/2) = 26.6
o
= 0.464 rad
P(2, 1)

a)
z = 5 4i
|z| = (5
2
+ (-4)
2
)
1/2
= 41
= tan
-1
(-4/5) = -38.7
o
= - 0.675 rad
b)
y
x
P(5, -4)

16
y
x
z = - 4 + 2i
|z| = ((-4)
2
+ 2
2
)
1/2
= 20 = 25
= tan
-1
(2/-4) = - 26.6
o

P(-4, 2)

c)
d)
y
x
z = - 1 i3
|z| = ((-1)
2
+ (-3)
2
)
1/2
= 4 = 2
= tan
-1
(-3/-1) = 60
o

P(-3, -1)


= 180
o
26.57
o
= 153.43
o
= 2.678 rad



= -(180
o
60
o
) = -120
o
= - 2.094 rad
17
If a = 2 i and b = 1 + 3i, find the modulus and argument
of each of the following.
Solution:
a) a + 2b b) 2a b
a) a + 2b = 2 i + 2(1 + 3i)
= 2 i + 2 + 6i
= 4 + 5i
|a + 2b| = (4
2
+ 5
2
)
1/2
= 41
= tan
-1
(5/4) = 51.34
o
= 0.896 rad
y
x
P(4, 5)

c) ib
18
FARAH MALEK
b) 2a b = 2(2 i) (1 + 3i)
= 4 2i 1 3i
= 3 5i
|2a b| = (3
2
+ (-5)
2
)
1/2
= 34
= tan
-1
(-5/3) = - 59.04
o

= - 1.030 rad
y
x
P(3, -5)

c)
ib = i(1 + 3i)
= i + 3i
2

= - 3 + i
y
x
P(-3, 1)


= tan
-1
(1/-3) = - 18.43
o

= 180
o
18.43
o
= 161.57
o
= 2.820 rad


|ib| = ((-3)
2
+ (1)
2
)
1/2
= 10
19